1 材料与方法
1.1 伦理声明
1.2 试验材料
表1 发酵酱酒糟的营养成分及活性成分含量(干物质基础)Table 1 Nutrient and active ingredient contents of fermented sauce lees (DM basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 营养成分Nutrients | |
| 干物质(原样基础) DM (original sample basis) | 92.70 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 24.18 |
| 粗纤维CF | 14.99 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 6.61 |
| 粗灰分Ash | 7.42 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 30.53 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 29.56 |
| 酸性洗涤木质素ADL | 14.02 |
| 钙Ca | 0.43 |
| 总磷TP | 0.62 |
| 活性成分Active ingredients | |
| 总葡聚糖Total glucan | 16.61 |
| 甘露聚糖Mannan | 1.94 |
表2 谷物酒糟糖浆的营养成分及活性成分含量(干物质基础)Table 2 Nutrient and active ingredient contents of grain lees syrups (DM basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 营养成分Nutrients | |
| 干物质(原样基础) DM (original sample basis) | 57.20 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 24.34 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 0.54 |
| 粗灰分Ash | 10.14 |
| 淀粉Starch | 5.70 |
| 总糖Total sugar | 19.25 |
| 钙Ca | 0.87 |
| 总磷TP | 1.59 |
| 活性成分Active ingredients | |
| 总葡聚糖Total glucan | 1.57 |
| 甘露聚糖Mannan | 1.91 |
1.3 试验设计
1.4 试验饲粮
表3 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 3 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 育肥前期Early fattening period | 育肥后期Late fattening period | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON组 CON group | F1组 F1 group | F2组 F2 group | CON组 CON group | F1组 F1 group | F2组 F2 group | |||||||||
| 原料Ingredients | ||||||||||||||
| 玉米Corn | 77.50 | 70.50 | 67.60 | 81.60 | 71.60 | 68.70 | ||||||||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 16.30 | 11.30 | 9.20 | 10.20 | 3.20 | 1.10 | ||||||||
| 优纤宝Youfibrex1) | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 7.00 | 7.00 | 7.00 | ||||||||
| 发酵酱酒糟Fermented sauce lees | 6.00 | 9.00 | 9.00 | 12.00 | ||||||||||
| 谷物酒糟糖浆Grain lees syrups | 6.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 10.00 | ||||||||||
| 预混料Premix2) | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.20 | ||||||||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | ||||||||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels3) | ||||||||||||||
| 净能NE/(MJ/kg) | 11.99 | 11.45 | 11.44 | 11.77 | 11.34 | 11.08 | ||||||||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.94 | 0.83 | 0.77 | 0.80 | 0.71 | 0.67 | ||||||||
| 蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸Met+Cys | 0.61 | 0.54 | 0.50 | 0.42 | 0.46 | 0.44 | ||||||||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 15.40 | 15.22 | 15.09 | 12.50 | 12.44 | 12.06 | ||||||||
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 13.92 | 15.44 | 16.23 | 15.81 | 16.97 | 18.12 | ||||||||
| 钙Ca | 0.46 | 0.55 | 0.56 | 0.51 | 0.53 | 0.59 | ||||||||
| 总磷TP | 0.44 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.48 | 0.50 | 0.52 | ||||||||
