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高糖诱导鲤鱼肝胰脏胰岛素抵抗产生机制及其营养缓解策略研究进展

  • 范泽 ,
  • 王连生 , *
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  • 中国水产科学研究院黑龙江水产研究所,黑龙江省水生动物病害与免疫重点实验室,哈尔滨 150070
* 王连生,研究员,E-mail:

范 泽(1992—),男,内蒙古扎兰屯人,副研究员,硕士,研究方向为水产动物营养与饲料。E-mail:

Office editor: 武海龙

收稿日期: 2025-02-07

  网络出版日期: 2025-09-12

基金资助

中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(HSY202408Q)

国家自然基金青年科学基金项目(32302969)

黑龙江省重点研发计划(2024ZX10B06)

中国水产科学研究院中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金(2023TD60)

Research Progress on Generation Mechanism of Insulin Resistance in Hepatopancreas Induced by High Carbohydrate of Common Carp and Its Nutritional Mitigation Strategies

  • FAN Ze ,
  • WANG Liansheng , *
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  • Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-02-07

  Online published: 2025-09-12

摘要

鲤鱼在高糖负荷后肝胰脏会产生胰岛素抵抗,已成为限制糖类对于蛋白质节约作用的关键制约因素。关于其产生机制的研究主要集中在胰岛素信号通路等蛋白质编码基因上。目前,针对这一限制因素也已在鲤鱼生长阶段从糖源、糖水平、投喂方式、不同营养物质干预等方面挖掘了一些营养缓解策略。现有的研究缺乏基于细胞层面及表观遗传层面对鲤鱼高糖营养感知机制的认识。亟需进一步阐明鲤鱼糖代谢的生理特点及特殊调控机制,并挖掘出能够缓解鱼类胰岛素抵抗的功能性营养物质或养殖策略。鉴于此,本文从肝胰脏胰岛素抵抗产生机制、营养策略及其缓解肝胰脏胰岛素抵抗的潜在机制和未来研究展望3方面入手,总结该方向的研究进展,丰富对鲤鱼肝胰脏胰岛素抵抗发生调控机制的认识,为提升淀粉等糖类物质的应用,节约鱼粉、豆粕等饲料蛋白质原料奠定坚实理论基础。

本文引用格式

范泽 , 王连生 . 高糖诱导鲤鱼肝胰脏胰岛素抵抗产生机制及其营养缓解策略研究进展[J]. 动物营养学报, 2025 , 37(9) : 5693 -5703 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.462

Abstract

The hepatopancreas of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) will produce insulin resistance after high glucose load, which has become a key restriction factor limiting the effect of carbohydrate on protein sparing. Studies on the mechanism of its production mainly focus on protein-coding genes such as insulin signaling pathways. At present, aiming at this limiting factor, some nutrition mitigation strategies have been explored in the aspects of carbohydrate source, carbohydrate level, feeding mode and different nutrient intervention in common carp growth stage. There is a lack of understanding of the mechanism of hyperglycemic nutrient perception in common carp based on cellular level and epigenetic level. It is urgent to further clarify the physiological characteristics and special regulatory mechanisms of glucose metabolism in common carp, and explore functional nutrients or breeding strategies that can alleviate insulin resistance in fish. In view of this, this paper summarized the research progress in this direction from three aspects, the generation mechanism of hepatopancreas insulin resistance, nutritional strategies and their potential mechanisms for alleviating hepatopancreas insulin resistance and the prospect of future research, so as to enrich the understanding of the regulatory mechanism of hepatopancreas insulin resistance in common carp. It lays a solid theoretical foundation for improving starch and other carbohydrate materials application and sparing feed protein raw materials such as fish meal and soybean meal.

