1 材料与方法
1.1 黄芪提取物
1.1.1 提取物的制备
表1 黄芪的石油醚、乙酸乙酯、乙醇和水的提取获得率以及各提取物的多酚类和黄酮类物质含量、状态和颜色Table 1 Yield rates of petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous of Astragalus membranaceus, as well as the content, state and color of polyphenols and flavonoids in each extract |
| 项目 Items | 获得率 Yield rate/(g/kg) | 多酚类物质 Polyphenols/(mg/g) | 黄酮类物质 Flavonoids/(mg/g) | 状态 State | 颜色 Color |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 石油醚提取物PEE | 9.67±1.82c | 25.94±1.03b | 31.38±1.28b | 液态 | 橘黄色 |
| 乙酸乙酯提取物EAE | 7.05±1.21c | 43.00±2.90a | 38.26±3.38a | 液态 | 棕红色 |
| 乙醇提取物EE | 26.57±4.89b | 44.06±3.33a | 16.34±0.79d | 半固态 | 橘红色 |
| 水提取物AQE | 271.60±40.91a | 17.49±1.47c | 24.16±1.58c | 固态 | 橘黄色 |
同列数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
Values in the same column with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference(P<0.05). The same as below. |
1.1.2 多酚和黄酮类物质含量的测定
1.1.3 ABTS+自由基清除活性(ARSA)和金属螯合力(MCA)的测定
1.2 颗粒饲料
1.2.1 试验饲料
表2 基础饲料组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |
| 鱼粉Fish meal | 21.00 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 24.00 |
| 玉米蛋白粉Corn gluten meal | 4.00 |
| 干酒糟及其可溶物DDGS | 9.00 |
| 面粉Wheat flour | 37.00 |
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.50 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.20 |
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.60 |
| 鱼油Fish oil | 0.70 |
| 玉米油Corn oil | 1.00 |
| 维生素预混料Vitamin premix1) | 1.00 |
| 矿物质预混料Mineral premix2) | 1.00 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels3) | |
| 干物质DM | 93.17 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 34.82 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 5.40 |
| 粗灰分Ash | 5.86 |
1) 每千克维生素预混料含有 One kilogram of vitamin premix contained: VA 0.80 g,VD3 0.48 g,DL-α-生育酚乙酸酯 DL-α-tocopherol acetate 20.00 g,VK3 0.43 g,VB1 0.11 g,核黄素 riboflavine 0.63 g,盐酸吡哆醇 pyridoxine HCl 0.92 g,VB12 0.10 g,抗坏血酸乙酸酯 ascorhyl acetate 7.16 g,D-泛酸钙 D-calcium pantothenate 2.73 g,烟酸 niacin 2.82 g,D-生物素 D-biotin 5.00 g,内消旋肌醇 meso-inositol 52.33 g,叶酸 folic acid 0.52 g。 | |
2) 每千克矿物质预混料含有 One kilogram of mineral premix contained: FeSO4·7H2O(20% Fe)69.70 g,CuSO4·5H2O(25% Cu)1.20 g,ZnSO4·7H2O(23% Zn)21.64 g,MnSO4·H2O(32% Mn)4.09 g,Na2SeO3·5H2O(1% Se)2.50 g,KI(4% I)2.90 g,CaCO3 897.98 g。 | |
