1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计
1.2 试验饲粮及饲养管理
1.3 样品采集
1.4 指标测定及方法
1.4.1 瘤胃组织形态
1.4.2 瘤胃消化酶活性
1.4.3 代谢组学
1.5 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 固体饲料饲喂水平对牦牛犊牛瘤胃组织形态的影响
图1 牦牛犊牛的瘤胃上皮组织切片a:AL组 AL group;b:IR70组 IR70 group;c:IR40组 IR40 group;A:乳头 papillary;B:黏膜上皮 mucosal epithelium;C:黏膜下层 submucous layer;D:肌层 muscular layer;E:浆膜层 serosa layer。 Fig.1 Section of rumen epithelium tissue of yak calves (4×) |
表1 固体饲料饲喂水平对牦牛犊牛瘤胃组织形态的影响Table 1 Effects of feeding level of solid feed on rumen histological morphology of yak calves μm |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AL | IR70 | IR40 | ||
| 黏膜上皮厚度Mucosal epithelium thickness | 89.90±2.86a | 67.76±3.74b | 69.80±1.21b | 0.003 |
| 黏膜下层厚度Submucous layer thickness | 959.98±55.13a | 549.27±10.87b | 782.09±90.22a | 0.009 |
| 乳头宽度Papillary width | 308.37±24.20 | 369.77±12.55 | 292.28±23.12 | 0.081 |
| 乳头高度Papillary length | 741.86±53.98ab | 966.73±81.90a | 602.74±81.07b | 0.034 |
| 肌层厚度Muscular layer thickness | 2 189.69±243.64a | 1 443.14±51.31b | 815.42±47.94c | 0.002 |
| 浆膜层厚度Serosa layer thickness | 80.61±3.34 | 100.35±9.39 | 96.41±12.84 | 0.354 |
2.2 固体饲料饲喂水平对牦牛犊牛瘤胃消化酶活性的影响
表2 固体饲料饲喂水平对牦牛犊牛瘤胃消化酶活性的影响Table 2 Effects of feeding level of solid feed on rumen digestive enzyme activities of yak calves |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AL | IR70 | IR40 | ||
| 纤维素酶Cellulase/(U/mL) | 461.68±7.53b | 524.64±6.72a | 523.79±21.41a | 0.027 |
| 胃蛋白酶Pepsin/(U/mL) | 19.75±1.94 | 22.36±1.68 | 24.33±0.42 | 0.104 |
| 脂肪酶Lipase/(U/L) | 1 166.16±16.46 | 1 039.85±70.97 | 1 018.52±18.24 | 0.398 |
| 淀粉酶Amylase/(U/mL) | 455.69±17.64 | 503.38±41.76 | 517.04±28.79 | 0.178 |
| 木聚糖酶Xylanase/(U/mL) | 778.45±14.07 | 781.54±40.99 | 846.64±7.84 | 0.182 |
| 内切葡聚糖Endoglucanase/(U/L) | 80.41±2.08 | 87.16±3.10 | 84.66±3.77 | 0.354 |
2.3 固体饲料饲喂水平对牦牛犊牛瘤胃代谢组学的影响
2.3.1 数据质控及PLS-DA
图2 数据质控pos:正离子模式;neg:负离子模式;QC:数据质量控制。 Fig.2 Data quality control pos: positive ion mode; neg: negative ion mode; QC: data quality control. |
图3 偏最小二乘法判别分析A、B:IR40组vs AL组在正离子和负离子的PLS-DA;C、D:IR70组vs AL组在正离子和负离子的PLS-DA。A, B: PLS-DA in positive and negative ion for IR40 group vs AL group; C, D: PLS-DA in positive and negative ion for IR70 group vs AL group. PLS-DA得分散点图中横坐标为样本在第1主成分上的得分;纵坐标为样本在第2主成分上的得分;R2Y表示模型的解释率,Q2Y用于评价PLS-DA模型的预测能力,且R2Y大于Q2Y时表示模型建立良好。PLS-DA排序验证图中横坐标代表随机分组的Y与原始分组Y的相关性,纵坐标代表R2和Q2的得分。class为分组,R40为低饲喂水平组(IR40组),R70为中饲喂水平组(IR70组),R100为高饲喂水平组(AL组)。 Fig.3 Partial least squares discrimination analysis The abscissa of the scatter plot obtained by PLS-DA is the score of the sample on the first principal component. The ordinate is the score of the sample on the second principal component. R2Y represents the interpretation rate of the model, and Q2Y is used to evaluate the predictive ability of the PLS-DA model. When R2Y is greater than Q2Y, the model is well established. The abscissa in the PLS-DA ranking validation plot represents the correlation between Y of the randomized group and Y of the original group, and the ordinate represents the scores of R2 and Q2. class was a group, and R40 represents the low feeding level group (IR40 group), R70 represents the medium feeding level group (IR70 group), and R100 represents the high feeding level group (AL group), respectively. |