鲤鱼作为我国池塘养殖的主要品种,2023年年产量为2 873 211 t,约占淡水鱼类养殖产量的10.4%,是我国主导淡水养殖品种之一[1]。但由于近些年优质的动植物饲料蛋白质原料(如鱼粉和豆粕)持续处于“价格走高、产量较低、依赖进口”的状态,造成鲤鱼养殖产业“成本升高,利润缩小”的现状[2-4]。因此,寻找适宜途径有效节约鲤鱼配合饲料蛋白质进而破解这一“痛点”成为推动鲤鱼养殖业持续健康发展的关键所在[5]
糖类对蛋白质的节约效应是节约饲料蛋白质的重要途径之一[6]。从鲤鱼自身来看,适当摄入糖类可促进ATP合成,活化氨基酸,增强自身蛋白质的合成能力[7];从水产饲料的低碳与减排角度看,饲料中适宜水平的糖类可以大幅降低因依赖鱼粉、鱼油等紧缺且昂贵资源产生的养殖成本,还可以实现低氮低磷排放,提升水产养殖产业的生态效益[8]。但是,在近些年对鲤鱼的研究中发现,其自身的“先天糖尿病体质”已成为限制糖类对蛋白质节约作用发挥的关键且不可忽视的因素[9-11]。因此,亟需根据鲤鱼糖代谢的生理特点及特殊调控机制,探明鲤鱼对糖类利用率低的根源所在,并通过适宜方式提升鲤鱼对糖类的耐受性。本文从肝胰脏胰岛素抵抗的潜在产生机制、营养策略及其缓解肝胰脏胰岛素抵抗的潜在机制和未来研究展望3方面入手,总结该方向的研究进展,丰富对鲤鱼肝胰脏胰岛素抵抗发生调控机制的认识,为提升淀粉等糖类物质的应用,节约鱼粉、豆粕等饲料蛋白质原料奠定坚实理论基础。

1 高糖诱导鲤鱼肝胰脏胰岛素抵抗的潜在产生机制

通过糖耐量研究试验发现,鲤鱼应对高糖负荷时会表现出明显的胰岛素抵抗,主要表现为:高剂量葡萄糖进入鲤鱼体内后3 h血糖含量达到峰值,而胰岛素含量峰值时间滞后鱼血糖含量峰值时间;同时,胰高血糖素分泌量并未随血糖和胰岛素含量的升高受到抑制,提示鲤鱼肝胰脏胰岛A细胞存在胰岛素抵抗[10-11]

1.1 胰岛素信号转导通路的受损

胰岛素信号转导通路受损是触发胰岛素抵抗发生的关键因素[12],而磷酸肌醇-3-激酶(phosphoinositide-3-kinase,PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(proteinkinase B,AKT)通路是胰岛素信号转导通路行使其调控血糖功能的关键环节[13],其中,PI3K为关键调节蛋白。PI3K由磷酸肌醇3激酶调节亚基1(phosphoinositol 3 kinase regulatory subunit 1,pik3r1)编码的调控亚基p85和磷脂酰肌醇4,5-二磷酸3-激酶催化亚基α(phos-phatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic sub-unit alpha,pik3ca)编码的催化亚基p110组成。pik3r1与pik3ca形成的异二聚体与胰岛素受体底物-1(insulin receptor substrate-1,IRS-1)相互作用,激活胰岛素信号转导通路。但pik3r1单体过量时,将与pik3r1/pik3ca异二聚体形成竞争,致使胰岛素信号转导通路受损[14]。因此,pik3r1基因的突变与异常表达会导致PI3K/AKT通路发生异常[15]。研究发现,pik3r1的杂合缺失可增强银鲫PI3K/AKT通路的活性[16]。此外,高糖饲料会过度上调鲤鱼肝胰脏pik3r1的基因表达,同时下调IRS-1、PI3KAKT的基因表达,进而影响鲤鱼肝胰脏胰岛素信号转导通路的活性,降低糖代谢能力[17]。据此可以推测,pik3r1在鲤鱼胰岛素抵抗发生发展中起着关键作用。

