1 材料与方法
1.1 试验饲料
表1 饲料组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE0 | DE3 | DE6 | DE9 | DE15 | |||||||
| 原料Ingredients | |||||||||||
| 红鱼粉Brown fish meal | 12.00 | 12.00 | 12.00 | 12.00 | 12.00 | ||||||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 21.00 | 21.00 | 21.00 | 21.00 | 21.00 | ||||||
| 花生粕Peanut meal | 9.00 | 9.00 | 9.00 | 9.00 | 9.00 | ||||||
| 玉米蛋白粉Corn gluten meal | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | ||||||
| 啤酒酵母Beer yeast | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | ||||||
| 虾壳粉Shrimp shell powder | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | ||||||
| 小麦面粉Wheat flour | 24.00 | 24.00 | 24.00 | 24.00 | 24.00 | ||||||
| 大豆卵磷脂Phospholipids | 1.30 | 1.30 | 1.30 | 1.30 | 1.30 | ||||||
| 鱼油Fish oil | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 | ||||||
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 | ||||||
| 磷酸二氢钙Ca(H2PO4)2 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 | ||||||
| 维生素C Vitamin C | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | ||||||
| 氯化胆碱Choline chloride | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | ||||||
| 维生素和矿物质预混料Vitamin and mineral premix1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| L-赖氨酸L-lysine (98%) | 2.29 | 2.29 | 2.29 | 2.29 | 2.29 | ||||||
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-methionine (99%) | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.92 | ||||||
| 蒲公英提取物DE | 0.30 | 0.60 | 0.90 | 1.50 | |||||||
| 微晶纤维素Microcrystalline cellulose | 3.44 | 3.14 | 2.84 | 2.54 | 1.94 | ||||||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | ||||||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||||||||||
| 粗蛋白质Crude protein | 38.39 | 38.30 | 38.20 | 38.25 | 38.41 | ||||||
| 粗脂肪Crude lipid | 6.66 | 6.69 | 6.70 | 6.64 | 6.73 | ||||||
| 粗灰分Ash | 9.60 | 9.63 | 9.62 | 9.76 | 9.90 | ||||||
| 水分(风干基础) Moisture (air-dry basis) | 9.98 | 10.51 | 10.63 | 10.63 | 10.57 | ||||||
1)每千克维生素和矿物质预混料含有 Each kilogram of the vitamin and mineral premix contained the following:维生素A醋酸酯 vitamin A acetate 450 000 IU,VD3 100 000 IU,DL-α生育酚醋酸酯 DL-α tocopherol acetate 5.00 g,甲萘醌 menadione 0.50 g,硝酸硫铵 thiamine nitrate 0.50 g,核黄素 riboflavin 0.70 g,盐酸吡哆醇 pyridoxine hydrochloride 0.60 g,氰钴胺 cyanocobalamin 0.002 g,D-泛酸钙 D-calcium pantothenate 2.00 g,烟酰胺 nicotinamide 3.50 g,叶酸 folic acid 0.15 g,D-生物素 D-biotin 0.006 g,L-抗坏血酸-2-磷酸酯 L-ascorbate-2-phosphate 10.00 g,肌醇 inositol 8.00 g,Mg 20.00 g,Fe 2.00 g,Zn 7.50 g,Mn 2.00 g,Cu 1.50 g,Co 0.08 g,Se 0.01 g,I 0.10 g。 | |
2)营养水平为实测值。Nutrient levels were measured values. |
1.2 试验设计和养殖管理
1.3 样品采集
1.4 指标测定
1.4.1 生长性能指标及计算公式
1.4.2 饲料、全虾和肌肉营养成分
1.4.3 肌肉氨基酸和脂肪酸组成
1.4.4 肌肉质构特性和持水力
1.4.5 血清生化指标
1.5 数据处理
2 结果
2.1 饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长性能的影响
表2 饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of dietary DE supplementation on growth performance of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (n=3) |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE0 | DE3 | DE6 | DE9 | DE15 | |
