1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计
1.3 试验饲粮与饲养管理
表1 发酵饲料营养水平和细菌数量(风干基础)Table 1 Nutrient levels and bacteria numbers of fermented feed (air-dry basis) |
| 项目Items | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 水分Moisture/% | 38.45 |
| pH | 4.23 |
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 8.45 |
| 粗蛋白质CP/% | 19.29 |
| 粗纤维CF/% | 1.13 |
| 钙Ca/% | 0.15 |
| 总磷TP/% | 0.83 |
| 枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis/(CFU/g) | 2.0×107 |
| 地衣芽孢杆菌 Bacillus licheniformis/(CFU/g) | 3.9×107 |
| 酵母菌Yeast/(CFU/g) | 3.0×109 |
| 乳酸菌Lactic acid bacteria/(CFU/g) | 3.0×108 |
实测值 measured values。 |
表2 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 发酵饲料添加水平 Fermented feed supplemental levels/% | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 5 | 10 | |
| 原料Ingredients | |||
| 玉米Corn | 62.50 | 60.25 | 57.90 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 23.00 | 21.05 | 19.20 |
| 发酵饲料Fermented feed | 5.00 | 10.00 | |
| 石粉Limestone | 9.50 | 9.50 | 9.50 |
| 沸石粉Zeolite powder | 2.00 | 1.00 | |
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 1.00 | 1.20 | 1.40 |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 食盐NaCl | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 |
| 胆碱Choline (50%) | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
| 预混料Premix | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平(计算值) Nutrient levels (calculated values) | |||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 11.09 | 11.08 | 11.09 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 16.00 | 15.99 | 16.00 |
| 可消化氨基酸Digestible amino acids | |||
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.44 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.77 | 0.74 | 0.72 |
| 蛋氨酸+胱氨酸Met+Cys | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.72 |
| 色氨酸Try | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.17 |
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.55 | 0.54 | 0.53 |
| 钙Ca | 3.90 | 3.90 | 3.90 |
| 总磷TP | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.47 |
| 非植酸磷NPP | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.25 |
| 营养水平(实测值) Nutrient levels (measured values) | |||
| 水分Moisture | 12.27 | 13.09 | 14.58 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 16.08 | 16.02 | 16.10 |
| 粗纤维CF | 2.62 | 2.53 | 2.45 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.75 | 0.74 | 0.77 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.46 |
| 钙Ca | 3.95 | 4.02 | 3.82 |
| 总磷TP | 0.42 | 0.46 | 0.44 |
预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 8 800 IU,VD3 3 300 IU,VE 20 IU,VB12 23 μg,核黄素 riboflavin 5.5 mg,烟酸 niacin 30 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 8 mg,VK3 1.2 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.75 mg,吡哆醇 pyridoxine 1.2 mg,硫胺素 thiamine 1.7 mg,生物素 biotin 55 μg,Cu [Cu2(OH)3Cl] 8.12 mg,Fe (FeSO4·H2O) 80.1 mg,Zn (ZnSO4·H2O) 80.04 mg,I [Ca(IO3)2] 1.2 mg,Se (Na2SeO3) 0.3 mg。 |
