1 材料与方法
1.1 伦理声明
1.2 饲料制备
表1 基础饲料组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |
| 鱼粉Fish meal | 30.00 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 40.00 |
| 面粉Flour | 24.50 |
| 豆油Soybean oil | 1.45 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 2.00 |
| 磷酸二氢钙Ca(H2PO4)2 | 1.50 |
| 抗氧化剂Antioxidant | 0.02 |
| 防霉剂Mould inhibitor | 0.03 |
| 氯化胆碱Choline chloride | 0.50 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 41.00 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 7.00 |
| 粗纤维CF | 3.00 |
| 粗灰分Ash | 10.00 |
| 钙Ca | 3.12 |
| 总磷TP | 1.52 |
表2 中草药添加剂营养成分及有效活性成分含量(风干基础)Table 2 Contents of nutritional components and effective active components of Chinese herbal medicine additive (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 营养成分Nutritional components | |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 9.72 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 7.85 |
| 粗纤维CF | 25.36 |
| 粗灰分Ash | 4.88 |
| 钙Ca | 0.96 |
| 总磷TP | 0.20 |
| 有效活性成分Effective active components | |
| 水提粗提物Water crude extract | 22.72 |
| 总黄酮Total flavones | 5.27 |
| 总多糖Total polysaccharides | 12.56 |
营养成分和有效活性成分均为实测值。 | |
Nutritional components and effective active components were all measured values. |
1.3 试验设计与养殖管理
1.4 样品采集
1.5 测定指标与方法
1.5.1 营养成分和有效活性成分检测
1.5.2 生长性能
1.5.3 肝脏抗氧化和免疫指标
1.5.4 肝脏免疫相关基因mRNA相对表达量
表3 本试验所用到的引物序列Table 3 Primer sequences used in this experiment |
| 基因Genes | 引物序列Primer sequence (5'—3') | 登录号Accession number |
|---|---|---|
| β-肌动蛋白β-actin | F:AAGCTCAAAGCAAGAGGGGT R:GTTCCTCTGGGGCAACTCTC | XM_040357114.1 |
| 核因子-κB NF-κB | F:GACCCCTCCATACCACAAGC R:GACATCTCCGCCACGTTTTC | XM_040329919.1 |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α | F:TCATGCTTCCACTGGCTCAG R:ATGTGGAAGTGGAGCAGAGC | XM_040323112.1 |
| 转化生长因子-β TGF-β | F:GCAGGTGGGTTCAGCCTATT R CTCCTGTCATGGAAACCGCT | BT081838.1 |
| 干扰素调节因子-3 IRF-3 | F:CAGGACCATTACTGCGTGTG R:CATCGGTGCTATCCCAAGGA | XM_040327506.1 |
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β | F:GTTGCTTTCCCTGGCTGGTA R:TGCATGGGTTGGTTCTGAGG | XM_040345988.1 |
| 白细胞介素-8 IL-8 | F: GCTTCTTGGGTAGAGCGCAT R:TGTTCCTGAGAGGGTAGGGA | XM_040335899.1 |
| 白细胞介素-10 IL-10 | F:AAAAGCAAGGCCATCAAGCAG R:AGATGTCAAATTCTCCAACGGC | XM_040339663.1 |
1.5.5 肠道菌群结构
1.6 统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 生长性能
表4 饲料中添加丁酸梭菌或中草药制剂对蝌蚪生长性能的影响Table 4 Effects of dietary addition of Clostridium butyricum or Chinese herbal preparation on growth performance of tadpoles (n=5) |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T0 | TCB | TCL | ||
| 增重率WGR/% | 749.00±26.55a | 904.67±65.41b | 891.33±67.91b | <0.001 |
| 摄食率FR/(%/d) | 6.42±0.26 | 6.67±0.60 | 6.64±0.37 | 0.582 |
| 饲料系数FCR | 1.22±0.05 | 1.17±0.11 | 1.22±0.17 | 1.000 |
| 存活率SR/% | 91.59±1.34 | 91.02±1.36 | 90.81±1.63 | 0.653 |
同行数据肩标相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
表5 饲料中添加丁酸梭菌或中草药制剂对幼蛙生长性能的影响Table 5 Effects of dietary addition of Clostridium butyricum or Chinese herbal preparation on growth performance of froglets (n=5) |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| F0 | FCB | FCL | ||
| 增重率WGR/% | 780.44±19.19a | 878.89±44.47b | 864.33±49.69b | <0.001 |
| 摄食率FR/(%/d) | 6.10±0.15 | 6.27±0.36 | 6.21±0.44 | 0.681 |