| 初始体重IBW/g | 0.22±0.00 | 0.22±0.00 | 0.22±0.00 | 0.22±0.00 | 0.22±0.00 |
| 终末体重FBW/g | 12.76±0.11a | 13.22±0.21b | 13.34±0.16b | 12.82±0.16a | 12.63±0.06a |
| 增重率WGR/% | 5 699.49±48.13a | 5 907.37±95.76b | 5 964.45±71.45b | 5 725.72±72.65a | 5 637.75±26.98a |
| 特定生长率SGR/(%/d) | 7.25±0.02a | 7.31±0.03b | 7.33±0.02b | 7.26±0.03a | 7.23±0.01a |
| 饲料系数FCR | 1.28±0.01b | 1.24±0.01a | 1.25±0.03a | 1.31±0.02b | 1.30±0.02b |
| 摄食率FR/(%/d) | 4.42±0.04a | 4.55±0.02b | 4.58±0.09b | 4.51±0.05ab | 4.47±0.08ab |
| 存活率SR/% | 99.17±1.44 | 99.17±1.44 | 97.50±2.50 | 96.67±1.44 | 99.17±1.44 |
同行数据肩标相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾全虾体成分和肌肉营养成分的影响
表3 饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾全虾体成分和肌肉营养成分的影响Table 3 Effects of dietary DE supplementation on whole body composition and muscle nutrients of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (n=6) % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE0 | DE3 | DE6 | DE9 | DE15 | |
| 体成分Body composition | |||||
| 水分Moisture | 76.56±0.97 | 75.66±0.26 | 75.27±0.75 | 75.13±0.76 | 75.72±0.97 |
| 粗蛋白质Crude protein | 69.00±0.05a | 69.51±0.61ab | 69.57±0.74ab | 69.78±0.73ab | 70.17±0.49b |
| 粗脂肪Crude lipid | 12.80±0.14b | 12.19±0.33a | 12.91±0.27b | 12.23±0.35a | 12.18±0.32a |
| 粗灰分Ash | 12.34±0.07c | 11.89±0.07b | 11.66±0.09a | 12.52±0.09d | 12.60±0.11d |
| 肌肉营养成分Muscle nutrients | |||||
| 水分Moisture | 75.64±0.38 | 75.70±0.33 | 75.59±0.47 | 75.62±0.17 | 75.41±0.54 |
| 粗蛋白质Crude protein | 84.23±0.16a | 86.22±0.09c | 85.98±0.05c | 87.08±0.25d | 85.58±0.14b |
| 粗脂肪Crude lipid | 7.17±0.04d | 7.07±0.03c | 6.96±0.08b | 6.59±0.04a | 7.00±0.03bc |
| 粗灰分Ash | 6.51±0.20c | 6.37±0.10bc | 6.09±0.07a | 6.20±0.02ab | 6.14±0.07a |
水分为湿样基础,其余成分为干物质基础。 | |
Moisture was wet sample basis, and the others were dry matter basis. |
2.3 饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉氨基酸组成的影响
表4 饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉氨基酸组成的影响(干物质基础)Table 4 Effects of dietary DE supplementation on muscle amino acid composition of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (DM basis) (n=3) % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE0 | DE3 | DE6 | DE9 | DE15 | |
| 异亮氨酸Ile* | 3.19±0.04a | 3.27±0.06c | 3.17±0.03a | 3.23±0.01abc | 3.24±0.02bc |
| 亮氨酸Leu* | 5.89±0.02a | 6.00±0.09b | 5.81±0.01a | 5.90±0.04a | 5.83±0.05a |
| 苏氨酸Thr* | 3.02±0.02a | 3.11±0.04b | 3.02±0.01a | 3.00±0.07a | 2.96±0.05a |
| 赖氨酸Lys* | 6.49±0.03ab | 6.65±0.10c | 6.44±0.01a | 6.58±0.04bc | 6.44±0.04a |
| 组氨酸His* | 1.61±0.02a | 1.69±0.02b | 1.62±0.00a | 1.63±0.01a | 1.63±0.01a |
| 蛋氨酸Met* | 2.22±0.01ab | 2.28±0.05c | 2.20±0.01ab | 2.24±0.02bc | 2.18±0.02a |
| 缬氨酸Val* | 3.29±0.03a | 3.39±0.03c | 3.27±0.02a | 3.34±0.02b | 3.35±0.00b |
| 苯丙氨酸Phe*# | 3.21±0.02a | 3.29±0.07b | 3.18±0.00a | 3.23±0.02ab | 3.20±0.01a |
| 酪氨酸Tyr# | 2.95±0.01a | 3.02±0.04b | 2.93±0.00a | 2.96±0.03a | 2.94±0.04a |
| 精氨酸Arg*& | 7.70±0.03c | 8.00±0.08d | 7.73±0.05c | 7.57±0.05b | 7.45±0.04a |
| 天冬氨酸Asp& | 7.94±0.03ab | 8.21±0.13c | 7.94±0.02ab | 8.06±0.06b | 7.90±0.06a |