1.2 糖异生和糖原分解功能的紊乱

在对鲤鱼的糖耐量研究中发现,糖异生和糖原分解功能紊乱(尤其是糖异生)所导致的肝脏葡萄糖生成增多是胰岛素抵抗最显著的病理生理特点[10,18-19]。众多转录因子或关键酶参与糖异生作用的产生过程,通过干预这些因素可以维持正常的血糖含量。其中,作为“细胞能量感受器”的腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)能够负调控糖异生过程[20]。黄酮苷提取物可通过刺激胰岛素抵抗的人源肝癌细胞中AMPK和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(acetyl-CoA carboxylase,ACC)通路磷酸化,抑制糖异生,提高葡萄糖消耗量。AMPK已成为改善机体胰岛素抵抗,治疗2型糖尿病的重要靶点之一。AMPK调控鱼类糖代谢相关机制的研究目前仍处于起步阶段。Magnoni等[21]首次在褐鳟骨骼肌中发现,阿卡地新(AICAR)和二甲双胍可由葡萄糖转运载体4(glucose transporter 4,GLUT4)介导激活AMPK活性。Xu等[22]研究发现,高糖饲料中补充二甲双胍可通过上调AMPKα1、AMPKα2的mRNA表达水平和AMPK磷酸化水平,下调磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase,PEPCK)和葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶(glucose-6-phosphatase,G6P)的mRNA表达水平,提升团头鲂幼鱼肝脏中间代谢,增强胰岛素敏感性,保持血糖稳态。因此,如何通过AMPK靶点抑制鲤鱼在高糖摄食后肝胰脏过度糖异生,也成为缓解鲤鱼肝胰脏胰岛素抵抗的重要靶标。

1.3 鲤鱼肝胰脏胰岛素抵抗与微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)的异常表达

以往的鲤鱼糖营养研究主要聚焦在蛋白质编码基因上[11],特别是胰岛素信号转导通路上、下游的信号分子,而对于与基因表达异常关系密切的非编码序列如miRNA的作用则知之甚少。Zhou等[23]总结了近年来miRNA在鱼类营养与免疫调控方面的研究进展,发现miRNA不仅调节着长链多不饱和脂肪酸的合成,参与鱼体内葡萄糖、脂质和胆固醇的代谢,同时也在鱼类的抗菌和抗病毒免疫调节中发挥着重要作用。目前,miRBase数据库已收入134条鲤鱼miRNA,但主要集中于miRNA的寻找及鉴定方面,关于miRNA功能方面的研究仅限于生长发育及免疫功能方面[24-25]。而针对鲤鱼糖代谢,现有的研究表明在高温或低温胁迫条件下,鲤鱼肝胰脏会通过下调相关miRNA(包括miR-122、miR-30b、miR-15b-5p、miR-20a-5p、miR-1和miR-7b)的表达来改善糖代谢,进而提高肝胰脏糖代谢能力[26]。此外,课题组利用生物信息学分析及转录组学技术,挖掘了苦瓜皂苷调控鲤鱼肝胰脏胰岛素抵抗的miRNA表观遗传机制,建立了鲤鱼摄食含苦瓜皂苷的高糖饲料后肝胰脏miRNA表达谱,确定了10个参与调节胰岛素抵抗的候选miRNA,并推测miR-29a靶向pik3r1可能在苦瓜皂苷缓解肝胰脏胰岛素抵抗方面发挥关键作用[17]。因此,揭示差异表达的miRNA与胰岛素信号转导通路关键基因的靶向调控作用或可为改善鲤鱼肝胰脏胰岛素抵抗提供潜在的新靶点。

1.4 其他潜在分子机制

胰岛素抵抗的产生是一个复杂的过程,需要充分考虑可能的潜在机制。蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶(protein tyrosine phosphatases,PTPs)在胰岛素信号转导通路中发挥重要作用,其可使胰岛素受体-β(insulin receptor-β,IR-β)去磷酸化,从而抑制IR-β介导的胰岛素信号转导通路[27]。其家族中的蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1B(PTP1B)在胰岛素敏感组织中(如肝脏)均有表达。在小鼠中的研究表明,PTP1B缺乏可增加小鼠肝脏和肌肉的胰岛素敏感性,防止高脂肪饮食引起的体重增加和胰岛素抵抗[28]。研究发现,转录因子BTB和CNC同源体1(BTB and CNC homology 1,BACH1)能够与PTP1B和IR-β结合[29]。Jin等[30]研究表明,BACH1通过促进肝细胞PTP1B与IR-β结合,抑制肝细胞胰岛素信号转导通路,加剧高脂饮食诱导的小鼠胰岛素抵抗。目前,鲤鱼肝胰脏胰岛素抵抗产生机制研究还处于起步阶段,增强机制解析的全面性将是未来研究的重要方向。

