1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计及饲粮
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 含量Content | |
|---|---|---|
| 妊娠后期 Late gestation period | 哺乳期 Lactation period | |
| 原料Ingredients | ||
| 玉米Corn | 56.80 | 63.00 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal (45.53%) | 16.94 | 21.80 |
| 麦麸Wheat bran | 20.00 | 6.00 |
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 3.15 | 3.76 |
| 鱼粉Fish meal | 2.00 | |
| 石粉Limestone | 1.17 | 1.33 |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 0.71 | 0.96 |
| 食盐NaCl | 0.52 | 0.47 |
| 赖氨酸盐酸盐Lys·HCl | 0.16 | 0.15 |
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.05 | 0.02 |
| 色氨酸Trp | 0.01 | |
| 预混料Premix1) | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | ||
| 净能NE/(MJ/kg) | 9.88 | 10.47 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 16.00 | 17.50 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 6.29 | 6.76 |
| 粗纤维CF | 3.84 | 2.78 |
| 粗灰分Ash | 5.51 | 5.84 |
| 钙Ca | 0.80 | 1.00 |
| 总磷TP | 0.60 | 0.60 |
| 标准全肠道可消化磷 STTD P | 0.17 | 0.21 |
| 标准回肠可消化赖氨酸 SID Lys | 0.75 | 0.90 |
| 标准回肠可消化蛋氨酸 SID Met | 0.22 | 0.26 |
| 标准回肠可消化苏氨酸 SID Thr | 0.51 | 0.56 |
| 标准回肠可消化色氨酸 SID Trp | 0.15 | 0.17 |
| 标准回肠可消化精氨酸 SID Arg | 0.94 | 1.04 |
1)妊娠后期预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet during late gestation period:VA 10 000~12 000 IU,VD3 1 500~5 000 IU,VE≥15 IU,VK3≥1.6 mg,VB1≥1.5 mg,VB2≥3 mg,VB6≥1.5 mg,VB12≥15 μg,烟酰胺 niacinamide≥22.5 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid≥15 mg,叶酸 folic acid≥2.5 mg,生物素 biotin≥200 μg,Fe 50~750 mg,Cu 7.5~25 mg,Zn 50~100 mg,Mn 10~60 mg,I 250~1 000 μg,Se 200~495 μg。哺乳期预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet during lactation period:VA 6 000~7 000 IU,VD3 1 550~5 000 IU,VE≥15.5 IU,VK3≥1.6 mg,VB1≥1.6 mg,VB2≥3.1 mg,VB6≥1.5 mg,VB12≥15 μg,烟酰胺 niacinamide≥23 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid≥15.5 mg,叶酸 folic acid≥2.5 mg,生物素 biotin≥200 μg,Fe 50~750 mg,Cu 7.5~25 mg,Zn 50~100 mg,Mn 20~80 mg,I 250~1 000 μg,Se 200~495 μg。2)净能和氨基酸依据荷兰CVB基准数据库(2023年)计算而得,标准全肠道可消化磷依据NRC(2012)计算而得,其余为实测值。NE and amino acids were calculated based on the Dutch CVB reference database (2023), and STTD P was calculated according to NRC (2012), while the others were measured values. |
1.2 饲养管理
1.3 样品采集
1.3.1 粪便样品
1.3.2 初乳样品
1.3.3 血液样品
1.4 测定指标及方法
1.4.1 饲粮营养水平
1.4.2 母猪平均日采食量
1.4.3 母猪背膘损失
1.4.4 母猪繁殖性能
1.4.5 仔猪腹泻率
1.4.6 仔猪生长性能
1.4.7 母猪乳常规指标
1.4.8 母猪血清炎性因子含量
1.4.9 仔猪粪便微生物区系
1.5 数据处理和统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 饲粮添加β-甘露聚糖酶对母猪繁殖性能的影响
表2 饲粮添加β-甘露聚糖酶对母猪繁殖性能的影响Table 2 Effects of dietary β-mannanase supplementation on reproductive performance of sows |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | HE | |||
| 窝总产仔数Total litter size/头 | 14.85 | 14.67 | 0.248 | 0.713 |
| 窝产活仔数Number of live litter born/头 | 13.32 | 13.46 | 0.203 | 0.729 |
| 窝产死胎数Stillbirth number/头 | 1.45 | 1.16 | 0.170 | 0.404 |
| 窝产木乃伊数Litter mummy/头 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.040 | 0.957 |
| 窝产IUGR仔猪数Number of litter IUGR piglets/头 | 1.79A | 0.65B | 0.159 | <0.001 |
| 妊娠后期平均日采食量 ADFI during later gestation period/(kg/d) | 4.85 | 4.73 | 0.056 | 0.296 |
| 哺乳期平均日采食量 ADFI during lactation period/(kg/d) | 6.60 | 6.58 | 0.117 | 0.956 |
| 背膘损失Backfat loss/mm | -2.38 | -2.03 | 0.199 | 0.387 |
