1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 瘤胃液供体动物
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (DM basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |
| 玉米青贮Corn silage | 18.00 |
| 进口苜蓿Imported alfalfa | 15.00 |
| 国产苜蓿Domestic alfalfa | 5.00 |
| 压片玉米Pressed corn | 13.38 |
| 玉米Corn | 17.99 |
| 浓缩料Concentrate feed1) | 14.30 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 10.60 |
| 菜籽粕Rapeseed meal | 5.08 |
| 小苏打NaHCO3 | 0.65 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |
| 泌乳净能NEL/(MJ/kg) | 7.00 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 16.92 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 25.05 |
| 钙Ca | 0.87 |
| 总磷TP | 0.34 |
1)浓缩料养分含量:干物质86%,粗蛋白质29.5%,粗纤维12%,粗灰分18%,钙1.3%,总磷0.6%,氯化钠1.3%,赖氨酸0.8%。每千克浓缩料含维生素A 12 000 IU,维生素D 3 300 IU,维生素E 87 IU,铜42 mg,锌181 mg,锰53 mg,铁56 mg,碘1.9 mg,钴0.41 mg。The nutrient contents of concentrate: dry matter 86%, crude protein 29.5%, crude fiber 12%, crude ash 18%, calcium 1.3%, total phosphorus 0.6%, NaCl 1.3%, lysine 0.8%. One kg concentrate contained VA 12 000 IU, VD 3 300 IU, VE 87 IU, Cu 42 mg, Zn 181 mg, Mn 53 mg, Fe 56 mg, I 1.9 mg, Co 0.41 mg. |
1.3 试验设计
1.4 样品营养成分检测
1.5 瘤胃发酵培养液制备
表2 人工唾液的配制方法(以1 000 mL计)Table 2 Artificial saliva preparation method (in 1 000 mL) |
| 项目Items | 配方Formulation | 体积Volume/mL |
|---|---|---|
| 蒸馏水Distilled water | 蒸馏水 | 520.2 |
| 微量元素溶液 Trace element dissolution | CaCl2·2H2O 13.2 g,MnCl2·4H2O 10.0 g,CoCl2·6H2O 1.0 g, FeCl3·6H2O 8.0 g,加蒸馏水至100 mL | 0.1 |
| 缓冲液Buffer | NH4HCO3 4.0 g,NaHCO3 35.0 g,加蒸馏水至1 000 mL | 208.1 |
| 常量元素溶液 Constant element solution | Na2HPO4·12H2O 9.45 g,KH2PO4 6.2 g, MgSO4·7H2O 0.6 g,加蒸馏水至1 000 mL | 208.1 |
| 刃天青溶液 Resazurin solution | 100 mg刃天青溶解于100 mL蒸馏水 | 1.0 |
| 还原剂溶液 Reducing agent solution | 1 mol/L NaOH 4.0 mL,Na2S·9H2O 625 mg, 加蒸馏水95 mL | 62.5 |
1.6 体外发酵试验
1.7 体外产气参数和瘤胃发酵参数的测定
GP=a+b(1-e-ct)。
1.8 体外降解率和能氮平衡的测定
IVDMD(%)=[(样品中DM含量-残渣中DM含量)/样品中DM含量]×100;
IVCPD(%)=[(样品中CP含量-残渣中CP含量)/样品中CP含量]×100;
IVNDFD(%)=[(样品中NDF含量-残渣中NDF含量)/样品中NDF含量]×100;
IVADFD(%)=[(样品中ADF含量-残渣中ADF含量)/样品中ADF含量]×100;
IVOMD(%)=[1-(样品中OM含量-残渣中OM含量)/样品中OM含量]×100。
可发酵有机物(FOM)=DM质量×OM含量×IVOMD;
瘤胃降解蛋白质(RDP)=DM质量×CP含量×IVCPD;
RENB=FOM-RDP。
1.9 数据统计分析
2 结果
2.1 地衣芽孢杆菌和植物乳杆菌复合发酵对蒸汽爆破玉米秸秆营养成分的影响