| 饲料系数FCR | 1.15±0.09 | 1.09±0.11 | 1.13±0.09 | 0.974 |
| 存活率SR/% | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
2.2 肝脏抗氧化和免疫指标
表6 饲料中添加丁酸梭菌或中草药制剂对蝌蚪肝脏抗氧化和免疫指标的影响Table 6 Effects of dietary addition of Clostridium butyricum or Chinese herbal preparation on liver antioxidant and immune indexes of tadpoles (n=5) |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T0 | TCB | TCL | ||
| 碱性磷酸AKP/(U/g prot) | 28.26±4.43a | 91.95±10.14b | 37.16±5.53a | <0.001 |
| 酸性磷酸酶ACP/(U/g prot) | 22.43±3.37a | 78.76±10.91b | 21.29±2.44a | <0.001 |
| 还原型谷胱甘肽GSH/(μmol/g prot) | 2.09±0.09 | 3.24±0.14 | 2.54±0.45 | 0.058 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/g prot) | 24.62±2.01 | 22.45±1.30 | 22.78±1.37 | 0.628 |
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(mmol/g prot) | 0.68±0.03a | 2.97±0.27b | 2.18±0.46b | 0.020 |
| 过氧化氢酶CAT/(μg/g prot) | 475.96±23.78b | 540.70±47.21b | 422.63±19.96a | 0.005 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(μmol/g prot) | 4.51±0.79a | 8.22±1.31b | 9.30±1.33b | <0.001 |
| 溶菌酶LZM/(ng/g prot) | 161.38±16.46a | 247.19±22.68b | 175.79±26.36a | <0.001 |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM/(μg/g prot) | 29.48±2.00a | 34.06±3.45a | 44.48±5.20b | <0.001 |
表7 饲料中添加丁酸梭菌或中草药制剂对幼蛙肝脏抗氧化和免疫指标的影响Table 7 Effects of dietary addition of Clostridium butyricum or Chinese herbal preparation on liver antioxidant and immune indexes of froglets (n=5) |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| F0 | FCB | FCL | ||
| 碱性磷酸AKP/(U/g prot) | 10.34±0.89 | 23.89±8.39 | 15.17±2.51 | 0.162 |
| 酸性磷酸酶ACP/(U/g prot) | 12.03±1.41a | 22.04±1.66b | 7.42±2.11a | <0.001 |
| 还原型谷胱甘肽GSH/(μmol/g prot) | 4.66±0.49a | 8.42±0.63b | 5.34±0.65a | 0.005 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/g prot) | 17.61±0.71ab | 19.66±1.74b | 13.89±0.84a | 0.014 |
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(mmol/g prot) | 1.07±0.05a | 1.48±0.12b | 1.54±0.16b | 0.049 |
| 过氧化氢酶CAT/(μg/g prot) | 432.45±36.59b | 331.92±23.56a | 353.66±31.25a | <0.001 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(μmol/g prot) | 9.11±2.64 | 12.50±4.28 | 8.37±2.56 | 0.159 |
| 溶菌酶LZM/(ng/g prot) | 104.02±11.76a | 140.24±11.95b | 202.53±23.99c | <0.001 |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM/(μg/g prot) | 29.23±5.55a | 47.07±6.16b | 44.39±8.04b | <0.001 |
2.3 肝脏免疫相关基因mRNA相对表达量
表8 饲料中添加丁酸梭菌或中草药制剂对蝌蚪肝脏免疫相关基因mRNA相对表达量的影响Table 8 Effects of dietary addition of Clostridium butyricum or Chinese herbal preparation on relative expression levels of liver immune-related genes in liver of tadpoles (n=5) |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T0 | TCB | TCL | ||
| 核因子-κB NF-κB | 0.95±0.12 | 1.17±0.17 | 1.73±0.49 | 0.223 |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α | 0.84±0.17a | 1.31±0.14ab | 1.44±0.28b | 0.042 |
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β | 0.95±0.14 | 1.07±0.06 | 1.05±0.18 | 0.791 |
| 白细胞介素-8 IL-8 | 1.13±0.17 | 1.19±0.14 | 1.22±0.21 | 0.954 |
| 转化生长因子-β TGF-β | 0.76±0.04a | 1.11±0.14ab | 1.49±0.19b | 0.019 |
| 白细胞介素-10 IL-10 | 0.77±0.06a | 1.24±0.12ab | 1.60±0.25b | 0.026 |
| 干扰素调节因子-3 IRF-3 | 1.12±0.24 | 1.25±0.37 | 1.12±0.22 | 0.936 |