| 丝氨酸Ser& | 2.96±0.03ab | 3.09±0.03c | 2.98±0.00b | 2.94±0.11ab | 2.86±0.05a |
| 谷氨酸Glu& | 13.02±0.07a | 13.35±0.18b | 13.01±0.04a | 13.10±0.11a | 12.91±0.11a |
| 甘氨酸Gly& | 6.26±0.08a | 6.64±0.08b | 6.24±0.09a | 6.64±0.04b | 6.14±0.04a |
| 丙氨酸Ala& | 5.32±0.01a | 5.53±0.07b | 5.26±0.01a | 5.53±0.04b | 5.48±0.04b |
| 脯氨酸Pro& | 4.93±0.09ab | 4.93±0.06ab | 4.77±0.04a | 4.98±0.01b | 4.98±0.15b |
| 总氨基酸TAA | 80.01±0.47ab | 82.45±1.02c | 79.58±0.23a | 80.94±0.60b | 79.47±0.70a |
| 总必需氨基酸TEAA | 36.65±0.16a | 37.69±0.54b | 36.44±0.12a | 36.73±0.20a | 36.27±0.23a |
| 总呈味氨基酸TDAA | 48.12±0.27ab | 49.75±0.52c | 47.94±0.17a | 48.82±0.43b | 47.72±0.48a |
| 总芳香族氨基酸TAAA | 6.17±0.02a | 6.31±0.11b | 6.11±0.00a | 6.19±0.04a | 6.14±0.05a |
*表示必需氨基酸,#表示芳香族氨基酸,&表示呈味氨基酸。 | |
* represented essential amino acids, # represented aromatic amino acids, and & represented delicious amino acids. |
2.4 饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响
表5 饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响(干物质基础)Table 5 Effects of dietary DE supplementation on muscle fatty acid composition of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (DM basis) (n=3) % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE0 | DE3 | DE6 | DE9 | DE15 | |
| 肉豆蔻酸C14∶0 | 0.26±0.01cd | 0.22±0.00b | 0.27±0.01d | 0.25±0.01c | 0.20±0.01a |
| 十五烷酸C15∶0 | 0.23±0.01a | 0.22±0.01a | 0.26±0.01b | 0.27±0.01b | 0.23±0.00a |
| 棕榈酸C16∶0 | 19.84±0.49a | 19.36±0.05a | 21.30±0.01c | 21.63±0.45c | 20.55±0.01b |
| 十七烷酸C17∶0 | 1.04±0.04a | 1.03±0.01a | 1.04±0.01ab | 1.07±0.00b | 1.07±0.00b |
| 硬脂酸C18∶0 | 13.32±0.36bc | 13.66±0.04c | 12.54±0.15a | 12.99±0.16b | 13.12±0.03b |
| 花生酸C20∶0 | 0.93±0.02d | 0.92±0.04cd | 0.88±0.02bc | 0.81±0.03a | 0.85±0.01ab |
| 二十一烷酸C21∶0 | 0.21±0.00d | 0.18±0.00c | 0.16±0.00b | 0.15±0.00a | 0.17±0.00c |
| 二十三烷酸C23∶0 | 0.22±0.01d | 0.19±0.00c | 0.13±0.01b | 0.11±0.00a | 0.11±0.00a |
| 木蜡酸C24∶0 | 0.45±0.01c | 0.36±0.01a | 0.41±0.02b | 0.35±0.01a | 0.35±0.02a |
| 总饱和脂肪酸ΣSFA | 36.50±0.91ab | 36.14±0.04a | 37.00±0.15bc | 37.62±0.27c | 36.64±0.07ab |
| 花生烯酸C20∶1 | 0.77±0.02c | 0.75±0.01c | 0.68±0.01a | 0.67±0.02a | 0.71±0.00b |
| 棕榈油酸C16∶1n-7 | 0.60±0.00b | 0.56±0.00a | 0.63±0.01c | 0.64±0.02c | 0.59±0.01b |
| 十七碳一烯酸C17∶1n-7 | 0.08±0.00 | 0.08±0.00 | 0.08±0.00 | 0.09±0.00 | 0.09±0.00 |
| 油酸C18∶1n-9 | 15.17±0.04d | 14.57±0.01b | 14.40±0.02a | 14.64±0.01b | 14.83±0.08c |
| 芥酸C22∶1n-9 | 0.22±0.00c | 0.26±0.00d | 0.43±0.01e | 0.19±0.00b | 0.10±0.00a |
| 总单不饱和脂肪酸ΣMUFA | 16.84±0.06c | 16.23±0.02a | 16.21±0.01a | 16.22±0.00a | 16.32±0.06b |
| 花生二烯酸C20∶2 | 2.29±0.01b | 2.35±0.01c | 2.20±0.01a | 2.18±0.06a | 2.38±0.01c |
| 亚油酸C18∶2n-6 | 19.49±0.31a | 19.44±0.04a | 19.65±0.06a | 19.44±0.06a | 20.35±0.08b |
| 二高-γ-亚油酸C20∶3n-6 | 0.09±0.00 | 0.09±0.00 | 0.08±0.00 | 0.09±0.00 | 0.09±0.00 |
| 花生四烯酸C20∶4n-6 | 1.94±0.05a | 1.99±0.01b | 1.91±0.01a | 1.92±0.01a | 1.90±0.01a |
| 二十二碳二烯酸C22∶2n-6 | 0.27±0.00c | 0.23±0.00b | 0.28±0.00d | 0.23±0.00b | 0.18±0.00a |
| 总n-6多不饱和脂肪酸 Σn-6 PUFA | 24.09±0.35a | 24.10±0.05a | 24.13±0.06a | 23.86±0.01a | 24.90±0.07b |
| α-亚麻酸C18∶3n-3 | 0.99±0.04a | 0.98±0.04a | 1.02±0.00a | 0.99±0.01a | 1.09±0.01b |