2.3.2 筛选的瘤胃差异代谢产物
图4 正、负离子模式下的火山图A、B:IR40组vs AL组在正离子和负离子下的火山图;C、D:IR70组vs AL组在正离子和负离子下的火山图。A, B: volcanic diagram in positive and negative ion for IR40 group vs AL group; C, D: volcanic diagram in positive and negative ion for IR70 group vs AL group. R40为低饲喂水平组(IR40组),R70为中饲喂水平组(IR70组),R100为高饲喂水平组(AL组);UP代表上调;DW代表下调;NoDiff代表无差异显著性。R40 is the low feeding level group (IR40 group), R70 is the medium feeding level group (IR70 group), and R100 is the high feeding level group (AL group); “UP” stands for upward adjustment; DW stands for downward adjustment; “NoDiff” represents no significant difference. Fig.4 Volcanic diagram in positive and negative ion mode |
图5 正离子(A)、负离子(B)模式下的IR40-AL通路气泡图pos:正离子模式 positive ion mode; Tryptophan metabolism:色氨酸代谢;Taste transduction:味觉传导;Serotonergic synapse:5-羟色胺能突触;Purine metabolism:嘌呤代谢;Phenylalanine metabolism:苯丙氨酸代谢;Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis:泛酸盐和辅酶A生物合成;Galactose metabolism:半乳糖代谢;Arginine and proline metabolism:精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢;Arachidonic acid metabolism:花生四烯酸代谢;African trypanosomiasis:非洲锥虫病;neg:负离子模式negative ion mode; Tyrosine metabolism:酪氨酸代谢;Renin secretion:肾素分泌;Regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes:脂肪细胞脂解的调控;Primary bile acid biosynthesis:初级胆汁酸生物合成;Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis:苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸生物合成;Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction:神经活性配体-受体相互作用;Folate biosynthesis:叶酸生物合成;cAMP signaling pathway :环腺苷酸信号途径;Bile secretion:胆汁分泌;Adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes:心肌细胞中的肾上腺素能信号。 Fig.5 Bubble diagram of IR40-AL metabolic pathway in positive ion (A) and negative ion (B) mode |
表3 IR40-AL代谢通路以及相关差异代谢物Table 3 Metabolic pathways of IR40-AL and related differential metabolites |
| 序号 No. | 代谢途径 Metabolic pathways | 差异代谢物 Differential metabolites | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 初级胆汁酸的生物合成Primary bile acid biosynthesis | 胆汁酸↑ | 0.074 | ||||
| 2 | 苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸的生物合成 Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis | 3-羟基苯甲酸↑ | 0.143 | ||||
| 3 | 叶酸的生物合成Folate biosynthesis | 4-氨基苯甲酸↑ | 0.143 | ||||
| 4 | 肾上腺素能在心肌细胞中的信号传导 Adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes | L-肾上腺素↑ | 0.143 | ||||
| 5 | 肾素的分泌Renin secretion | L-肾上腺素↑ | 0.208 | ||||
| 6 | 酪氨酸代谢Tyrosine metabolism | L-肾上腺素↑ | 0.269 | ||||
| 7 | cAMP信号传导途径cAMP signaling pathway | L-肾上腺素↑ | 0.269 | ||||
| 8 | 脂肪细胞中脂肪分解的调节Regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes | L-肾上腺素↑ | 0.269 | ||||
| 9 | 神经活性配体与受体的相互作用Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction | L-肾上腺素↑ | 0.380 | ||||
| 10 | 胆汁分泌Bile secretion | 胆汁酸↑ | 0.477 | ||||
| 11 | 非洲锥虫病African trypanosomiasis | L-犬尿氨酸↑ | 0.049 | ||||
| 12 | 半乳糖代谢Galactose metabolism | D-塔格糖↓ | 0.144 | ||||
| 13 | 羟色胺能突触Serotonergic synapse | 前列腺素A2↑ | 0.187 | ||||
| 14 | 花生四烯酸的代谢Arachidonic acid metabolism | 前列腺素A2↑ | 0.229 | ||||
| 15 | 泛酸和辅酶A的生物合成Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis | D-泛醇↑ | 0.229 | ||||
