1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计及饲养管理
1.3 试验饲粮
表1 1~21日龄基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet for 1 to 21 days of age (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Contents | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||
| 玉米Maize | 54.71 | ||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 29.58 | ||
| 小麦Wheat | 10.00 | ||
| 稻壳Rice husk | 2.00 | ||
| 石粉Limestone | 0.80 | ||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.41 | ||
| 食盐Salt | 0.30 | ||
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.18 | ||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.02 | ||
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.00 | ||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | ||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 11.64 | ||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 18.84 | ||
| 钙Ca | 0.84 | ||
| 总磷TP | 0.70 | ||
| 有效磷AP | 0.42 | ||
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.47 | ||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.98 |
1)每千克预混料含有 One kilogram of the premix contained the following: VA 1 200 000 IU,VD3 400 000 IU,VE 1 800 IU,VK3 150 mg,VB1 60 mg,VB2 600 mg,VB6 200 mg,VB12 1 mg,生物素 biotin 4 mg,胆碱 choline 35 mg,叶酸 folic acid 50 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 900 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 3 g,Cu 1 g,Fe 6 g,Mn 9.5 g,Zn 9 g,I 50 mg,Se 30 mg。 | |
2)总磷、粗蛋白质、钙为实测值,其余均为计算值。TP, CP and Ca were measured values, while the rest were calculated values. |
表2 22~42日龄饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of diets for 22 to 42 days of age (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SW0 | SW12 | SW25 | SW37 | SW50 | SW62 | ||||||||
| 原料Ingredients | |||||||||||||
| 玉米Maize | 56.60 | 45.28 | 33.96 | 22.64 | 11.32 | ||||||||
| 陈化小麦Stored wheat | 12.40 | 24.80 | 37.20 | 49.60 | 62.00 | ||||||||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 22.50 | 21.10 | 19.80 | 18.49 | 17.15 | 16.50 | |||||||
| 稻壳Rice hulls | 5.56 | 5.78 | 6.03 | 6.27 | 6.51 | 7.10 | |||||||
| 米糠粕Rice hulls | 7.50 | 6.73 | 5.68 | 4.69 | 3.70 | ||||||||
| 碎米Broken rice | 1.85 | 3.70 | 5.55 | 7.45 | 10.34 | ||||||||
| 石粉Limestone | 0.80 | 0.82 | 0.88 | 0.90 | 0.94 | 0.93 | |||||||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.48 | 1.40 | 1.30 | 1.20 | 1.10 | 1.05 | |||||||
| 蛭石Zeolite | 3.94 | 2.94 | 2.05 | 1.17 | 0.25 | 0.00 | |||||||
| 氯化钠NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | |||||||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.10 | |||||||
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | |||||||
| 胱氨酸Cys | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | |||||||||
| 苏氨酸The | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 0.21 | 0.27 | 0.32 | |||||||
| 色氨酸Trp | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.21 | |||||||
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |||||||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||||||||||||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 10.68 | 10.68 | 10.68 | 10.68 | 10.68 | 10.68 | |||||||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 15.75 | 15.74 | 15.76 | 15.75 | 15.76 | 15.74 | |||||||
| 干物质DM | 93.46 | 93.36 | 92.75 | 93.06 | 92.47 | 91.97 | |||||||
| 粗灰分Ash | 10.82 | 7.65 | 6.04 | 7.39 | 9.34 | 10.21 | |||||||
| 钙Ca | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.87 | 0.84 | 0.85 | 0.85 | |||||||
| 有效磷TP | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 | |||||||