表3 地衣芽孢杆菌和植物乳杆菌复合发酵对蒸汽爆破玉米秸秆营养成分的影响Table 3 Effects of compound fermentation of Bacillus licheniformis and Lactobacillus plantarum on nutritional components of steam-exploded corn straw % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | J | Q | JQ | |||
| 干物质DM/% | 95.02b | 94.64b | 96.38a | 97.15a | 0.003 | <0.001 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF/%DM | 84.89a | 80.31ab | 71.04b | 70.51b | 0.018 | 0.004 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF/%DM | 53.78b | 55.93b | 60.13a | 59.67a | 0.007 | <0.001 |
| 半纤维素ADS/%DM | 31.11a | 24.38a | 10.92b | 10.85b | 0.023 | <0.001 |
| 中性洗涤可溶物NDS/%DM | 15.11b | 19.69ab | 28.96a | 29.49a | 0.018 | 0.004 |
| 可溶性碳水化合物WSC/%DM | 13.93b | 17.79b | 30.81a | 27.13a | 1.712 | <0.001 |
| 粗蛋白质CP/%DM | 6.58a | 7.11a | 6.06b | 6.17a | 0.002 | 0.028 |
| 粗灰分Ash/%DM | 18.00b | 21.11a | 17.45b | 14.52c | 0.004 | <0.001 |
| 有机物OM/%DM | 82.00b | 78.89c | 82.55b | 85.48a | 0.725 | <0.001 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 地衣芽孢杆菌和植物乳杆菌复合发酵对蒸汽爆破玉米秸秆体外发酵产气量的影响
表4 地衣芽孢杆菌和植物乳杆菌复合发酵对蒸汽爆破玉米秸秆体外累积产气量和产气参数的影响Table 4 Effects of compound fermentation of Bacillus licheniformis and Lactobacillus plantarum on in vitro cumulative gas production and gas production parameters of steam-exploded corn straw |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | J | Q | JQ | |||
| 累积产气量Cumulative gas production/mL | ||||||
| 2 h | 178.3 | 196.7 | 228.3 | 180.0 | 9.39 | 0.208 |
| 4 h | 251.7 | 280.0 | 303.3 | 265.0 | 10.96 | 0.430 |
| 6 h | 396.7 | 425.0 | 390.0 | 356.7 | 10.83 | 0.159 |
| 9 h | 635.0a | 681.7a | 546.7b | 516.7b | 21.86 | 0.002 |
| 12 h | 743.3b | 798.3a | 633.3c | 621.7c | 23.50 | <0.001 |
| 24 h | 1 130.0b | 1 190.0a | 1 006.7c | 1 001.7c | 25.32 | <0.001 |
| 36 h | 1 285.0b | 1 338.3a | 1 156.7c | 1 148.3c | 25.25 | <0.001 |
| 48 h | 1 360.0b | 1 420.0a | 1 260.0c | 1 201.7d | 24.89 | <0.001 |
| 72 h | 1 410.0b | 1 445.0a | 1 313.3c | 1 250.0d | 24.16 | <0.001 |
| 产气参数Gas production parameters | ||||||
| 快速产气量a/mL | -41.7b | -41.0b | 75.9a | 6.9a | 16.79 | 0.010 |
| 慢速产气量b/mL | 1 447.4a | 1 505.0a | 1 289.3b | 1 281.3b | 33.32 | 0.005 |
| 产气速率c/(%/h) | 0.064a | 0.068a | 0.050c | 0.058b | 0.002 2 | <0.001 |
| 理论最大产气量a+b/mL | 1 406.6a | 1 464.0a | 1 365.2ab | 1 288.2b | 22.01 | 0.007 |
2.3 地衣芽孢杆菌和植物乳杆菌复合发酵对蒸汽爆破玉米秸秆体外降解率及能氮平衡的影响