2 营养策略及其缓解肝胰脏胰岛素抵抗的潜在机制

2.1 糖源及糖水平

相同添加水平下,鲤鱼对于结构相对复杂的大分子糖类(如淀粉等)的利用能力较结构简单的小分子糖类更强[31]。Murai等[32]研究发现,鲤鱼饲料中添加同等水平的淀粉、糊精、麦芽糖或葡萄糖后,增重率及饲料效率在淀粉组中表现最佳。鲤鱼能够更好地利用直/支链淀粉比低的淀粉(如薯类淀粉)[33]。但不同糖源对饲料蛋白质节约作用的发挥需要考虑饲料糖与蛋白质的配比。孙金辉等[34]研究发现,木薯淀粉在相对较高的糖蛋白质比例条件下可显著提升鲤鱼肠道淀粉酶活性和钠依赖性葡萄糖转运载体1(sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1,SGLT1)、葡萄糖转运载体2(glucose transporter 2,GLUT2)基因表达量以及肝胰脏糖酵解关键酶活性,进而有效实现蛋白质节约作用;而小麦淀粉的蛋白质节约效应则在低糖与蛋白质比例条件下表现更好。Furuichi等[35]以鲤鱼为例,研究了糊化淀粉、糊精作为糖源的可行性,发现鲤鱼对糊化淀粉为糖源的利用能力相对更强。与摄食含原木薯淀粉及木薯醋酸酯淀粉饲料的鲤鱼相比,鲤鱼在摄食含预糊化木薯淀粉的饲料后会呈现出更优异的生长性能,肠道淀粉酶、糖酵解关键酶活性,血清中胰岛素及类胰岛素生长因子-1含量及相关转运载体的基因表达量[36]。现有的研究表明,不同糖源及糖添加量主要通过调控葡萄糖转运进程参与胰岛素信号转导通路的改善及激活,进而改善鲤鱼的肝胰脏胰岛素抵抗。

2.2 三价铬离子(Cr3+)

Cr3+在水产动物糖代谢过程中扮演着关键角色[37-38],其以无机铬和有机铬2种形式存在。水产动物对有机铬具有更高的吸收率和生物学活性[39]。Cr3+主要通过提高水产动物的葡萄糖耐受性和胰岛素敏感性[40],增强免疫功能和应激能力[41],实现对鲤鱼肝胰脏胰岛素抵抗的缓解效应。因此,补充Cr3+可作为提升鲤鱼糖利用能力、缓解肝脏损伤的有效措施。
崔培等[42]研究发现,在葡萄糖含量为35%的基础饲料中补充蛋氨酸铬(CrMet)对鲤鱼糖利用能力的提升效果优于三氧化二铬(Cr2O3)、吡啶羧酸铬(CrPic)。CrMet可显著提高血清胰岛素和胰岛素受体含量,显著降低血清葡萄糖含量及肝胰脏糖异生途径关键酶PEPCK活性。此外,研究在35%糊精的基础饲料中添加CrMet对鲤鱼糖利用能力的影响,发现补充0.8 mg/kg CrMet能提高糖酵解关键酶活性,降低糖异生途径关键酶活性,上调胰岛素受体及GLUT2的基因表达,促进鲤鱼糖代谢[43]。而在45%糊精的基础饲料中,需补充1 mg/kg CrMet提高鲤鱼肝胰脏抗氧化能力,缓解高糖诱发的炎症反应[44]。Ahmed等[45]在小麦淀粉含量为38%的基础饲料中添加不同水平的氯化铬(CrCl3)后发现,0.5% CrCl3能够提升鲤鱼对小麦淀粉的利用能力,缓解高淀粉引发的氧化损伤,而2.0 mg/kg CrCl3则可被视为引起肝脏中毒的阈值。