| 总能GE/(MJ/kg) | 19.86 | 20.01 | 20.12 | 20.18 | 20.12 | 20.27 | |||||||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.83 | 0.83 | 0.82 | 0.83 | 0.83 | 0.83 | |||||||
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | |||||||
| 胱氨酸Cys | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.29 | |||||||
| 苏氨酸The | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.85 | |||||||
| 色氨酸Trp | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.39 | |||||||
| 木聚糖Xylan/(mg/g) | 20.87 | 30.46 | 27.76 | 27.91 | 30.01 | 41.24 | |||||||
| 甘露聚糖Mannan/(mg/g) | 8.55 | 14.98 | 15.10 | 9.16 | 13.82 | 9.53 | |||||||
| 葡聚糖Glucan/(mg/g) | 64.94 | 73.51 | 58.96 | 49.87 | 58.18 | 63.64 | |||||||
1)每千克预混料含有 One kilogram of the premix contained the following: VA 1 200 000 IU,VD3 400 000 IU,VE 1 800 IU,VK3 150 mg,VB1 60 mg,VB2 600 mg,VB6 200 mg,VB12 1 mg,生物素 biotin 4 mg,胆碱 choline 35 mg,叶酸 folic acid 50 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 900 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 3 g,Cu 1 g,Fe 6 g,Mn 9.5 g,Zn 9 g,I 50 mg,Se 30 mg。 | |
2)总能、粗蛋白质、干物质、粗灰分、钙、非淀粉多糖(木聚糖、甘露聚糖和葡聚糖)为实测值,其余均为计算值。GE, CP, DM, Ash, Ca, NSP (xylan, mannan and glucan) were measured values, while the rest were calculated values. |
1.4 测定指标与方法
1.4.1 生长性能
1.4.2 样品采集
1.4.3 肠道通透性
1.4.4 肠黏膜紧密连接蛋白基因表达
表3 PCR反应体系Table 3 Reaction system for PCR μL |
| 项目Items | 体积Volume |
|---|---|
| qPCR SYBR Green Master Mix | 10.0 |
| 下游引物Forward primer | 0.4 |
| 上游引物Reverse primer | 0.4 |
| DNA模板DNA template | 2.0 |
| 无菌超纯水RNase free H2O | 7.2 |
表4 引物序列信息Table 4 Primer sequence information |
| 基因 Genes | 引物序列 Primer sequences (5'—3') | GenBank登录号 GenBank accession No. | 产物大小 Product size/bp |
|---|---|---|---|
| 白细胞介素-10 IL-10 | F:GATGAGGCGCTGTCACAGGT R:CTGGCATCTCCTGTCTGATCC | XM_048071022.2 | 117 |
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β | F:CCGCTTCATCTTCTACCG R:TGTAGGTGGCGATGTTGAC | XM_048054162.2 | 155 |
| 白细胞介素-2 IL-2 | F:AAACTTACGGACCTAATTCCCCC R:TCTCAGAAAGTTGGTCAGCTCTC | JX239770.1 | 105 |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α | F:CAGATGGGAAGGGAATGAAC R:TTACAGGAAGGGCAACACAT | XM_013189516.1 | 145 |
| 封闭蛋白 Claudin | F:GGAAGATGACCAGGTGAAG R:GGGTGGATAGGATGTTTCTC | XM_013199194.1 | 262 |
| 封闭蛋白-2 Claudin-2 | F:CTGCCAGGATTCTCGAGCTA R:CCCAAGTACAGAGCCTCTCC | XM_048077173.2 | 180 |
| 闭合蛋白 Occludin | F:TGCTTCCAGCTCCATCCAAG R:CTTGTCGTAGTCGCTCACCA | XM_013199669.1 | 278 |
| 闭锁小带蛋白-1 ZO-1 | F:CTAGCTAGCGTACAGTACAC R:CTCTCTCATAGGCAGGAAAC | XM_013177404.1 | 160 |
| β-肌动蛋白 β-actin | F:GCACCCAGCACGATGAAAAT R:GACAATGGAGGGTCCGGATT | XM_013174886.1 | 150 |
1.4.5 肠黏膜免疫球蛋白含量
1.4.6 肠黏膜细胞因子含量
1.4.7 肠黏膜细胞因子基因表达
1.4.8 肠黏膜抗氧化指标
1.5 数据统计分析
2 结果
2.1 饲粮SW水平对仔鹅生长性能的影响
表5 饲粮SW水平对22~42日龄仔鹅生长性能的影响Table 5 Effects of dietary SW levels on growth performance in goslings aged 22 to 42 days |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值P-value | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SW0 | SW12 | SW25 | SW37 | SW50 | SW62 | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | |||
| 体增重BWG/(g/只) | 725.26ab | 762.58a | 755.43ab | 761.62a | 705.62b | 701.11b | 7.908 | 0.044 | 0.060 | 0.017 | |
| 采食量FI/(g/只) | 2 557.14 (2 542.26, 2 589.17) | 2 631.43 (2 552.38, 2 729.76) | 2 617.86 (2 598.21, 2 626.19) | 2 639.74 (2 605.95, 2 669.58) | 2 555.48 (2 476.79, 2 614.29) | 2 554.66 (2 487.90, 2 919.88) | 18.511 | 0.169 | 0.525 | 0.874 | |
| 饲料转化效率FCR | 3.65 (3.30,3.74) | 3.41 (3.36,3.44) | 3.53 (3.44,3.56) | 3.49 (3.38,3.56) | 3.62 (3.54,3.72) | 3.81 (3.51,4.10) | 0.040 | 0.057 | 0.683 | 0.824 | |