1)优纤宝主要原料为苹果粕、棕榈粕、甘蔗糖蜜等,粗蛋白质含量为14%,粗纤维含量为20%。The main raw materials of Youfibrex are apple meal, palm meal, sugar cane molasses, etc. Its CP content is 14% and CF content is 20%. | |
2)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 5 600 IU,VD3 4 000 IU,VE 4 IU,VK3 0.16 mg,VB2 0.64 mg,VB6 0.16 mg,烟酰胺 niacinamide 3.2 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 0.96 mg,Fe (ferrous sulfate) 100 mg,Zn (zinc sulfate) 60 mg,Mn (manganese sulphate) 25 mg,Cu (copper chloride) 20 mg,I (calcium iodate) 0.5 mg。 | |
3)净能为计算值,其余为实测值。NE is a calculated value, while the rest are measured values. |
1.5 饲养管理
1.6 样品采集和指标检测
1.6.1 生长性能
1.6.2 胴体性状
1.6.3 血清免疫、抗氧化和炎症指标
1.7 数据处理与分析
2 结果
2.1 基于发酵酱酒糟和谷物酒糟糖浆组合的饲粮NDF水平对育肥猪生长性能的影响
表4 基于发酵酱酒糟和谷物酒糟糖浆组合的饲粮NDF水平对育肥猪生长性能的影响Table 4 Effects of dietary NDF level based on fermented sauce lees and grain lees syrups combination on growth performance of finishing pigs |
| 项目 Items | CON组 CON group | F1组 F1 group | F2组 F2 group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 育肥前期Early fattening period | ||||
| 初始均重Initial average weight/kg | 56.40±0.55 | 56.10±0.25 | 57.20±0.87 | 0.470 |
| 结束均重Final average weight/kg | 92.90±0.21Bb | 100.47±1.73Aa | 100.13±0.61Aa | 0.004 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/kg | 2.65±0.09 | 2.32±0.13 | 2.41±0.05 | 0.123 |
| 平均日增重ADG/g | 701.93±8.67Bb | 853.21±35.05Aa | 825.64±9.95Aa | 0.006 |
| 料重比F/G | 3.78±0.16Aa | 2.72±0.12Bb | 2.92±0.10Bb | 0.002 |
| 育肥后期Late fattening period | ||||
| 初始均重Initial average weight/kg | 92.90±0.21Bb | 100.47±1.73Aa | 100.13±0.61Aa | 0.004 |
| 结束均重Final average weight/kg | 115.43±0.55b | 124.27±1.84a | 121.60±2.12a | 0.023 |
| 体重增长率Weight growth rate/% | 24.26±0.63 | 23.70±0.56 | 21.43±1.81 | 0.262 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/kg | 2.89±0.03 | 2.77±0.02 | 2.86±0.04 | 0.097 |
| 平均日增重ADG/g | 726.88±18.28 | 767.74±14.54 | 692.47±23.84 | 0.412 |
| 料重比F/G | 3.98±0.13 | 3.61±0.12 | 4.13±0.38 | 0.266 |
| 育肥全期Full fattening period | ||||
| 初始均重Initial average weight/kg | 56.40±0.55 | 56.10±0.25 | 57.20±0.87 | 0.470 |
| 结束均重Final average weight/kg | 115.43±0.55b | 124.27±1.84a | 121.60±2.12a | 0.023 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/kg | 2.74±0.07 | 2.49±0.09 | 2.58±0.03 | 0.099 |
| 平均日增重ADG/g | 711.25±12.25b | 821.28±23.90a | 775.90±28.00ab | 0.036 |
| 料重比F/G | 3.85±0.15a | 3.03±0.06b | 3.33±0.16b | 0.011 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。育肥后期初始均重为育肥前期的结束均重,初始均重数据间有差异,故采用体重增长率来衡量育肥后期育肥猪的生长情况,以减少初始均重差异的干扰。 | |
Peer data labeled with no letter or the same letter mean the difference is not significant (P>0.05), different lowercase letters mean the difference is significant (P<0.05), and different capital letters mean the difference is extremely significant (P<0.01). The same as below. The initial average weight in the late fattening period was the final average weight in the early fattening period, and there are differences between the initial average weight data, so the weight growth rate is used to measure the growth of finishing pigs in the late fattening period to minimize the interference of the differences in the initial average weights. |