同行数据肩标无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below. |
2.2 饲粮添加β-甘露聚糖酶对仔猪生长性能和腹泻的影响
表3 饲粮添加β-甘露聚糖酶对仔猪生长性能和腹泻的影响Table 3 Effects of dietary β-mannanase supplementation on growth performance and diarrhea of piglets |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | HE | |||
| 初生个体重Birth individual weight/kg | 1.32 | 1.36 | 0.016 | 0.270 |
| 初生窝重Birth litter weight/kg | 17.17 | 17.87 | 0.313 | 0.264 |
| 断奶个体重Weaning individual weight/kg | 6.11 | 6.42 | 0.152 | 0.316 |
| 断奶窝重Weaning litter weight/kg | 68.13B | 76.11A | 1.462 | 0.005 |
| 窝增重Litter weight gain/kg | 50.96b | 58.24a | 1.449 | 0.011 |
| 断奶成活率Weaning survival rate/% | 88.29 | 90.95 | 1.407 | 0.348 |
| 断奶仔猪数Weaned piglet number/头 | 11.34 | 11.90 | 0.187 | 0.137 |
| 腹泻率Diarrhea rate/% | 9.79A | 3.85B | 1.004 | 0.002 |
2.3 饲粮添加β-甘露聚糖酶对母猪初乳乳常规指标的影响
表4 饲粮添加β-甘露聚糖酶对母猪初乳乳常规指标的影响Table 4 Effects of dietary β-mannanase supplementation on colostrum routine indices of sows |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | HE | |||
| 乳脂Milk fat/% | 7.27 | 7.56 | 0.404 | 0.741 |
| 乳蛋白Milk protein/(mg/mL) | 6.77 | 6.72 | 0.032 | 0.525 |
| 乳糖Milk sugar/(mg/mL) | 24.70b | 28.34a | 0.940 | 0.044 |
| 总固形物Total solid matter/% | 11.57B | 13.47A | 0.353 | 0.002 |
2.4 饲粮添加β-甘露聚糖酶对母猪分娩血清炎性因子含量的影响
表5 饲粮添加β-甘露聚糖酶对母猪分娩血清炎性因子含量的影响Table 5 Effects of dietary β-mannanase supplementation on serum inflammatory factor contents of sows at parturition |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | HE | |||
| 白细胞介素-1α IL-1α/(pg/mL) | 72.42 | 70.39 | 0.578 | 0.077 |
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β/(ng/L) | 40.82 | 40.63 | 0.501 | 0.856 |
| 白细胞介素-18 IL-18/(ng/L) | 104.19 | 106.46 | 3.443 | 0.758 |
| 核因子-κB NF-κB/(ng/L) | 3 806.52 | 3 804.49 | 99.669 | 0.992 |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(pg/mL) | 270.36 | 280.70 | 6.008 | 0.415 |
2.5 饲粮添加β-甘露聚糖酶对仔猪粪便微生物区系的影响
2.5.1 β多样性分析
2.5.2 微生物组成分析
图2 仔猪粪便微生物在门和属水平上组成分析Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Bacteroidota:拟杆菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Synergistota:互养菌门;Actinobacteriota:放线菌门;Desulfobacterota:脱硫杆菌门;Verrucomicrobiota:疣微菌门;Campilobacterota:弯曲杆菌门;Spirochaetota:螺旋体门;Unclassified_k_norank_d_Bacteria:未分类界未定级门细菌;Fusobacteriota:梭杆菌门;Patescibacteria:髌骨菌门;Cyanobacteria:蓝细菌门;Elusimicrobiota:迷踪菌门;Fibrobacterota:纤维杆菌门;Bacteroides:拟杆菌属;Escherichia-Shigella:埃希氏-志贺氏菌属;Lactobacillus:乳杆菌属;Norank_f_Erysipelotrichaceae:未定级丹毒丝菌科;Norank_f_Muribaculaceae:未定级鼠杆菌科;Lachnoclostridium:毛螺菌属;Phascolarctobacterium:考拉杆菌属;Subdoligranulum:罕见小球菌属;Christensenellaceae_R-7_group:克里斯滕森菌科R-7群;Cloacibacillus:泄殖腔杆菌属;Norank_f_Ruminococcaceae:未定级瘤胃球菌科;Roseburia:罗斯氏菌属;Unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae:未分类毛螺菌科;Parabacteroides:副拟杆菌属;Norank_f_Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group:未定级产粪甾醇真杆菌群;Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1:狭义梭菌属1;Streptococcus:链球菌属;Ruminococcus_gnavus_group:瘤胃球菌属gnavus群;Collinsella:柯林斯菌属;Blautia:布劳特氏菌属;Desulfovibrio:脱硫弧菌属;Sellimonas:塞利单胞菌属;Eubacterium_fissicatena_group:裂链真杆菌群;Ruminococcus:瘤胃球菌属;Butyricimonas:丁酸单胞菌属;Alistipes:另枝菌属;Olsenella:奥尔森氏菌属;Others:其他。 Fig.2 Composition analysis of fecal microbiota of piglets at phylum and genus levels |

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