1.4 测定指标及方法
1.4.1 产蛋性能测定
1.4.2 消化道组织形态测定
1.4.3 小肠食糜pH和消化酶活性测定
1.4.4 盲肠微生物测定
1.5 统计分析
2 结果
2.1 发酵饲料对40~52周龄蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响
表3 发酵饲料对40~52周龄蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响Table 3 Effects of fermented feed on laying performance of laying hens aged from 40 to 52 weeks |
| 项目 Items | 发酵饲料添加水平 Fermented feed supplemental levels/% | SEM | P值P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照组 Control group) | 5 | 10 | 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 产蛋率Laying rate/% | 92.40 | 93.65 | 94.28 | 0.902 | 0.949 | 0.616 | 0.864 |
| 平均蛋重 Average egg weight/g | 64.28 | 65.23 | 63.13 | 0.353 | 0.414 | 0.434 | 0.324 |
| 日均蛋重 Average daily egg weight/(g/d) | 59.39 | 61.08 | 59.51 | 0.692 | 0.872 | 0.956 | 0.772 |
| 平均日采食量 Average daily feed intake/(g/d) | 119.28 | 124.75 | 123.75 | 0.983 | 0.159 | 0.041 | 0.296 |
| 料蛋比Feed to egg ratio | 2.01 | 2.04 | 2.08 | 0.024 | 0.673 | 0.272 | 0.729 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 发酵饲料对52周龄蛋鸡消化道器官指数的影响
表4 发酵饲料对52周龄蛋鸡消化道器官指数的影响Table 4 Effects of fermented feed on digestive tract organ indexes of laying hens at 52 weeks of age |
| 项目 Items | 发酵饲料添加水平 Fermented feed supplemental levels/% | SEM | P值P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照组 Contro group) | 5 | 10 | 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 重量Weight/g | |||||||
| 腺胃Proventriculus | 8.78 | 8.51 | 9.00 | 0.431 | 0.907 | 0.840 | 0.698 |
| 肌胃Gizzard | 25.39a | 22.28b | 21.91b | 0.618 | 0.033 | 0.017 | 0.252 |
| 相对重量Relative weight/(g/kg BW) | |||||||
| 腺胃Proventriculus | 4.27 | 4.32 | 4.49 | 0.206 | 0.906 | 0.674 | 0.899 |
| 肌胃Gizzard | 12.34a | 11.31ab | 10.97b | 0.263 | 0.041 | 0.033 | 0.509 |
| 长度Length/cm | |||||||
| 十二指肠Duodenum | 29.06 | 28.33 | 29.06 | 0.404 | 0.709 | 1.000 | 0.412 |
| 空肠Jejunum | 65.84 | 65.75 | 59.38 | 1.594 | 0.067 | 0.040 | 0.345 |
| 回肠Ileum | 58.79 | 55.86 | 51.83 | 2.025 | 0.087 | 0.075 | 0.898 |
| 盲肠Caecum | 18.06 | 15.29 | 14.78 | 0.834 | 0.081 | 0.054 | 0.520 |
| 直肠Colon | 9.09 | 8.45 | 7.84 | 0.363 | 0.390 | 0.175 | 0.987 |
| 相对长度Relative length/(cm/kg BW) | |||||||
| 十二指肠Duodenum | 14.14 | 14.37 | 14.58 | 0.195 | 0.679 | 0.385 | 0.984 |
| 空肠Jejunum | 32.00 | 33.34 | 29.83 | 0.783 | 0.085 | 0.054 | 0.145 |
| 回肠Ileum | 28.54 | 28.31 | 26.02 | 0.952 | 0.111 | 0.099 | 0.620 |
| 盲肠Caecum | 8.74 | 7.76 | 7.41 | 0.376 | 0.092 | 0.061 | 0.702 |
| 直肠Colon | 4.41 | 4.28 | 3.93 | 0.175 | 0.529 | 0.281 | 0.767 |
2.3 发酵饲料对52周龄蛋鸡空肠组织形态的影响
表5 发酵饲料对52周龄蛋鸡空肠组织形态的影响Table 5 Effects of fermented feed on jejunum morphology of laying hens at 52 weeks of age |
| 项目 Items | 发酵饲料添加水平 Fermented feed supplemental levels/% | SEM | P值P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照组 Control group) | 5 | 10 | 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 肌层厚度 Muscular thickness/μm | 283.18ab | 301.77a | 234.34b | 11.189 | 0.037 | 0.070 | 0.065 |