2.3 益生菌

益生菌是指具有益生作用的微生物活体或可产生有益于宿主的代谢产物的微生物。益生菌对鲤鱼肝胰脏胰岛素抵抗的改善作用主要通过以下2个方面来实现:一是其代谢产物可通过多种途径调控水产动物糖代谢,包括调节酚类物质代谢[46]、支链氨基酸合成[47]、胆汁酸代谢[48]、产生肠源性短链脂肪酸(short chain fatty acids,SCFAs)[49]等。二是通过增强肠道营养物质转运能力、屏障功能、抗氧化能力,抑制炎症级联反应和内质网应激,从而激活肝脏胰岛素信号,改善葡萄糖耐量[50]。添加益生菌成为提升鲤鱼对糖类利用能力的有效手段之一。
阿克曼菌(Akkermansia muciniphila,Akk)已被证实在改善人和小鼠血糖稳态、胰岛素抵抗、减少脂肪堆积和体重方面发挥着关键作用[50]。Yang等[51]首次探讨了Akk改善鲤鱼糖代谢紊乱的可能机制,发现50%高葡萄糖饲料中补充1×108 CFU/g Akk能够强化糖酵解途径,削弱糖异生作用,保持血糖稳态,同时上调肠道SGLT1和GLUT2基因表达,提升葡萄糖的吸收能力。与Akk的功能相同,乳酸菌也可通过提升肠道营养转运载体(SGLT1和GLUT2)基因表达改善肠道功能,提高鲤鱼对糖的利用率[52]。而与之不同的是,无论是单株还是多株乳酸菌的添加均会抑制糖酵解,促进糖异生,表明乳酸菌主要是通过有效降低鲤鱼肝胰脏脂质合成,进而缓解高糖诱发的肝胰脏损伤。李晋南等[53]探究了高α-淀粉饲料中补充动物双歧杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌对鲤鱼糖利用的影响,发现3种益生菌的补充均可显著提高肠道消化能力、抗氧化能力及免疫功能,从而提高鲤鱼糖利用能力。

2.4 植物提取物

植物提取物是以植物为原料,利用物理化学方式定向获取和浓集植物中的某1种或多种有效成分,而不改变其有效成分结构而形成的生物活性物质,主要包括多糖、多酚、生物碱、黄酮、类黄酮、皂苷和醇类等[54-55]。目前黄酮类、皂苷类等植物提取物的降血糖功能已在鲤鱼的研究中得到证实,但二者对于鲤鱼肝胰脏胰岛素抵抗的作用机制不尽相同。
染料木黄酮(4’,5,7-三羟基异黄酮)是大豆及制品中含量丰富的植物雌激素,已在哺乳动物的研究中证明具有缓解胰岛素抵抗的作用[56]。Yang等[57]研究发现,染料木黄酮的降糖作用主要是通过下调鲤鱼肝胰脏G6PPEPCK的基因表达抑制糖异生反应来实现的。这一结果与Ae Park等[58]在糖尿病小鼠上的研究结果一致。进一步的研究则阐明类似于染料木黄酮、金雀异黄素等黄酮类物质,其糖异生抑制作用主要是通过激活鲤鱼肝胰脏AMPK途径来实现的,进而改善胰岛素敏感性,缓解胰岛素抵抗[57,59-60]。而广泛分布于人参、苦瓜、三七等单子叶植物和双子叶植物中的皂苷虽具有缓解胰岛素抵抗的作用[61],但其作用是通过调控关键靶点直接刺激胰岛素分泌、有效调控胰岛素信通路、改善糖耐受能力等方面实现的[62]。在苦瓜皂苷对摄食高糖饲料鲤鱼影响的研究中发现,添加1 600 mg/kg苦瓜皂苷能够激活PI3K/AKT通路,通过上调糖酵解和糖原相关基因表达,促进糖原合成和糖酵解,通过下调糖异生相关基因表达抑制糖异生[63],通过增加机体抗氧化能力、缓解高糖诱发的肝胰脏损伤[64],具有缓解胰岛素抵抗的潜在价值,进而有效地维持葡萄糖稳态。