2.2 基于发酵酱酒糟和谷物酒糟糖浆组合的饲粮NDF水平对育肥猪胴体性状的影响
表5 基于发酵酱酒糟和谷物酒糟糖浆组合的饲粮NDF水平对育肥猪胴体性状的影响Table 5 Effects of dietary NDF level based on fermented sauce lees and grain lees syrups combination on carcass traits of finishing pigs |
| 项目 Items | CON组 CON group | F1组 F1 group | F2组 F2 group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 屠宰率Slaughter rate/% | 77.91±0.59a | 75.71±0.21ab | 74.09±1.31b | 0.048 |
| 胴体直长Carcass straight length/cm | 80.67±3.77 | 81.93±1.09 | 81.47±0.66 | 0.926 |
| 胴体斜长Carcass slanting length/cm | 91.93±1.97 | 95.67±1.88 | 98.73±0.93 | 0.072 |
| 平均背膘厚Average backfat thickness/mm | 31.38±1.03 | 29.13±3.57 | 25.57±1.19 | 0.261 |
| 皮厚Skin thickness/mm | 2.86±0.46 | 2.75±0.36 | 2.91±0.26 | 0.952 |
| 眼肌面积Eye muscle area/cm2 | 44.90±1.41Bb | 49.86±0.87Aa | 53.21±1.34Aa | 0.009 |
| 瘦肉率Lean meat percentage/% | 56.85±2.41 | 58.48±2.42 | 60.33±1.95 | 0.586 |
| 脂肪率Fat percentage/% | 20.46±1.39 | 20.30±2.08 | 17.66±1.73 | 0.490 |
| 板油率Sheet oil ratio/% | 2.32±0.28 | 2.22±0.46 | 1.91±0.50 | 0.782 |
| 骨率Bone rate/% | 11.28±0.74 | 10.92±0.55 | 13.19±0.52 | 0.080 |
| 皮率Skin rate/% | 7.57±0.50 | 7.94±0.59 | 8.78±0.07 | 0.224 |
| 五花肉率Pancetta rate/% | 14.88±1.02 | 14.25±1.32 | 15.08±0.40 | 0.832 |
| 头重Head weight/kg | 6.32±0.19 | 6.85±0.15 | 6.93±0.38 | 0.267 |
| 蹄重Hoof weight/kg | 1.65±0.07 | 1.82±0.04 | 1.75±0.06 | 0.214 |
2.3 基于发酵酱酒糟和谷物酒糟糖浆组合的饲粮NDF水平对育肥猪血清免疫、抗氧化和炎症指标的影响
2.3.1 血清免疫指标
表6 基于发酵酱酒糟和谷物酒糟糖浆组合的饲粮NDF水平对育肥猪血清免疫指标的影响Table 6 Effects of dietary NDF level based on fermented sauce lees and grain lees syrups combination on serum immune indexes of finishing pigs μg/mL |
| 项目 Items | CON组 CON group | F1组 F1 group | F2组 F2 group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 育肥前期Early fattening period | ||||
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA | 36.73±0.50Bb | 38.05±0.30Aa | 35.82±0.21Bb | 0.006 |
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG | 492.75±5.69Aa | 486.44±15.65Aa | 435.19±7.27Bb | 0.007 |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM | 46.83±0.78Aa | 45.63±0.95Aa | 40.60±0.60Bb | 0.001 |
| 育肥后期Late fattening period | ||||
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA | 44.96±0.53 | 44.53±1.21 | 45.89±1.24 | 0.653 |
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG | 515.88±8.99Aa | 501.88±7.87Aa | 465.25±8.34Bb | 0.006 |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM | 49.72±0.73 | 49.65±1.09 | 49.98±1.58 | 0.979 |
2.3.2 血清抗氧化指标
表7 基于发酵酱酒糟和谷物酒糟糖浆组合的饲粮NDF水平对育肥猪血清抗氧化指标的影响Table 7 Effects of dietary NDF level based on fermented sauce lees and grain lees syrups combination on serum antioxidant indexes of finishing pigs |
| 项目 Items | CON组 CON group | F1组 F1 group | F2组 F2 group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 育肥前期Early fattening period | ||||