3) 营养水平均为实测值。Nutrient levels were all measured values. |
1.2.2 脂质氧化和霉菌生长的测定
1.3 动物试验
1.3.1 试验设计及饲养管理
1.3.2 攻毒试验
1.3.3 缺氧试验
1.3.4 样品采集
1.3.5 生化指标的测定
1.4 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 黄芪提取物的ARSA和MCA
表3 黄芪不同提取物的ABTS+清除活性和金属螯合力及其饲料的脂质氧化和霉菌生长情况Table 3 ABTS+ radical scavenging activity and metal chelating ability in different extracts of Astragalus membranaceus and lipid oxidation and mildew growth in their feed (n=3) |
| 组别 Groups | ABTS+清除活性 ARSA/% | 金属螯合力 MCA/% | 过氧化物 PO/% | 共轭二烯 CD/% | 丙二醛 MDA/% | 霉菌生长面积 Growth area of mold |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 空白Blank | 0.97±0.06d | 0.00±0.35d | 100.00±6.52a | 100.00±1.52a | 100.00±1.51a | 5.00±0.00a |
| 石油醚提取物PEE | 64.59±5.03c | 33.68±2.24b | 84.33±4.31b | 83.42±5.43b | 87.10±2.96b | 4.00±0.00b |
| 乙酸乙酯提取物EAE | 73.78±3.67b | 50.29±2.10a | 74.41±4.14c | 75.88±3.20bc | 79.05±4.65c | 3.33±0.47bc |
| 乙醇提取物EE | 86.42±2.89a | 21.25±1.26c | 70.23±2.97c | 73.67±2.85c | 74.66±3.07c | 2.67±0.47bc |
| 水提取物AQE | 59.13±4.04c | 31.59±2.32b | 93.21±5.48a | 92.46±5.99a | 97.57±3.31a | 2.33±0.47d |
霉菌生长面积以“+”的个数表示。 | |
The growth area of mold is represented by the number of “+”. |
图2 黄芪提取物多酚类和黄酮类物质含量与其ABTS+清除活性、金属螯合力和饲料过氧化物、共轭二烯和丙二醛含量的关系ARSA:ABTS+清除活性ABTS+ radical scavenging activity;MCA:金属螯合力 metal chelating ability;PO:过氧化物 peroxide;CD:共轭二烯 conjugated diene;MDA:丙二醛 malonaldehyde。 Fig.2 Correlations of polyphenol and flavonoid contents in extracts of Astragalus membranaceus with ABTS+ radical scavenging activity and metal chelating ability as well as contents of peroxide, conjugated diene and malonaldehyde in diets |
2.2 黄芪不同提取物对颗粒饲料脂质氧化的影响
2.3 黄芪不同提取物对颗粒饲料霉菌生长的影响
图3 添加黄芪不同提取物的饲料霉菌生长图片“+++++”表示霉菌布满了整个平板;“++++”表示霉菌分布于大部分平板;“+++”表示霉菌分布于约1/2的平板;“++”表示霉菌分布于平板的一小部分。“+++++” represents that mildew covers the whole plate; “++++” represents that mildew covers the most of the plate; “+++” represents that mildew covers about the half of the plate; “++” represents that mildew covers a small portion of the plate. Fig.3 Pictures of mildew growth in diets adding different extracts of Astragalus membranaceus |
2.4 饲料中添加黄芪不同提取物对鲤RFI和SR的影响
表4 饲料中添加黄芪不同提取物的鲤摄食率和攻毒存活率Table 4 Rate of feed intake and survival rate after challenge of carp fed diets adding different extracts of Astragalus membranaceus (n=3) |
