1 材料与方法
1.1 试验饲料
表1 试验饲料组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 饲料Diets | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FM50 | FM40 | SHM3 | SHM6 | |
| 原料Ingredients | ||||
| 白鱼粉Whitefish meal | 35.00 | 30.00 | 30.00 | 30.00 |
| 毛塔红鱼粉Mauta redfish meal | 15.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 |
| 鸡肉粉Chicken meal | 8.00 | 14.50 | 12.00 | 8.00 |
| 酶解鱼溶浆粉Stickwater hydrolysate meal | 3.00 | 6.00 | ||
| 大豆浓缩蛋白Soybean protein concentrate | 8.00 | 11.70 | 11.70 | 13.20 |
| 发酵豆粕Fermented soybean meal | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 |
| α-淀粉α-starch | 21.80 | 21.80 | 21.80 | 21.80 |
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 3.76 | 3.56 | 3.06 | 2.56 |
| 磷酸二氢钙Ca(H2PO4)2 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 胆碱Choline chloride | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 |
| 抗氧化剂Antioxidant2) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| 防霉剂Mould inhibitor3) | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels4) | ||||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 46.47 | 46.51 | 46.53 | 46.54 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 8.42 | 8.32 | 8.43 | 8.37 |
| 粗灰分Ash | 11.54 | 11.18 | 11.32 | 11.43 |
1)每千克预混料提供One kilogram of premix provided the following:VA 150 000 IU,VD3 110 000 IU,VE 4 000 mg,VK3 4 000 mg,VB1 800 mg,VB2 1 450 mg,VB6 2 500 mg,VB12 3 mg,VC 16 000 mg,D-泛酸钙 D-pantothenate calcium 1 250 mg,烟酰胺 nicotinamide 8 000 mg,叶酸 folic acid 250 mg,生物素 biotin 10 mg,肌醇 inositol 6 000 mg,Mg 6 000 mg,Zn 4 300 mg,Mn 650 mg, Fe 5 900 mg,Co 100 mg,I 75 mg,Se 25 mg。 |
表2 白鱼粉、毛塔红鱼粉和酶解鱼溶浆粉营养水平(干物质基础)Table 2 Nutrient levels of whitefish meal, Mauta redfish meal and stickwater hydrolysate meal (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 白鱼粉 Whitefish meal | 毛塔红鱼粉 Mauta redfish meal | 酶解鱼溶浆粉 Stickwater hydrolysate meal |
|---|---|---|---|
| 粗蛋白质CP | 66.00 | 68.00 | 55.85 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 6.00 | 8.00 | 30.61 |
| 粗灰分Ash | 20.00 | 16.00 | 5.30 |
| 总磷TP | 3.00 | 2.00 | 0.50 |
| 钙Ca | 6.50 | 4.00 | 0.40 |
| 游离氨基酸Free amino acids | |||
| 苏氨酸Thr | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.50 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.50 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 5.00 | 5.30 | 5.80 |
| 牛磺酸Tau | 0.30 | 0.37 | 2.25 |
| 肽Peptide | 6.50 | 6.83 | 60.13 |
肽含量来源于产品说明,其余为实测值。 | |
The peptide content was derived from the product specifications, while the others were measured values. |
1.2 试验动物及饲养管理
1.3 样品采集及指标测定
1.3.1 生长性能
成活率(%)=100×终末只数/初始只数;
增重率(%)=100×(末均重-初均重)/初均重;
特定生长率(%/d)=100×(ln末均重-ln初均重)/试验天数;
摄食量(g)=总投喂量-总剩饵量;
饲料转化率=平均饲料摄入量/(末均重-初均重);
肥满度(g/cm3)=100×体重/体长3;
脏体比(%)=100×内脏重/体重;
肝体比(%)=100×肝脏重/体重。
1.3.2 饲料营养成分及鳖体成分
1.3.3 血清生化、免疫及抗氧化指标
1.3.4 肠道消化酶活性
1.3.5 肠道组织结构的观察