表9 饲料中添加丁酸梭菌或中草药制剂对幼蛙肝脏免疫相关基因mRNA相对表达量的影响Table 9 Effects of dietary addition of Clostridium butyricum or Chinese herbal preparation on relative expression levels of immune-related genes in liver of froglets (n=5) |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| F0 | FCB | FCL | ||
| 核因子-κB NF-κB | 0.92±0.22 | 1.02±0.08 | 1.38±0.38 | 0.385 |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α | 0.71±0.10a | 1.33±0.11b | 1.57±0.22b | 0.014 |
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β | 1.00±0.06 | 1.20±0.11 | 1.25±0.18 | 0.397 |
| 白细胞介素-8 IL-8 | 0.97±0.19 | 1.34±0.32 | 1.40±0.26 | 0.500 |
| 转化生长因子-β TGF-β | 0.87±0.10a | 1.29±0.29a | 2.97±0.53b | 0.004 |
| 白细胞介素-10 IL-10 | 0.81±0.21a | 1.25±0.20b | 1.66±0.42b | 0.019 |
| 干扰素调节因子-3 IRF-3 | 1.11±0.21 | 1.35±0.32 | 1.35±0.42 | 0.858 |
2.4 肠道菌群结构
2.4.1 OTU分布
图1 饲料中添加丁酸梭菌或中草药制剂对蝌蚪和幼蛙肠道菌群OTU组成的影响A:蝌蚪肠道菌群Venn图;B:幼蛙肠道菌群Venn图。 Fig.1 Effects of dietary addition of Clostridium butyricum or Chinese herbal preparation on OTU composition of gut microbiota of tadpoles and froglets A: Venn diagram of tadpole gut microbiota; B: Venn diagram of froglet gut microbiota. |
2.4.2 Alpha多样性和Beta多样性分析
表10 OTU水平上蝌蚪肠道菌群Alpha多样性比较分析Table 10 Comparative analysis of Alpha diversity of tadpole gut microbiota at OTU level (n=5) |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T0 | TCB | TCL | ||
| Shannon指数Shannon index | 2.17±0.44 | 1.78±0.37 | 1.13±0.78 | 0.299 |
| Simpson指数Simpson index | 0.26±0.06 | 0.34±0.06 | 0.63±0.30 | 0.213 |
| Ace指数Ace index | 168.90±68.20 | 177.40±52.11 | 161.20±3.45 | 0.905 |
| Chao1指数Chao1 index | 171.50±75.13 | 178.10±52.37 | 166.30±19.21 | 0.840 |
| Goods_coverage指数Goods_coverage index/% | 99.94±0.03 | 99.93±0.02 | 99.92±0.02 | 0.686 |
表11 OTU水平上幼蛙肠道菌群Alpha多样性比较分析Table 11 Comparative analysis of Alpha diversity of froglet gut microbiota at OTU level (n=5) |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| F0 | FCB | FCL | ||
| Shannon指数Shannon index | 3.46±0.33 | 3.22±0.37 | 2.89±0.26 | 0.125 |
| Simpson指数Simpson index | 0.07±0.03 | 0.08±0.03 | 0.14±0.05 | 0.097 |
| Ace指数Ace index | 222.50±33.08 | 208.10±30.64 | 214.30±19.79 | 0.815 |
| Chao1指数Chao1 index | 230.90±31.81 | 208.20±28.83 | 216.10±16.62 | 0.636 |
| Goods_coverage指数Goods_coverage index/% | 99.94±0.01 | 99.94±0.01 | 99.93±0.02 | 0.517 |
图2 饲料中添加丁酸梭菌或中草药制剂对蝌蚪和幼蛙肠道菌群Beta多样性的影响A:蝌蚪肠道菌群PCoA图;B:幼蛙肠道菌群PCoA图;C:蝌蚪肠道菌群NMDS图;D:幼蛙肠道菌群NMDS图。 Fig.2 Effects of dietary addition of Clostridium butyricum or Chinese herbal preparation on Beta diversity of gut microbiota of tadpoles and froglets A: PCoA plot of tadpole gut microbiota; B: PCoA plot of froglet gut microbiota; C: NMDS plot of tadpole gut microbiota; D: NMDS plot of froglet gut microbiota. |
2.4.3 肠道菌群组成和功能
图3 饲料中添加丁酸梭菌或中草药制剂对蝌蚪和幼蛙肠道菌群组成和功能的影响A:相对丰度排名前10的菌门;B:相对丰度排名前15名肠道菌属;C:LEfSe分析;D:PICRUSt 2功能预测。 Fig.3 Effects of dietary addition of Clostridium butyricum or Chinese herbal preparation on composition and function of gut microbiota of tadpoles and froglets A: the top 10 bacterial phyla in terms of relative abundance; B: the top 15 bacterial genera in terms of relative abundance; C: LEfSe analysis; D: PICRUSt 2 functional prediction. |

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