表5 地衣芽孢杆菌和植物乳杆菌复合发酵对蒸汽爆破玉米秸秆体外降解率的影响Table 5 Effects of compound fermentation of Bacillus licheniformis and Lactobacillus plantarum on in vitro degradability of steam-exploded corn straw % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | J | Q | JQ | |||
| 体外干物质降解率IVDMD | 57.94 | 58.72 | 58.36 | 55.96 | 0.008 | 0.717 |
| 体外中性洗涤纤维降解率IVNDFD | 59.26a | 55.14ab | 48.66bc | 43.87c | 0.019 | 0.015 |
| 体外酸性洗涤纤维降解率IVADFD | 57.61a | 59.06a | 44.49b | 44.55b | 0.023 | 0.007 |
| 体外粗蛋白质降解率IVCPD | 15.15c | 47.97a | 47.83a | 31.67b | 0.042 | <0.001 |
| 体外有机物降解率IVOMD | 51.15 | 51.66 | 51.09 | 52.19 | 1.023 | 0.986 |
表6 地衣芽孢杆菌和植物乳杆菌复合发酵对蒸汽爆破玉米秸秆能氮平衡的影响Table 6 Effects of compound fermentation of Bacillus licheniformis and Lactobacillus plantarum on energy and nitrogen balance of steam-exploded corn straw % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | J | Q | JQ | |||
| 可发酵有机物FOM | 32.40 | 31.86 | 32.85 | 35.02 | 0.735 | 0.505 |
| 瘤胃降解蛋白质RDP | 0.77d | 2.64a | 2.24b | 1.52c | 0.218 | <0.001 |
| 瘤胃能氮平衡RENB | 31.62 | 29.22 | 30.61 | 33.49 | 0.786 | 0.292 |
2.4 地衣芽孢杆菌和植物乳杆菌复合发酵对蒸汽爆破玉米秸秆体外瘤胃发酵参数的影响
表7 地衣芽孢杆菌和植物乳杆菌复合发酵对蒸汽爆破玉米秸秆体外瘤胃发酵参数的影响Table 7 Effects of compound fermentation of Bacillus licheniformis and Lactobacillus plantarum on in vitro rumen fermentation parameters of steam-exploded corn straw |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | J | Q | JQ | |||
| pH | 5.45c | 5.41c | 5.72a | 5.57b | 0.038 | <0.001 |
| 氨态氮NH3-N/(mg/dL) | 13.90a | 11.94b | 11.47b | 12.39b | 0.310 | 0.005 |
| 微生物蛋白MCP/(mg/mL) | 1.19b | 1.31a | 0.75d | 0.86c | 0.069 | <0.001 |
| 乙酸Acetic acid/(mmol/L) | 65.85a | 63.92a | 57.23ab | 44.76b | 3.035 | 0.005 |
| 丙酸Propionic acid/(mmol/L) | 40.89 | 32.49 | 37.32 | 31.67 | 1.790 | 0.232 |
| 丁酸Butyric acid/(mmol/L) | 10.56a | 6.58bc | 8.55ab | 5.11c | 0.680 | <0.001 |
| 乙酸/丙酸Acetie acid/propionie acid | 1.61 | 1.96 | 1.53 | 1.41 | 0.113 | 0.105 |
| 总挥发性脂肪酸TVFA/(mmol/L) | 117.31a | 111.91ab | 103.10ab | 81.75b | 4.563 | 0.004 |
2.5 玉米秸秆体外降解率与营养成分、体外产气量和产气参数、体外瘤胃发酵参数及能氮平衡的相关性分析
图2 玉米秸秆体外消化率与营养成分、产气参数、瘤胃发酵参数的相关性分析标注*表示相关性显著(P<0.05),图例表示皮尔逊相关系数(r)。 Fig.2 Correlation analysis between the in vitro digestibility of corn straw and nutrient composition, gas production parameters as well as rumen fermentation parameters Annotation * indicated significant correlation (P<0.05), and the illustration showed Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r). |

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