1.3.6 肠道炎症相关基因表达
表3 引物序列Table 3 Primer sequences |
| 基因 Genes | 上游引物序列 Forward primer sequences (5'—3') | 下游引物序列 Reverse primer sequences (5'—3') |
|---|---|---|
| Toll样受体4 TLR4 | AGCCTTCTATGGTTTGG | TGTTGGACTTCAGACTCAG |
| Toll样受体5 TLR5 | ACTACTGGCTCCTTTTC | GTATCTTGTTGTCCCCTA |
| Toll样受体8 TLR8 | GACAACGGGGCTTTCTC | CTGGCAGGGATGCTAGT |
| 甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶GAPDH | AGAACATCATTCCAGCATCCA | CTTCATCACCTTCTTAATGTCGTC |
1.4 数据处理与分析
2 结果
2.1 低鱼粉饲料中添加酶解鱼溶浆粉对中华鳖生长性能的影响
表4 低鱼粉饲料中添加酶解鱼溶浆粉对中华鳖生长性能的影响Table 4 Effects of low fish meal diet supplemented with stickwater hydrolysate meal on growth performance of Chinese soft-shelled turtles |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FM50 | FM40 | SHM3 | SHM6 | |
| 初均重IBW/g | 9.58±0.39 | 10.01±0.09 | 9.81±0.16 | 9.97±0.10 |
| 末均重FBW/g | 18.73±0.07ab | 18.33±0.25a | 20.77±0.26c | 20.39±0.68bc |
| 成活率SR/% | 100.00±0.00 | 100.00±0.00 | 100.00±0.00 | 97.78±2.22 |
| 增重率WGR/% | 96.18±8.27ab | 83.08±0.96a | 111.84±5.84b | 104.73±8.45b |
| 特定生长率SGR/(%/d) | 1.34±0.08ab | 1.21±0.01a | 1.50±0.05b | 1.43±0.08b |
| 摄食量FI/g | 295.55±2.91a | 288.57±5.64a | 337.14±6.34b | 303.95±12.74a |
| 饲料转化率FCR | 1.08±0.04b | 1.16±0.05c | 1.03±0.05b | 0.99±0.04a |
| 肥满度CF/(g/cm3) | 1.66±0.06a | 1.80±0.05ab | 1.79±0.06ab | 1.82±0.02b |
| 肝体比HSI/% | 4.98±0.59 | 4.71±0.60 | 4.70±0.70 | 5.68±0.66 |
| 脏体比VSI/% | 17.55±0.72 | 19.21±0.49 | 18.51±0.57 | 20.06±0.38 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 低鱼粉饲料中添加酶解鱼溶浆粉对中华鳖体成分的影响
表5 低鱼粉饲料中添加酶解鱼溶浆粉对中华鳖体成分的影响Table 5 Effects of low fish meal diet supplemented with stickwater hydrolysate meal on body composition of Chinese soft-shelled turtles % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FM50 | FM40 | SHM3 | SHM6 | |
| 水分Moisture | 78.61±0.23 | 78.35±0.44 | 79.00±0.18 | 79.35±0.32 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 55.85±0.52 | 55.13±0.33 | 54.98±0.81 | 56.19±0.43 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 13.32±0.33 | 13.51±0.62 | 12.25±0.57 | 12.65±0.09 |
| 粗灰分Ash | 21.31±0.91 | 21.21±1.26 | 21.71±0.18 | 20.97±0.39 |
水分含量为鲜重基础,粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量为干物质基础。 | |
Moisture content was based on fresh weight, while the contents of CP, EE and Ash were based on dry matter. |
2.3 低鱼粉饲料中添加酶解鱼溶浆粉对中华鳖血清生化及免疫指标的影响
表6 低鱼粉饲料中添加酶解鱼溶浆粉对中华鳖血清生化及免疫指标的影响Table 6 Effects of low fish meal diet supplemented with stickwater hydrolysate meal on serum biochemical and immune indexes of Chinese soft-shelled turtles |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FM50 | FM40 | SHM3 | SHM6 | |
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 6.55±0.35 | 6.25±0.46 | 7.28±0.18 | 6.96±0.38 |
| 总蛋白TP/(mg/mL) | 55.38±2.66 | 54.39±1.03 | 55.32±1.89 | 53.99±1.51 |
| 谷草转氨酶GOT/(U/L) | 7.81±0.23b | 6.08±0.16a | 8.14±0.51b | 8.49±0.20b |