| 组别 Groups | 平均体重 Average body weight/(g/尾) | 剩料量 Uneaten feed amount/(g/箱) | 摄食量 FI/(g/尾) | 摄食率 RFI/(%/d) | 攻毒存活率 SR/(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 空白Blank | 9.79±0.22 | 23.67±5.60a | 4.79±0.28b | 3.27±0.12c | 3.67±0.58c |
| 石油醚提取物PEE | 9.90±0.17 | 14.53±3.26b | 5.25±0.16a | 3.54±0.14ab | 7.33±0.58a |
| 乙酸乙酯提取物EAE | 9.80±0.21 | 10.80±6.93b | 5.44±0.35a | 3.70±0.16a | 7.67±0.58a |
| 乙醇提取物EE | 9.81±0.25 | 19.53±3.37ab | 5.00±0.17ab | 3.40±0.03bc | 4.33±0.58bc |
| 水提取物AQE | 9.89±0.14 | 15.87±2.77ab | 5.18±0.14ab | 3.50±0.13ab | 5.33±0.58b |
图4 黄芪提取物多酚类和黄酮类物质含量与鲤摄食率、攻毒存活率和缺氧持续时间的关系RFI:摄食率 rate of feed intake;SR:攻毒存活率 survival rate after challenge;DT:缺氧持续时间 durative time under hypoxia。 Fig. 4 Correlations of polyphenol and flavonoid contents in extracts of Astragalus membranaceus with rate of feed intake, survival rate after challenge and durative time under hypoxia of carp |
2.5 饲料中添加黄芪不同提取物对鲤耐缺氧能力的影响
表5 饲料中添加黄芪不同提取物对鲤耐缺氧能力的影响Table 5 Effects of dietary different extracts of Astragalus membranaceu on hypoxia tolerance of carp (n=10) |
| 组别 Groups | 体重 BW/(g/尾) | 饱和溶氧水体积 WV/(L/瓶) | 初溶氧 IDO/(mg/L) | 持续时间 DT/h | 末溶氧 FDO/(mg/L) | 氧消耗率 OCR/[mg/(g·h)] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 空白Blank | 9.25±0.58 | 4.33±0.08 | 7.61±0.40 | 1.51±0.09b | 0.36±0.07 | 0.225±0.016a |
| 石油醚提取物PEE | 8.93±0.38 | 4.19±0.19 | 7.61±0.40 | 1.65±0.04a | 0.40±0.11 | 0.204±0.005ab |
| 乙酸乙酯提取物EAE | 8.83±0.78 | 4.13±0.14 | 7.61±0.40 | 1.68±0.08a | 0.38±0.11 | 0.202±0.015b |
| 乙醇提取物EE | 8.82±1.03 | 4.12±0.23 | 7.61±0.40 | 1.64±0.08ab | 0.37±0.09 | 0.206±0.008ab |
| 水提取物AQE | 9.07±0.80 | 4.24±0.14 | 7.61±0.40 | 1.58±0.07ab | 0.36±0.04 | 0.214±0.008ab |
2.6 饲料中添加黄芪不同提取物对鲤血浆生化指标的影响
表6 饲料中添加黄芪不同提取物对鲤血浆生化指标的影响Table 6 Effects of dietary different extracts of Astragalus membranaceus on biochemical indicators in plasma of carp (n=5) |
| 组别 Groups | 谷草 转氨酶 GOT/(U/L) | 谷丙 转氨酶 GPT/(U/L) | 总氨基酸 TAA/ (μmol/mL) | 血氨 PA/ (μmol/L) | 葡萄糖 GLU/ (mmol/L) | 总蛋白 TP/ (mg/mL) | 溶菌酶 LSZ/ (μg/mL) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 空白Blank | 67.25±6.67a | 154.41±9.57a | 22.62±2.66c | 316.27±19.82a | 10.56±0.68a | 19.74±0.94c | 3.33±0.26b |
| 石油醚提取物PEE | 48.45±3.98c | 122.63±13.14c | 33.93±3.39b | 295.27±17.19a | 9.17±0.72b | 22.96±1.50bc | 3.88±0.31a |
