1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料和试剂
1.2 试验仪器和设备
1.3 不同品种红三叶草及其部位预处理
1.4 红三叶草异黄酮提取流程
1.5 红三叶草异黄酮得率的判定
红三叶草异黄酮得率(%)=100×(Wt×Nt)/(Wy×Ny)。
1.6 响应面优化试验设计
表1 热回流提取Box-Behnken试验设计因素及水平Table 1 Factors and levels of Box-Behnken experimental design for heat reflux extraction |
| 水平 Levels | 因素Factors | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 料液比 Solid to liquid ratio (A)/(g∶mL) | 提取温度 Extraction temperature (B)/℃ | 提取时间 Extraction time (C)/h | |
| -1 | 1∶6 | 50 | 0.50 |
| 0 | 1∶12 | 75 | 1.25 |
| 1 | 1∶18 | 100 | 2.00 |
1.7 红三叶草异黄酮测定
1.7.1 色谱条件
表2 流动相梯度洗脱程序Table 2 Gradient elution procedure of mobile phases % |
| 时间 Time/min | 流动相A Mobile phase A | 流动相B Mobile phase B |
|---|---|---|
| 0.0 | 90 | 10 |
| 4.0 | 90 | 10 |
| 8.0 | 87 | 13 |
| 14.0 | 80 | 20 |
| 16.0 | 73 | 27 |
| 18.0 | 55 | 45 |
| 22.0 | 50 | 50 |
| 23.0 | 40 | 60 |
| 24.5 | 26 | 73 |
| 26.0 | 0 | 100 |
| 29.0 | 90 | 10 |
1.7.2 标准工作溶液的制备
1.7.3 供试品溶液的制备
1.7.4 HPLC检测
1.8 数据统计与响应面分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 品种对红三叶草异黄酮含量的影响
表3 品种对红三叶草异黄酮含量的影响Table 3 Effects of variety on isoflavone contents in red clover |
| 项目 Items | 品种Variety | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Xuanli | Suprt | Agil | Reder | |||
| 含量Content/(g/kg DM) | ||||||
| 大豆苷元Dadzein | 0.11ab | 0.06b | 0.13a | 0.14a | 0.011 | 0.034 |
| 染料木素Genistein | 0.32 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.011 | 0.527 |
| 刺芒柄花素Formononetin | 4.02a | 1.98b | 1.01c | 1.97b | 0.294 | <0.001 |
| 鹰嘴豆芽素A Biochanin A | 1.47b | 2.28a | 1.29b | 2.29a | 0.136 | 0.001 |
| 主要异黄酮Major isoflavones | 5.49a | 4.26b | 2.30c | 4.26b | 0.320 | <0.001 |
| 总异黄酮Total isoflavones | 5.92a | 4.62b | 2.72c | 4.72b | 0.321 | <0.001 |
| 占总异黄酮质量百分比Mass percentage of total isoflavones/% | ||||||
| 大豆苷元Dadzein | 1.82b | 1.38b | 5.13a | 3.08ab | 0.507 | 0.019 |
| 染料木素Genistein | 5.39b | 6.34b | 10.64a | 6.98b | 0.577 | <0.001 |
| 刺芒柄花素Formononetin | 68.11a | 42.97b | 36.80c | 41.48bc | 3.227 | <0.001 |
| 鹰嘴豆芽素A Biochanin A | 24.68b | 49.31a | 47.43a | 48.46a | 2.734 | <0.001 |
| 主要异黄酮Major isoflavones | 92.79a | 92.28a | 84.23b | 89.94a | 1.032 | 0.001 |
主要异黄酮为刺芒柄花素和鹰嘴豆芽素A之和。下表同。Main isoflavones were the sum of formononetin and biochanin A. The same as below. 同行数据肩标相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。In the same row, values with the same letter or no letter superscripts indicated no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different letter superscripts indicated significant difference (P<0.05). |
2.2 植株部位对红三叶草异黄酮含量的影响
表4 植株部位对红三叶草异黄酮含量的影响Table 4 Effects of plant parts on isoflavone contents in red clover |
| 项目 Items | 部位Parts | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 叶Leaves | 茎Stems | |||
| 含量Content/(g/kg DM) | ||||
| 大豆苷元Dadzein | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.019 | 0.501 |
| 染料木素Genistein | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.026 | 0.453 |
| 刺芒柄花素Formononetin | 3.40 | 1.41 | 0.491 | 0.001 |
| 鹰嘴豆芽素A Biochanin A | 2.76 | 1.21 | 0.319 | <0.001 |
| 主要异黄酮Major isoflavones | 6.17 | 2.62 | 0.659 | <0.001 |
| 总异黄酮Total isoflavones | 6.59 | 3.03 | 0.667 | <0.001 |
| 异黄酮质量百分比Mass percentage of isoflavones/% | ||||
| 大豆苷元Dadzein | 49.28 | 50.72 | 3.466 | 0.840 |
| 染料木素Genistein | 41.87 | 58.13 | 1.848 | <0.001 |
| 刺芒柄花素Formononetin | 60.75 | 39.25 | 2.650 | <0.001 |
| 鹰嘴豆芽素A Biochanin A | 60.48 | 39.52 | 2.831 | <0.001 |