| 谷丙转氨酶GPT/(U/L) | 49.81±0.58 | 44.70±1.33 | 47.69±2.89 | 47.82±0.58 |
| 碱性磷酸酶AKP/(U/L) | 9.41±0.27b | 8.09±0.39a | 10.49±0.23c | 10.06±0.20bc |
| 酸性磷酸酶ACP/(U/L) | 22.00±0.25b | 19.33±0.24a | 23.20±0.48b | 22.68±0.79b |
| 补体3 C3/(g/L) | 0.26±0.00b | 0.20±0.01a | 0.27±0.00b | 0.26±0.01b |
| 补体4 C4/(g/L) | 0.23±0.02b | 0.18±0.01a | 0.23±0.01b | 0.22±0.01b |
| 溶菌酶LZM/(U/L) | 24.35±0.10b | 22.74±0.85a | 24.94±0.34b | 25.83±0.15b |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM/(g/L) | 0.36±0.01b | 0.26±0.01a | 0.37±0.01b | 0.37±0.00b |
2.4 低鱼粉饲料中添加酶解鱼溶浆粉对中华鳖血清抗氧化指标的影响
表7 低鱼粉饲料中添加酶解鱼溶浆粉对中华鳖血清抗氧化指标的影响Table 7 Effects of low fish meal diet supplemented with stickwater hydrolysate meal on serum antioxidant indexes of Chinese soft-shelled turtles |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FM50 | FM40 | SHM3 | SHM6 | |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) | 17.55±1.57 | 16.75±1.76 | 17.53±2.58 | 16.96±1.75 |
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mL) | 1.38±0.16 | 1.39±0.13 | 1.42±0.18 | 1.39±0.15 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) | 141.73±6.07b | 91.85±6.46a | 134.34±7.25b | 137.35±9.24b |
| 过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mL) | 18.08±2.01b | 13.83±2.82a | 18.59±0.78b | 19.27±2.92b |
2.5 低鱼粉饲料中添加酶解鱼溶浆粉对中华鳖肠道形态结构的影响
表8 低鱼粉饲料中添加酶解鱼溶浆粉对中华鳖肠道形态结构的影响Table 8 Effects of low fish meal diet supplemented with stickwater hydrolysate meal on intestinal morphology structure of Chinese soft-shelled turtles μm |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FM50 | FM40 | SHM3 | SHM6 | |
| 绒毛高度Villi height | 207.08±3.68b | 185.50±3.33a | 209.68±1.07b | 207.34±1.51b |
| 绒毛宽度Villi width | 73.43±0.28 | 72.03±0.48 | 72.36±0.34 | 72.72±0.52 |
| 肌层厚度Muscular thickness | 50.73±0.58 | 50.01±0.33 | 51.08±0.43 | 50.81±0.25 |
2.6 低鱼粉饲料中添加酶解鱼溶浆粉对中华鳖肠道消化酶活性的影响
表9 低鱼粉饲料中添加酶解鱼溶浆粉对中华鳖肠道消化酶活性的影响Table 9 Effects of low fish meal diet supplemented with stickwater hydrolysate meal on intestinal digestive enzymes activities of Chinese soft-shelled turtles |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FM50 | FM40 | SHM3 | SHM6 | |
| 胰蛋白酶TPS/(U/g prot) | 103.45±19.34b | 78.98±33.40a | 108.35±41.96b | 103.75±5.37b |
| 脂肪酶LPS/(U/g prot) | 19.17±0.56 | 17.51±0.44 | 19.07±0.59 | 18.86±0.44 |
| α-淀粉酶α-AMS/(U/mg prot) | 4.06±0.04b | 3.67±0.10a | 4.40±0.09b | 4.21±0.25b |
2.7 低鱼粉饲料中添加酶解鱼溶浆粉对中华鳖肠道炎症相关基因表达的影响
图2 低鱼粉饲料中添加酶解鱼溶浆粉对中华鳖肠道炎症相关基因表达的影响数据柱形标注不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。 Fig.2 Effects of low fish meal diet supplemented with stickwater hydrolysate meal on expression of genes related to intestinal inflammation of Chinese soft-shelled turtles Value columns with different letters mean significant difference (P<0.05). |

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