部分项目数据的方差不齐,采用Kruskal-Wallis检验,对绑定值进行调整后,P<0.05表示差异显著,P<0.01表示差异极显著。结果表示为中位数(25分位数,72分位数)。表7、表9、表10同。The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to adjust the binding value when the data had uneven variance. P<0.05 indicated that the difference was significant, and P<0.01 indicated that the difference was extremely significant. The results were expressed as medians (25 quantiles, 72 quantiles). The same as Table 7, Table 9 and Table 10. | |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P≤0.01)。下表同。In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean significant difference (P≤0.01). The same as below. |
2.2 饲粮SW水平对42日龄仔鹅肠道通透性的影响
2.2.1 对仔鹅血清肠道通透性指标的影响
表6 饲粮SW水平对42日龄仔鹅血清肠道通透性指标的影响Table 6 Effects of dietary SW levels on serum intestinal permeability indexes in 42-day-old goslings |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值P-value | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SW0 | SW12 | SW25 | SW37 | SW50 | SW62 | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | |||
| 二胺氧化酶DAO/(ng/mL) | 24.48Ee | 30.43Dd | 38.49Cc | 45.54Bb | 47.82ABb | 52.44Aa | 1.764 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.040 | |
| 内毒素LPS/(EU/L) | 498.18De | 592.63Dd | 798.15Cc | 944.22Bb | 930.87Bb | 1 170.02Aa | 39.600 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.593 | |
| D-乳酸D-LA/(μmol/L) | 44.30De | 52.73Dd | 68.36Cc | 81.82ABb | 77.78BCb | 89.15Aa | 2.856 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.010 | |
2.2.2 对仔鹅肠黏膜紧密连接蛋白基因表达的影响
表7 饲粮SW水平对42日龄仔鹅肠黏膜紧密连接蛋白基因表达的影响Table 7 Effects of dietary SW levels on tight junction protein gene expression in intestinal mucosa in 42-day-old goslings |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值P-value | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SW0 | SW12 | SW25 | SW37 | SW50 | SW62 | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | |||
| 封闭蛋白Claudin | 1.79 (0.47,2.78) | 2.00 (0.70,2.84) | 2.48 (1.50,3.27) | 3.60 (2.65,5.77) | 1.35 (1.03,5.30) | 1.60 (1.18,4.20) | 0.483 | 0.300 | 0.324 | 0.337 | |
| 封闭蛋白-2 Claudin-2 | 0.17 (0.06,2.35)Aa | 0.20 (0.04,0.40)ABab | 0.07 (0.04,0.22)ABab | 0.03 (0.02,0.04)ABbc | 0.01 (0.01,0.02)Bc | 0.02 (0.01,0.02)Bc | 0.111 | 0.004 | 0.014 | 0.080 | |
| 闭合蛋白Occludin | 0.97 (0.83,1.16)b | 1.55 (0.64,2.20)ab | 2.03 (1.62,2.21)a | 2.54 (1.58,3.84)a | 0.71 (0.36,1.89)b | 1.37 (1.03,3.32)ab | 0.169 | 0.027 | 0.161 | 0.092 | |
| 闭锁小带蛋白-1 ZO-1 | 1.02 (0.48,1.30)Bb | 1.38 (1.18,1.68)Bab | 1.74 (1.18,3.74)Bab | 2.97 (1.52,5.17)Aa | 1.00 (0.76,1.24)Bb | 1.30 (0.63,1.90)Bab | 0.213 | 0.010 | 0.073 | 0.002 | |
2.3 饲粮SW水平对42日龄仔鹅肠黏膜免疫球蛋白含量的影响
表8 饲粮SW水平对42日龄仔鹅肠黏膜免疫球蛋白含量的影响Table 8 Effects of dietary SW levels on intestinal mucosal immunoglobulin contents in 42-day-old goslings μg/mL |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值P-value | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SW0 | SW12 | SW25 | SW37 | SW50 | SW62 | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | |||
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA | 190.70De | 250.83Cd | 345.15Bc | 381.33Bbc | 397.02Bb | 485.92Aa | 17.134 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.191 | |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM | 1 421.98De | 1 714.17Dd | 2 214.22Cc | 2 649.03Bb | 2 555.27Bb | 3 197.76Aa | 104.813 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.439 | |