| 乙酸乙酯提取物EAE | 49.11±2.39c | 123.44±11.40c | 38.69±4.71a | 269.82±21.03b | 8.33±0.44bc | 27.80±1.18a | 3.93±0.29a |
| 乙醇提取物EE | 56.54±2.78b | 135.30±7.66bc | 26.19±2.49c | 297.18±20.94a | 8.69±0.81bc | 25.05±1.57ab | 4.07±0.33a |
| 水提取物AQE | 55.70±4.89b | 145.77±16.52ab | 36.90±3.39ab | 263.45±16.59b | 8.17±0.53c | 26.27±1.20ab | 4.23±0.32a |
2.7 饲料中添加黄芪不同提取物对鲤肠道生化指标的影响
表7 饲料中添加黄芪不同提取物对鲤肠道生化指标的影响Table 7 Effects of dietary different extracts of Astragalus membranaceus on biochemical indicators in intestine of carp (n=3) |
| 组别 Groups | 糜蛋白酶 CTS/ (U/mg prot) | 脂肪酶 LPS/ (U/g prot) | 抗超氧 阴离子 ASA/ (U/g prot) | 过氧化氢 H2O2/ (mmol/g prot) | 抗羟 自由基 AHR/ (U/mg prot) | 丙二醛 MDA/ (nmol/mg prot) | 超氧化物 歧化酶 SOD/ (U/mg prot) | 过氧 化氢酶 CAT/ (U/mg prot) | 谷胱甘肽 过氧化物酶 GPx/ (U/mg prot) | 还原型 谷胱甘肽 GSH/ (mg/g prot) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 空白Blank | 22.97±1.66b | 30.73±6.25b | 42.31±3.45d | 22.48±2.27a | 246.72±15.08b | 11.42±0.62a | 92.82±7.26c | 20.83±1.36b | 91.96±7.04c | 9.54±0.60c |
| 石油醚提取物 PEE | 25.32±1.98b | 34.52±7.27ab | 57.76±2.49b | 17.45±1.60bc | 260.99±14.02b | 10.41±0.65b | 107.33±6.52b | 23.37±1.41a | 105.84±6.93b | 11.66±0.53b |
| 乙酸乙酯提取物 EAE | 32.12±3.07a | 42.99±6.01a | 69.34±1.97a | 16.39±1.49c | 288.30±10.45a | 9.55±0.59c | 120.58±5.46a | 25.03±1.10a | 120.75±9.05a | 13.47±0.85a |
| 乙醇提取物EE | 33.03±3.07a | 32.54±6.85b | 47.50±2.73c | 18.43±0.86bc | 256.27±18.54b | 9.73±0.45bc | 110.88±7.12b | 24.35±1.81a | 115.57±7.13ab | 12.48±1.02ab |
| 水提取物AQE | 26.12±1.24b | 33.55±7.07b | 50.61±3.36c | 19.70±2.07b | 261.66±17.29b | 9.86±0.50bc | 102.02±6.51b | 23.32±2.09a | 106.03±10.45b | 12.02±1.10b |
2.8 饲料中添加黄芪不同提取物对鲤肝胰脏生化指标的影响
表8 饲料中添加黄芪不同提取物对鲤肝胰脏生化指标的影响Table 8 Effects of dietary different extracts of Astragalus membranaceus on biochemical indicators in hepatopancreas of carp (n=3) |
| 组别 Groups | 胰蛋白酶 TYS/ (U/mg prot) | 糜蛋白酶 CTS/ (U/mg prot) | 脂肪酶 LPS/ (U/g prot) | α-淀粉酶 AMS/ (U/mg prot) | 谷丙转氨酶 GPT/ (U/g prot) | 乳酸脱氢酶 LDH/ (U/g prot) | 抗超氧 阴离子 ASA/ (U/g prot) | 谷胱甘肽过 氧化物酶 GPx/ (U/mg prot) | 还原型 谷胱甘肽 GSH/ (mg/g prot) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 空白Blank | 1 119.05±88.54c | 19.27±1.05c | 41.68±5.89c | 1.12±0.11c | 90.63±5.96d | 139.81±13.08c | 57.29±2.52c | 257.94±14.52c | 10.46±0.80d |
| 石油醚提取物PEE | 1 316.78±64.55b | 20.25±1.34c | 54.81±9.93b | 1.33±0.09b | 109.18±10.02c | 162.16±12.57b | 60.81±3.63bc | 272.68±21.44c | 11.88±0.78c |