| 二十碳三烯酸C20∶3n-3 | 0.23±0.00b | 0.21±0.01a | 0.24±0.01b | 0.26±0.01c | 0.26±0.00c |
| 二十碳五烯酸C20∶5n-3 | 10.70±0.45a | 11.23±0.01b | 10.93±0.07ab | 10.77±0.04a | 10.58±0.01a |
| 二十二碳六烯酸C22∶6n-3 | 10.65±0.13c | 11.11±0.03d | 10.48±0.03bc | 10.28±0.22ab | 10.22±0.07a |
| 总n-3多不饱和脂肪酸 Σn-3 PUFA | 22.57±0.62a | 23.54±0.07b | 22.66±0.09a | 22.30±0.26a | 22.14±0.06a |
| 总多不饱和脂肪酸 ΣPUFA | 46.66±0.97a | 47.64±0.02b | 46.79±0.16ab | 46.16±0.27a | 47.05±0.01ab |
| 总不饱和脂肪酸 ΣUFA | 63.50±0.91bc | 63.86±0.04c | 63.00±0.15ab | 62.38±0.27a | 63.36±0.07b |
2.5 饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉质构特性和持水力的影响
表6 饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉质构特性的影响Table 6 Effects of dietary DE supplementation on muscle texture characteristics of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (n=3) |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE0 | DE3 | DE6 | DE9 | DE15 | |
| 硬度Hardness/g | 3 042.15±106.98a | 3 243.86±90.08b | 3 338.43±105.98b | 4 340.39±72.54d | 3 871.68±91.64c |
| 弹性Springiness/mm | 0.20±0.01a | 0.23±0.00b | 0.20±0.00a | 0.23±0.01b | 0.23±0.01b |
| 内聚性Cohesiveness | 0.15±0.01a | 0.18±0.00b | 0.17±0.01ab | 0.20±0.01c | 0.20±0.01c |
| 胶着性Gumminess/g | 468.31±53.11a | 582.90±21.10b | 567.12±51.39b | 868.56±59.72c | 786.58±61.57c |
| 咀嚼性Chewiness/mJ | 91.12±7.77a | 131.21±7.20b | 113.79±10.13b | 195.72±7.50c | 177.25±19.25c |
| 剪切力Shear force/g | 1.88±0.13a | 2.05±0.21a | 2.57±0.32b | 2.66±0.14b | 2.63±0.14b |
图2 饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉持水力的影响数据柱标注不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。 Fig.2 Effects of dietary DE supplementation on muscle water holding capacity of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (n=3) Value columns with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). |
2.6 饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾血清生化指标的影响
表7 饲料中添加DE对凡纳滨对虾幼虾血清生化指标的影响Table 7 Effects of dietary DE supplementation on serum biochemical indices of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (n=3) |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE0 | DE3 | DE6 | DE9 | DE15 | |
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 53.17±6.51a | 88.98±7.54b | 90.05±7.78b | 77.66±5.03b | 63.56±9.08a |
| 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 HDL-C/(mmol/L) | 1.19±0.02a | 1.46±0.03b | 1.51±0.09b | 1.43±0.08b | 1.68±0.08c |
| 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 LDL-C/(mmol/L) | 1.41±0.02c | 1.20±0.03ab | 1.21±0.09ab | 1.17±0.08a | 1.33±0.08bc |
| 酸性磷酸酶ACP/(U/L) | 91.20±2.00a | 118.13±3.14c | 108.40±2.50b | 115.20±4.53c | 139.00±4.66d |
| 碱性磷酸酶AKP/(U/L) | 29.26±1.33a | 53.86±2.28d | 34.27±1.16bc | 32.33±1.34ab | 36.09±2.17c |
| 谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) | 87.18±2.41c | 78.60±2.01b | 73.61±2.67a | 85.66±3.60c | 95.97±0.57d |
| 谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) | 96.55±4.37c | 85.70±2.31b | 78.71±2.70a | 90.78±2.73b | 104.16±2.53d |

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