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG | 412.33De | 534.15Cd | 619.80Cc | 814.00Bb | 788.52Bb | 911.96Aa | 30.591 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.049 | |
2.4 饲粮SW水平对42日龄仔鹅肠黏膜细胞因子含量及其基因表达的影响
2.4.1 对仔鹅肠黏膜细胞因子含量的影响
表9 饲粮SW水平对42日龄仔鹅肠黏膜细胞因子含量的影响Table 9 Effects of dietary SW levels on intestinal mucosal cytokine contents in 42-day-old goslings pg/mL |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值P-value | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SW0 | SW12 | SW25 | SW37 | SW50 | SW62 | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | |||
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β | 70.04Ee | 94.92Dd | 114.2Cc | 140.78Bb | 131.76BCb | 163.52Aa | 5.441 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.074 | |
| 白细胞介素-2 IL-2 | 185.73De | 219.20Dd | 277.02Cc | 346.88ABb | 332.33Bb | 378.44Aa | 12.329 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.017 | |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α | 128.25De | 160.98Dd | 202.92Cc | 247.33Bb | 244.82Bb | 311.70Aa | 10.802 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.940 | |
| 白细胞介素-10 IL-10 | 220.38 (217.89, 223.34)Aa | 181.71 (176.13, 195.58)ABab | 151.35 (137.11, 170.08)ABCabc | 120.98 (112.08, 140.43)BCbc | 110.77 (104.01, 130.94)BCbc | 104.84 (78.27, 113.62)Cc | 7.528 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | |
2.4.2 对仔鹅肠黏膜细胞因子基因表达的影响
表10 饲粮SW水平对42日龄仔鹅肠黏膜细胞因子基因表达的影响Table 10 Effects of dietary SW levels on intestinal mucosal cytokine gene expression in 42-day-old goslings |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值P-value | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SW0 | SW12 | SW25 | SW37 | SW50 | SW62 | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | |||
| 白细胞介素-10 IL-10 | 0.86 (0.18,1.85)Aa | 0.030 (0.01,0.45)ABb | 0.04 (0.01,0.14)ABb | 0.04 (0.01,0.14)Bb | 0.05 (0.01,0.12)ABb | 0.39 (0.20,1.60)Aa | 0.105 | 0.008 | 0.446 | <0.001 | |
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β | 0.63 (0.43,1.35)b | 2.18 (0.68,3.46)ab | 3.88 (2.99,8.25)ab | 4.70 (2.43,6.04)ab | 1.63 (1.21,3.22)ab | 5.52 (2.17,13.59)a | 0.610 | 0.011 | 0.007 | 0.936 | |
| 白细胞介素-2 IL-2 | 0.60 (0.51,1.37)b | 0.76 (0.47,2.19)b | 2.91 (1.24,10.21)ab | 4.40 (3.18,7.87)a | 1.66 (1.18,2.80)ab | 1.94 (1.13,3.02)ab | 0.497 | 0.014 | 0.388 | 0.006 | |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α | 0.67 (0.46,1.72) | 1.16 (0.64,1.36) | 1.74 (0.48,2.78) | 1.42 (0.67,3.94) | 1.29 (0.58,1.82) | 0.90 (0.50,2.09) | 0.189 | 0.718 | 0.568 | 0.125 | |
2.5 饲粮SW水平对42日龄仔鹅肠黏膜抗氧化能力的影响
表11 饲粮SW水平对42日龄仔鹅肠黏膜抗氧化能力的影响Table 11 Effects of dietary SW levels on antioxidant capacity of intestinal mucosa in 42-day-old goslings |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值P-value | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SW0 | SW12 | SW25 | SW37 | SW50 | SW62 | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | |||
| 谷胱甘肽GSH/(ng/mg) | 82.96Aa | 69.86Bb | 50.31Cc | 70.40Bb | 34.86Dd | 39.78Dd | 3.099 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.180 | |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mg) | 36.98Cd | 46.04Bbc | 49.73Bb | 43.02BCc | 46.75Bbc | 72.39Aa | 1.921 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(ng/mg) | 260.83Aa | 119.21Ce | 174.42Bb | 141.62Ccd | 148.11BCc | 122.25Cde | 8.714 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
本表中的所有数据为每毫克湿组织中的含量。 | |
All data in this table were calculated on the basis of wet tissue. |

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