2.5 SCFAs

SCFAs及其盐类是一种极具发展潜力的绿色饲料添加剂,包括乙酸、丙酸、丁酸及其盐类[65]。现有的研究表明,SCFAs主要通过增加葡萄糖消耗、激活AMPK通路抑制糖异生并提高葡萄糖耐受能力等方面调控水产动物糖代谢,进而干预鲤鱼肝胰脏胰岛素抵抗[66-67]
鲤鱼饲料中补充0.5%和1.0%乙酸钠可有效调节糖酵解、糖异生、糖原合成和糖原分解在内的糖代谢途径,提升肝胰脏糖代谢能力[68]。郑海玲[69]研究发现,高糖饲料中添加0.25%~0.50%丙酸钠后可增加糖酵解关键酶丙酮酸激酶、磷酸果糖激酶活性,可通过激活G蛋白偶联受体43(G protein-coupled receptor 43,GPR43)抗体和AMPK信号通路降低PEPCKG6P表达,表明丙酸钠可改善高糖引起的肝胰脏糖异生异常增多。张媛媛等[70]在高糖饲料中添加丁酸钠后发现,0.5%丁酸钠可通过增加血糖耐受水平和肠道葡萄糖的吸收能力,维持血糖稳态。

2.6 精氨酸

精氨酸是一种条件性必需氨基酸。研究指出,在水产动物体内,精氨酸或其他氨基酸比葡萄糖更具促胰岛素分泌能力[71]。Li等[72]研究发现,在高糖饲料中添加1.2%~1.8%精氨酸可以通过激活PI3K/AKT通路,上调葡萄糖转运、糖酵解和糖原合成相关基因的表达,抑制糖异生相关基因的表达,使鲤鱼更有效地利用饲料中的淀粉。因此,合理设置饲料精氨酸的含量也将成为缓解鲤鱼肝胰脏胰岛素抵抗的有效手段,其机制可能与调控胰岛素信号通路有关,仍需进一步深入探讨。

2.7 投喂方式

投喂频率的适宜增加可以使鲤鱼等无胃鱼类最大限度地消化吸收饲料[73]。研究表明,固定日投喂量的条件下,投喂频率为4次时可改善鲤鱼肠道消化能力及肝脏功能,从而提升糖利用效率[74]。这表明养殖过程中节律性的投喂能够有效调节摄食速度而延缓食物吸收速度,进而改善鲤鱼对饲料中糖的利用效率。此外,在对高低糖轮转投喂的研究中发现,14 d高糖14 d低糖的轮转投喂模式可通过相应消化酶活性的提升、糖酵解能力的改善及糖异生能力的削弱,缓解高糖对鲤鱼的肝胰脏损伤,进而促进机体生长[75],说明间歇性节食可成为一种有效缓解鲤鱼肝胰脏胰岛素抵抗的营养干预手段[76],其可能主要是通过上游某些关键信号转导通路调控下游糖代谢进程,具体机制仍需进一步挖掘。

3 未来研究展望

3.1 应用单细胞转录组学构建鲤鱼肝胰脏细胞图谱

与肉食性鱼类肝脏和胰腺存在明显分界不同,杂食性鲤鱼的肝脏和胰腺合生在一起合称肝胰脏,在组织解剖学上无法分离[77],对其肝脏或胰腺的精准研究有一定困难,主要以肝胰脏组织的整体为研究对象进行展开。细胞被视作生命构成的基础,是目前发现的所有已知生命(不包括病毒)的最基本结构单位与功能单位。目前,鲤鱼糖代谢的研究主要集中于从基因及表型2个维度开展[11,64,68,78],而缺乏从细胞层面的的解读。细胞图谱的构建一方面为细胞类型及分子标记的鉴定提供参考数据库以促进细胞功能研究,另一方面也为与特定目标细胞群或相关性状形成的分子特异性调控机制研究奠定了基础。因此,肝胰脏细胞图谱的构建已成为准确了解鲤鱼肝胰脏功能的重要载体。
与普通转录组相比,单细胞转录组测序技术可通过捕获到单个细胞,得到每个细胞的基因表达谱,进而极大提高低丰度样品的检出效率[79-80],对于研究难以有效分离的鲤鱼肝胰脏细胞的分子特异性提供新的契机,不仅可以帮助我们更好地了解营养性疾病中鲤鱼肝胰脏的细胞图谱及基因表达谱,还可以促进肝胰脏在鲤科鱼类营养学中的应用研究。因此,单细胞转录组分析或可成为从细胞层面揭示高糖引发鲤鱼胰岛素抵抗机制的关键技术手段。

