1 马铃薯在国际及国内的地位
图1 中国马铃薯产量、种植面积和单位面积产量变化(鲜薯基础)马铃薯产量和种植面积数据来自国家统计局和联合国粮食及农业组织,马铃薯单位面积产量=马铃薯产量/马铃薯种植面积。 Fig.1 Changes in potato yield, planting area and per unit area yield in China (fresh potato basis) The data on potato yield and planting area are from the National Bureau of Statistics and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The potato yield per unit area=potato yield/potato planting area. |
2 马铃薯的营养特性
表1 玉米和马铃薯营养价值对比Table 1 Comparison of nutritional values between corn and potato |
| 项目Items | 玉米Corn | 马铃薯Potato |
|---|---|---|
| 常规营养成分Conventional nutrients1) | ||
| 干物质DM/% | 83.4~91.3(87.2) | 10.1~27.3(20.6) |
| 粗蛋白质CP/% DM | 7.8~11.3(9.7) | 9.2~13.0(10.8) |
| 粗脂肪EE/% DM | 3.2~5.5(4.2) | 0.2~1.3(0.5) |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF/% DM | 10.4~20.2(13.2) | 8.3~8.3(8.3) |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF/% DM | 3.3~5.6(4.4) | 2.6~4.9(3.6) |
| 淀粉Starch/% DM | 68.8~74.3(71.0) | 56.2~82.3(71.9) |
| 钙Ca/% DM | 0.1~2.2(0.7) | 0.3~1.0(0.7) |
| 磷P/% DM | 2.2~5.1(3.4) | 1.9~2.5(2.2) |
| 氨基酸Amino acids/% CP1) | ||
| 赖氨酸Lysine | 1.3 | 4.6 |
| 蛋氨酸Methionine | 2.1 | 1.4 |
| 苏氨酸Threonine | 2.0 | 3.6 |
| 组氨酸Histidine | 0.6 | 1.6 |
| 精氨酸Arginine | 3.0 | 3.5 |
| 苯丙氨酸Phenylalanine | 2.9 | 3.8 |
| 亮氨酸Leucine | 5.9 | 5.3 |
| 异亮氨酸Isoleucine | 1.5 | 3.2 |
| 淀粉Starch | ||
| 淀粉颗粒形态Starch granule forms[16] | 多边形 | 圆形或卵圆形 |
| 淀粉颗粒直径Starch granule diameter/μm[16] | 5~20 | 10~100 |
| 直链淀粉/总淀粉Amylose/total starch/%[6,17] | 20~33 | 25~28 |
| 支链淀粉/总淀粉Amylopectin/total starch/%[6,17] | 67~80 | 72~75 |
1)常规营养成分和氨基酸含量数据引自 https://www.feedipedia.org,其中常规营养成分括号内数据为平均值。Data on contents of conventional nutrients and amino acids are cited from https://www.feedipedia.org, and data in parentheses for conventional nutrients are average values. 2)普通玉米淀粉中直链淀粉占比为25%~28%,糯玉米淀粉中直链淀粉占比为0~8%,高直链玉米淀粉中直链淀粉占比为50%~90%[17]。The proportion of amylose in common corn starch is 25% to 28%, that in waxy corn starch is 0 to 8%, and that in high amylose corn starch is 50% to 90%[17]. |
3 不同类型马铃薯副产物的来源及营养价值
3.1 马铃薯副产物产量概述
3.2 不同类型马铃薯副产物的特点及营养价值
表2 不同来源马铃薯副产物营养价值对比Table 2 Comparison of nutritional values of potato by-products from different sources |
| 项目 Items | 样品 来源 Sample sources | 干物质 DM/% | 有机物 OM/% DM | 粗蛋 白质 CP/% DM | 粗脂肪 EE/% DM | 中性洗 涤纤维 NDF/% DM | 酸性洗 涤纤维 ADF/% DM | 粗灰分 Ash/% DM | 淀粉 Starch/ % DM | 参考文献 References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
生薯渣 Raw potato residue | 淀粉加工 | 22.1 | 6.0 | 0.8 | 9.5 | 5.7 | 6.2 | 38.2 | [35] | |
| 薯条生产 | 21.40 ±0.87 | 8.45 ±0.36 | 1.44 ±0.13 | 5.01 ±0.15 | 2.53 ±0.23 | 2.02 ±0.05 | 79.56 ±0.73 | [36] | ||
熟薯渣 Cooked potato residue | 薯条生产 | 22.6 | 9.7 | 5.0 | 28.2 | 3.2 | 54.7 | [34] | ||
| 薯条生产 | 37.2 | 8.2 | 19.8 | 25.4 | 1.8 | 38.3 | [34] | |||
马铃薯皮渣 Potato peel residue | 淀粉加工 | 16.5 | 10.8 | 0.6 | 33.8 | 25.1 | 49.8 | 0.5 | [35] | |
| 12.6 | 9.7 | 0.9 | 8.5 | 21.3 | [37] | |||||
不规格薯块 Irregular potato pieces | 市场废弃 | 19.7 | 9.9 | 3.0 | 4.3 | 8.8 | 66.8 | [38] | ||
| 农场收获 | 18.00 ±0.74 | 94.70 ±0.13 | 10.00 ±0.86 | 6.10 ±1.39 | 3.70 ±0.13 | 61.00 ±0.82 | [39] | |||
马铃薯藤叶 Potato vines and leaves | 农场收获 | 79.2 | 14.7 | 4.3 | 45.1 | [40] | ||||
| 农场收获 | 14.0 | 19.6 | 4.8 | 37.3 | 25.1 | [41] |

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