| 主要异黄酮Major isoflavones | 60.29 | 39.71 | 2.641 | <0.001 |
| 总异黄酮Total isoflavones | 58.75 | 41.25 | 2.422 | <0.001 |
异黄酮质量百分比=100×(某部位异黄酮含量×某部位质量)/(叶部异黄酮含量×叶部质量+茎部异黄酮含量×茎部质量)。 | |
Mass percentage of isoflavones=100×(isoflavone content in a certain part×mass of a certain part)/(isoflavone content in leaves×mass of leaves+isoflavone content in stems×mass of stems). |
2.3 Box-Behnken模型拟合
2.3.1 热回流提取响应面模型和方差分析
表5 热回流提取响应面试验设计及结果Table 5 Design and results of response surface experiment for thermal reflux extraction |
| 试验序号 Experimental No. | 料液比 Solid to liquid ratio (A)/ (g∶mL) | 提取温度 Extraction temperature (B)/℃ | 提取时间 Extraction time (C)/h | 红三叶草异黄酮得率 Yield of isoflavones in red clover (R)/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1∶12 | 100 | 0.50 | 55.43 |
| 2 | 1∶6 | 75 | 0.50 | 64.81 |
| 3 | 1∶18 | 75 | 2.00 | 87.93 |
| 4 | 1∶6 | 50 | 1.25 | 66.34 |
| 5 | 1∶18 | 100 | 1.25 | 93.42 |
| 6 | 1∶12 | 75 | 1.25 | 84.62 |
| 7 | 1∶18 | 75 | 0.50 | 59.00 |
| 8 | 1∶6 | 100 | 1.25 | 42.57 |
| 9 | 1∶12 | 100 | 2.00 | 53.33 |
| 10 | 1∶18 | 50 | 1.25 | 38.20 |
| 11 | 1∶12 | 50 | 0.50 | 47.81 |
| 12 | 1∶12 | 75 | 1.25 | 85.05 |
| 13 | 1∶12 | 75 | 1.25 | 80.79 |
| 14 | 1∶6 | 75 | 2.00 | 67.58 |
| 15 | 1∶12 | 50 | 2.00 | 63.02 |
| 16 | 1∶12 | 75 | 1.25 | 86.75 |
| 17 | 1∶12 | 75 | 1.25 | 85.46 |
表6 热回流提取响应面试验方差分析Table 6 Analysis of variance of response surface experiment for thermal reflux extraction |
| 方差来源 Variance sources | 平方和 Sum of squares | 自由度 Degree of freedom | 均方 Mean square | F值 F-value | P值 P-value | 显著性 Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 模型Model | 4 650.54 | 9 | 516.73 | 17.06 | 0.000 6 | ** |
| A | 173.45 | 1 | 173.45 | 5.73 | 0.048 0 | * |
| B | 107.90 | 1 | 107.90 | 3.56 | 0.101 1 | ND |
| C | 250.99 | 1 | 250.99 | 8.29 | 0.023 7 | * |
| AB | 1 559.86 | 1 | 1 559.86 | 51.49 | 0.000 2 | ** |
| AC | 171.09 | 1 | 171.09 | 5.65 | 0.049 1 | * |
| BC | 74.91 | 1 | 74.91 | 2.47 | 0.159 8 | ND |
| A2 | 94.38 | 1 | 94.38 | 3.12 | 0.120 9 | ND |
| B2 | 1 628.59 | 1 | 1 628.59 | 53.76 | 0.000 2 | ** |
| C2 | 418.49 | 1 | 418.49 | 13.81 | 0.007 5 | ** |
| 残差Residual | 212.05 | 7 | 30.29 | |||
| 失拟项Lack of fit | 191.99 | 3 | 64.00 | 12.76 | 0.016 2 | * |
| 误差项Pure error | 20.06 | 4 | 5.01 | |||
| 总和Sum | 4 862.59 | 16 |
A:料液比 solid to liquid ratio;B:提取温度 extraction temperature;C:提取时间 extraction time。 ND表示差异不显著(P>0.05),*表示差异显著(P<0.05),**表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。ND indicated no significant difference (P>0.05), * indicated significant difference (P<0.05), and ** indicated extremely significant difference (P<0.01). |
2.3.2 热回流提取响应面交互作用分析
图1 料液比与提取温度交互作用对红三叶草异黄酮得率影响的响应面图和等高线图a:响应面图response surface plot;b:等高线图 contour plot。 Fig.1 Response surface plot and contour plot of interaction between solid to liquid ratio and extraction temperature on yield of isoflavones in red clover |
图2 料液比与提取时间交互作用对红三叶草异黄酮得率影响的响应面图和等高线图a:响应面图response surface plot;b:等高线图 contour plot。 Fig.2 Response surface plot and contour plot of interaction between solid to liquid ratio and extraction time on yield of isoflavones in red clover |
2.3.3 热回流提取响应面验证试验
表7 热回流提取响应面验证试验Table 7 Response surface validation experiment for thermal reflux extraction % |
| 项目 Item | 试验序号Experimental No. | 平均值 Average value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | ||
| 红三叶草异黄酮得率Yield of isoflavones in red clover | 94.72 | 92.88 | 93.52 | 93.71 |

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