| 绒毛高度Villus height/μm | 943.80b | 1 021.33a | 1 042.21a | 37.074 | 0.028 | 0.028 | 0.721 |
| 隐窝深度Crypt depth/μm | 149.02 | 166.13 | 146.29 | 4.245 | 0.117 | 0.790 | 0.041 |
| 绒隐比Villus height/crypt depth | 6.45b | 6.19b | 7.26a | 0.237 | 0.039 | 0.035 | 0.184 |
2.4 发酵饲料对52周龄蛋鸡小肠食糜消化酶活性和pH的影响
表6 发酵饲料对52周龄蛋鸡小肠食糜消化酶活性和pH的影响Table 6 Effects of fermented feed on digestive enzyme activities and pH in small intestinal digesta of laying hens at 52 weeks of age |
| 项目 Items | 发酵饲料添加水平 Fermented feed supplemental levels/% | SEM | P值P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照组 Control group) | 5 | 10 | 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 空肠食糜Jejunum digesta | |||||||
| α-淀粉酶 Amylase/(U/mg prot) | 61.38 | 56.14 | 55.64 | 6.702 | 0.573 | 0.357 | 0.616 |
| 脂肪酶Lipase/(U/g prot) | 37.06c | 75.97a | 55.00b | 6.143 | 0.027 | 0.190 | 0.016 |
| 回肠食糜Ileum digesta | |||||||
| α-淀粉酶 Amylase/(U/mg prot) | 22.10 | 31.37 | 23.97 | 2.599 | 0.318 | 0.769 | 0.142 |
| 脂肪酶Lipase/(U/g prot) | 28.55 | 26.96 | 27.26 | 1.806 | 0.943 | 0.791 | 0.814 |
| pH | |||||||
| 十二指肠Duodenum | 6.07 | 6.15 | 5.99 | 0.042 | 0.307 | 0.463 | 0.178 |
| 空肠Jejunum | 5.89 | 5.98 | 5.86 | 0.089 | 0.858 | 0.875 | 0.601 |
| 回肠Ileum | 6.17 | 6.44 | 6.69 | 0.139 | 0.326 | 0.139 | 0.973 |
2.5 发酵饲料对52周龄蛋鸡盲肠微生物的影响
2.5.1 发酵饲料对蛋鸡盲肠微生物多样性以及操作分类单元(OTU)数量的影响
图1 发酵饲料对蛋鸡盲肠微生物多样性指数以及OTU数量的影响C:对照组;FF.5:5%发酵饲料组;FF.10:10%发酵饲料组。*表示差异显著(P<0.05),**表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下图同。C: control group; FF.5: 5% fermented feed group; FF.10: 10% fermented feed group. ** indicated significant difference (P<0.05), and ** indicated extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below. A:Observed species指数;B:Shannon指数;C:主坐标分析;D:非度量多维尺度分析;E:Venn图。A: Observed species index; B: Shannon index; C: principal co-ordinates analysis; D: non-metric multi-dimensional scaling analysis; E: Venn graph. Fig.1 Effects of fermented feed on microbial diversity index and OTU number in cecum of laying hens |
2.5.2 发酵饲料对蛋鸡盲肠微生物组成的影响
图2 发酵饲料对蛋鸡盲肠微生物门、科、属水平相对丰度的影响A:门水平上物种相对丰度柱形图;B:科水平上物种相对丰度柱形图;C:属水平上物种相对丰度柱形图。 Fig.2 Effects of fermented feed on relative abundance of species at phylum, family and genus levels of laying hens A: relative abundance of species at phylum level; B: relative abundance of species at family level; C: relative abundance of species at genus level. |
图3 发酵饲料对蛋鸡盲肠微生物门水平差异菌相对丰度的影响A:放线菌门相对丰度;B:变形菌门相对丰度;C:互养菌门相对丰度;D:疣微菌门相对丰度。 Fig.3 Effects of fermented feed on relative abundance of differential bacteria at phylum levels of laying hens A: relative abundance of Actinobacteriota; B: relative abundance of Proteobacteria; C: relative abundance of Synergistota; D: relative abundance of Verrucomicrobiota. |

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