| 16 | 苯丙氨酸的代谢Phenylalanine metabolism | D-苯丙氨酸↑ | 0.269 | ||||
| 17 | 味觉转导Taste transduction | D-苯丙氨酸↑ | 0.269 | ||||
| 18 | 色氨酸的代谢Tryptophan metabolism | L-犬尿喹啉↑ | 0.344 | ||||
| 19 | 精氨酸和脯氨酸的代谢Arginine and proline metabolism | N-甲基海因↑ | 0.443 | ||||
| 20 | 嘌呤代谢Purine metabolism | 2’-脱氧腺苷↑ | 0.474 |
图6 正离子(A)、负离子(B)模式下的IR70-AL代谢通路气泡图pos:正离子模式positive ion mode; Protein digestion and absorption:蛋白质的消化和吸收;Vitamin digestion and absorption:维生素的消化和吸收;Mineral absorption:元素吸收;Glutathione metabolism:谷胱甘肽代谢;Central carbon metabolism in cancer:癌症中的中心碳代谢;Biosynthesis of amino acids:氨基酸的生物合成;Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis:氨酰-tRNA生物合成;Vitamin B6 metabolism:维生素B6代谢;Tyrosine metabolism:酪氨酸代谢;Tryptophan metabolism:色氨酸代谢;Pyrimidine metabolism:嘧啶代谢;Purine metabolism:嘌呤代谢;Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis:泛酸盐和CoA生物合成;Lysine degradation:赖氨酸降解;Galactose metabolism:半乳糖代谢;Cysteine and methionine metabolism:半胱氨酸和甲硫氨酸代谢;Beta-alanine metabolism:β-丙氨酸代谢;Antifolate resistance:抗叶酸抵抗;Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism:丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢;2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism:2-氧代羧酸代谢;neg:负离子模式 negative ion mode; Primary bile acid biosynthesis:初级胆汁酸生物合成;Phenylalanine metabolism:苯丙氨酸代谢;Bile secretion:胆汁分泌。 Fig.6 Bubble diagram of IR70-AL metabolic pathway in positive ion (A) and negative ion (B) mode |
表4 IR70-AL代谢通路以及相关差异代谢物Table 4 Metabolic pathways of IR70-AL and related differential metabolites |
| 序号 No. | 代谢途径 Metabolic pathways | 差异代谢物 Differential metabolites | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 癌症中的碳代谢Central carbon metabolism in cancer | L-天冬酰胺↓、蛋氨酸↓ | 0.016 |
| 2 | 矿物质吸收Mineral absorption | L-天冬酰胺↓、蛋氨酸、↓ | 0.031 |
| 3 | 蛋白质的消化和吸收Protein digestion and absorption | L-天冬酰胺↓、蛋氨酸↓、尸胺↓ | 0.032 |
| 4 | 谷胱甘肽的代谢Glutathione metabolism | 尸胺↓、L-焦谷氨酸↓ | 0.121 |
| 5 | 氨基酸-tRNA的生物合成Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis | L-天冬酰胺↓、蛋氨酸↓ | 0.149 |
| 6 | 维生素的消化和吸收Vitamin digestion and absorption | 吡多胺↓、泛酸↓ | 0.149 |
| 7 | 半乳糖代谢Galactose metabolism | D-塔格糖↓ | 0.219 |
| 8 | 半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸的代谢Cysteine and methionine metabolism | 蛋氨酸↓ | 0.219 |
| 9 | 氨基酸的生物合成Biosynthesis of amino acids | L-天冬酰胺↓、蛋氨酸↓ | 0.271 |
| 10 | 丙氨酸、天门冬氨酸和谷氨酸的代谢 Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism | L-天冬酰胺↓ | 0.282 |
| 11 | 抗叶酸抵抗Antifolate resistance | 蛋氨酸↓ | 0.282 |
| 12 | 维生素B6代谢Vitamin B6 metabolism | 吡多胺↓ | 0.340 |
| 13 | 泛酸和辅酶A的生物合成Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis | 泛酸↓ | 0.340 |
| 14 | 赖氨酸的降解Lysine degradation | 尸胺↓ | 0.394 |
| 15 | 酪氨酸代谢Tyrosine metabolism | 3,4-二羟基苯丙酸↓ | 0.443 |
| 16 | β-丙氨酸的代谢Beta-alanine metabolism | 泛酸↓ | 0.443 |
| 17 | 色氨酸的代谢Tryptophan metabolism | 吲哚-3-乙酸↓ | 0.489 |
| 18 | 2-氧代羧酸的代谢2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism | 蛋氨酸↓ | 0.489 |
| 19 | 嘧啶代谢Pyrimidine metabolism | 胸苷↓ | 0.571 |
| 20 | 初级胆汁酸的生物合成Primary bile acid biosynthesis | 胆汁酸↑ | 0.029 |
| 21 | 苯丙氨酸的代谢Phenylalanine metabolism | 苯基乙酰谷氨酰胺↓ | 0.170 |
| 22 | 胆汁分泌Bile secretion | 胆汁酸↑ | 0.223 |

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