| 乙酸乙酯提取物EAE | 1 538.58±137.24a | 26.99±1.35b | 68.83±6.54a | 1.66±0.13a | 130.56±12.59ab | 185.92±11.17a | 65.05±3.89ab | 348.13±26.41a | 13.99±0.90a |
| 乙醇提取物EE | 1 414.00±114.71ab | 30.07±1.73a | 65.71±6.70a | 1.59±0.12a | 142.73±11.96a | 195.44±12.57a | 65.68±3.83a | 353.52±24.47a | 13.23±0.87ab |
| 水提取物AQE | 1 348.61±114.34b | 27.07±2.33b | 62.64±6.39ab | 1.53±0.14a | 127.89±9.22b | 159.56±15.12b | 61.42±2.46abc | 309.80±20.30b | 12.19±1.19bc |
2.9 饲料中添加黄芪不同提取物对鲤鳃生化指标的影响
表9 饲料中添加黄芪不同提取物对鲤鳃生化指标的影响Table 9 Effects of dietary different extracts of Astragalus membranaceus on biochemical indicators in gills of carp (n=3) |
| 组别 Groups | 谷草转氨酶 GOT/ (U/g prot) | 乳酸脱氢酶 LDH/ (U/g prot) | 抗超氧化物 阴离子 ASA/ (U/g prot) | 丙二醛 MDA/ (nmol/mg prot) | 超氧化物 歧化酶 SOD/ (U/mg prot) | 谷胱甘肽过 氧化物酶 GPx/ (U/mg prot) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 空白Blank | 358.90±32.19b | 60.50±4.46c | 26.88±1.25c | 10.62±0.75a | 12.77±0.89c | 112.07±6.70b |
| 石油醚提取物PEE | 400.55±35.51ab | 73.08±5.67b | 28.81±1.75bc | 9.01±0.39b | 14.88±0.89b | 138.72±11.16a |
| 乙酸乙酯提取物EAE | 436.42±30.95a | 72.62±6.06b | 32.62±2.10a | 8.79±0.47b | 16.57±1.11a | 145.77±10.57a |
| 乙醇提取物EE | 393.39±28.43ab | 69.88±4.51b | 28.14±1.62bc | 9.12±0.65b | 15.97±1.16ab | 139.49±11.79a |
| 水提取物AQE | 411.69±24.67a | 84.55±6.10a | 29.83±1.27b | 8.70±0.53b | 17.04±1.08a | 144.19±10.47a |
2.10 饲料中添加黄芪不同提取物对鲤脾脏生化指标的影响
表10 饲料中添加黄芪不同提取物对鲤脾脏生化指标的影响Table 10 Effects of dietary different extracts of Astragalus membranaceus on biochemical in dicators in spleen of carp (n=3) |
| 组别 Groups | 丙二醛 MDA/ (nmol/mg prot) | 超氧化物歧化酶 SOD/ (U/mg prot) | 过氧化氢酶 CAT/ (U/mg prot) | 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GPx/ (U/mg prot) | 还原型谷胱甘肽 GSH/(mg/g prot) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 空白Blank | 4.96±0.34a | 96.23±5.53d | 6.56±0.40d | 45.99±3.60c | 6.97±0.31c |
| 石油醚提取物PEE | 4.21±0.28b | 115.89±6.28bc | 7.33±0.56cd | 53.72±3.48b | 8.60±0.54b |
| 乙酸乙酯提取物EAE | 3.95±0.23bc | 125.87±8.33ab | 8.80±0.72a | 67.91±2.37a | 10.40±0.57a |
| 乙醇提取物EE | 4.10±0.21bc | 110.23±7.56c | 7.74±0.62bc | 55.27±3.17b | 8.52±0.44b |
| 水提取物AQE | 3.84±0.18c | 132.32±9.71a | 8.47±0.64ab | 69.21±5.31a | 10.96±0.56a |

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