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) | 4.59±0.07b | 4.72±0.16ab | 5.05±0.12a | 0.037 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/L) | 2.68±0.07Bb | 2.60±0.09Bb | 3.85±0.17Aa | <0.001 |
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(μmol/mL) | 0.32±0.02 | 0.32±0.03 | 0.31±0.02 | 0.882 |
| 过氧化氢酶CAT/(μmol/mL) | 31.17±0.86Bb | 35.04±0.32Aa | 31.40±0.34Bb | <0.001 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 0.04±0.06 | 0.04±0.08 | 0.04±0.04 | 0.053 |
| 育肥后期Late fattening period | ||||
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) | 19.65±0.36Aa | 18.26±0.38Aa | 16.81±0.48Bb | <0.001 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/L) | 3.95±0.26ABab | 4.66±0.22Aa | 3.38±0.13Bb | 0.001 |
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(μmol/mL) | 0.28±0.01Bb | 0.34±0.02Aa | 0.24±0.01Bb | <0.001 |
| 过氧化氢酶CAT/(μmol/mL) | 25.89±0.40Bb | 23.00±0.25Cc | 34.79±0.87Aa | <0.001 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 0.04±0.06Aa | 0.05±0.07Aa | 0.03±0.04Bb | <0.001 |
2.3.3 血清炎症指标
表8 基于发酵酱酒糟和谷物酒糟糖浆组合的饲粮NDF水平对育肥猪血清炎症指标的影响Table 8 Effects of dietary NDF level based on fermented sauce lees and grain lees syrups combination on serum inflammatory indexes of finishing pigs |
| 项目 Items | CON组 CON group | F1组 F1 group | F2组 F2 group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 育肥前期Early fattening period | ||||
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β/(ng/L) | 52.98±1.06Aa | 42.49±1.62Bb | 45.10±0.83Bb | <0.001 |
| 白细胞介素-2 IL-2/(pg/mL) | 579.23±9.32Aa | 474.78±17.19Bb | 477.07±13.14Bb | 0.001 |
| 白细胞介素-4 IL-4/(ng/L) | 97.97±1.88Bb | 115.12±1.68Aa | 110.64±2.36Aa | <0.001 |
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(ng/L) | 1 194.90±20.06Aa | 1 290.87±12.83Aa | 1 063.74±34.99Bb | <0.001 |
| 白细胞介素-10 IL-10/(ng/L) | 229.97±1.90b | 233.01±1.53ab | 242.22±3.90a | 0.025 |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(pg/mL) | 491.10±13.26Aa | 477.92±7.14Aa | 399.18±8.06Bb | <0.001 |
| 转化生长因子-β TGF-β/(pg/mL) | 280.49±3.57Aa | 291.75±2.49Aa | 223.52±3.88Bb | <0.001 |
| 育肥后期Late fattening period | ||||
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β/(ng/L) | 54.18±1.63Aa | 43.35±1.54Bb | 42.94±1.14Bb | 0.001 |
| 白细胞介素-2 IL-2/(pg/mL) | 466.94±4.63 | 489.61±19.26 | 444.21±13.42 | 0.121 |
| 白细胞介素-4 IL-4/(ng/L) | 97.44±1.78Bb | 114.99±0.73Aa | 112.83±1.46Aa | <0.001 |
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(ng/L) | 1 404.13±15.56Aa | 1 354.88±27.81Aa | 1 252.94±22.23Bb | 0.003 |
| 白细胞介素-10 IL-10/(ng/L) | 223.24±5.30 | 225.70±5.02 | 223.69±4.17 | 0.930 |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(pg/mL) | 509.59±11.34Aa | 519.60±11.24Aa | 457.94±8.83Bb | 0.005 |
| 转化生长因子-β TGF-β/(pg/mL) | 250.06±1.95Aa | 230.90±4.56Bb | 224.78±2.21Bb | 0.001 |

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