3.2 基于表观遗传学探究生命早期发育环境的干预对鲤鱼肝胰脏糖代谢的作用机制

表观遗传是在DNA碱基序列不变的前提下,引起基因表达改变的一种可遗传现象,包括DNA甲基化、非编码RNA及组蛋白修饰。表观遗传学可通过调节基因表达的可塑性和稳定性,进而影响细胞功能和生物体的适应能力。水产领域主要应用在种质资源保护、开发和利用方面[81-82]。目前,表观遗传修饰和营养调控的融合研究(即营养表观遗传学)已成为营养学领域新的研究热点[83-84],但在水产营养领域的研究相对匮乏。鉴于此,建议将营养表观遗传学应用于鲤鱼糖营养研究,主要解决哪种表观遗传修饰发挥关键介导作用、具体机制如何、改变的表观遗传修饰能维持多久、这些表观遗传可否被逆转等问题。
生命早期是实现高度组织可塑性的关键窗口。而生命早期营养摄入对塑造鱼类后期的代谢和发育轨迹起着至关重要的作用[85]。但目前有关鲤鱼糖类营养的研究,大都集中在仔稚鱼期及幼鱼作为起始阶段,缺乏生命早期(亲本性腺发育阶段及卵黄期)营养对出生后的鱼体糖代谢的影响研究。鉴于此,建议将高糖诱发鲤鱼肝胰脏胰岛素抵抗的缓解和管理提前至生命早期,甚至生理特性重塑的关键窗口——卵黄期。生命早期发育环境的干预包括营养干预(Cr3+、SCFAs、氨基酸)、补充特定类型的生物活性成分(益生菌、植物提取物)及投喂模式管理(投喂频率、轮转投喂)。基于上述干预策略,并结合营养表观遗传学,将帮助研究人员逐步明确生命早期发育环境的干预对鲤鱼肝胰脏糖代谢的跨代效应,或可成为跨代提升鲤鱼自身糖利用能力的有效措施。

3.3 基于潜在分子靶点开发缓解鲤鱼胰岛素抵抗的创新手段

目前,营养调控策略集中于传统添加剂,且主要针对糖代谢及胰岛素信号转导通路的相关基因开展调控研究。但胰岛素抵抗涉及的分子机制复杂,如何根据潜在分子机制挖掘靶向干预的抑制剂或促进剂将,是未来开发缓解鲤鱼胰岛素抵抗策略的前沿方向。Jin等[30]研究指出,肝细胞特异性敲除BACH1或抑制肝脏BACH1基因表达有助于增加高脂饮食喂养小鼠和糖尿病小鼠肝脏中的胰岛素敏感性,降低血糖含量,改善葡萄糖耐量和糖代谢的异常。Kiechl等[86]和Bonnet等[87]均指出,阻断核因子-κB受体激活因子(receptor activator of NF-κB ligand,RANKL)通路可改善肝脏胰岛素抵抗。因此,针对pik3r1、AMPK、BACH1及RANKL等关键调控因子开展分子靶向治疗,开发功能性靶向干预剂,将成为提升鲤鱼糖利用能力的创新手段。

4 小结

鲤鱼先天的“糖尿病体质”限制了糖类对于蛋白质节约作用的有效发挥。高糖摄入易引发鲤肝胰脏胰岛素受体,抑制胰岛素受体成为提升鲤糖利用能力的重要策略。亟需阐明鲤鱼糖代谢的生理特点及特殊调控机制,并挖掘出能够缓解鱼类胰岛素抵抗的功能性营养物质或养殖策略。未来应将单细胞测序、表观遗传组学技术与鱼类营养学相结合,丰富鲤鱼对高糖营养感知机制的认识,为今后高糖耐受性鲤的分子育种工作提供理论支撑;并根据感知机制,开发功能性靶向干预剂,提升鲤鱼糖利用能力,为提升糖类物质的应用、节约饲料蛋白质原料奠定实践基础。
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