动物营养学报 >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 10: 6777 - 6785

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.552

研究论文

内蒙古地区不同畜种的特色生鲜奶营养成分比较研究

  • 王丽芳 , 1 ,
  • 宋洁 1 ,
  • 郭晨阳 1 ,
  • 张腾龙 1 ,
  • 钟华晨 1 ,
  • 刘嘉琳 1 ,
  • 张菁 1 ,
  • 杨健 2
展开
  • 1 内蒙古自治区农牧业科学院,呼和浩特 010031
  • 2 呼和浩特市农牧技术推广中心,呼和浩特 010010

王丽芳(1975—),女,内蒙古托县人,研究员,博士,研究方向为生鲜乳质量安全与营养品质评价。E-mail:

Office editor: 武海龙

收稿日期: 2025-02-28

  网络出版日期: 2025-10-15

基金资助

内蒙古农牧业创新基金项目(2023CXJJM07)

特色生乳质量安全与营养品质评价(NMGZCS-C-F-240831)

农业农村部农产品质量安全风险评估实验室能力提升与改造项目

收起

Comparative Study on Nutritional Components of Specialty Raw Milk from Different Livestock Breeds in Inner Mongolia

  • WANG Lifang , 1 ,
  • SONG Jie 1 ,
  • GUO Chenyang 1 ,
  • ZHANG Tenglong 1 ,
  • ZHONG Huachen 1 ,
  • LIU Jialin 1 ,
  • ZHANG Jing 1 ,
  • YANG Jian 2
Expand
  • 1 Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Huhhot 010031, China
  • 2 Hohhot Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Technology Promotion Center, Hohhot 010010, China

WANG Lifang, professor, E-mail: wanglifang100008@163.com

Received date: 2025-02-28

  Online published: 2025-10-15

Fold

摘要

本试验旨在比较研究内蒙古地区骆驼奶、马奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶等特色生鲜奶的常规营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸等营养指标的差异。采集骆驼奶26批次、马奶10批次、山羊奶11批次、绵羊奶5批次;其中,骆驼奶采自阿拉善盟、巴彦淖尔和锡林郭勒,马奶采自锡林郭勒盟和巴彦淖尔,山羊奶采自呼和浩特、乌兰察布和巴彦淖尔,绵羊奶采自呼和浩特、乌兰察布和巴彦淖尔。测定骆驼奶、马奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶中常规营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量。结果表明:1)绵羊奶中乳脂率、乳蛋白率、总固体含量和非脂乳固体含量显著高于骆驼奶、马奶和山羊奶(P<0.05),马奶中乳糖含量显著高于山羊奶、骆驼奶和绵羊奶(P<0.05)。2)绵羊奶中8种必需氨基酸(EAA)、9种非必需氨基酸(NEAA)及总氨基酸(TAA)含量均显著高于骆驼奶、马奶和山羊奶(P<0.05)。山羊奶中EAA/TAA和EAA/NEAA显著高于马奶和绵羊奶(P<0.05)。马奶中鲜味类氨基酸(谷氨酸、天冬氨酸)含量显著高于骆驼奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶(P<0.05),山羊奶中甜味类氨基酸(甘氨酸、丙氨酸、丝氨酸、脯氨酸)含量显著高于骆驼奶和马奶(P<0.05),绵羊奶中芳香族类氨基酸(酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸)含量显著高于马奶(P<0.05)。3)山羊奶和绵羊奶中短链脂肪酸(SCFA)含量显著高于骆驼奶和马奶(P<0.05),山羊奶中中链脂肪酸(MCFA)含量显著高于骆驼奶、马奶和绵羊奶(P<0.05),骆驼奶中长链脂肪酸(LCFA)含量显著高于马奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶(P<0.05)。山羊奶中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量显著高于骆驼奶、马奶和绵羊奶(P<0.05),马奶中不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)和多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量显著高于骆驼奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶(P<0.05),绵羊奶中单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量显著高于马奶和山羊奶(P<0.05),马奶中PUFA/SFA及n-3 PUFA和n-6 PUFA含量显著高于骆驼奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶(P<0.05)。绵羊奶中共轭亚油酸(CLA)含量最高显著高于骆驼奶、马奶和山羊奶(P<0.05)。由此可见,绵羊奶中常规营养成分和CLA含量高于骆驼奶、马奶和山羊奶,山羊奶和绵羊奶中SCFA含量高于骆驼奶和马奶,马奶中n-3 PUFA和n-6 PUFA含量高于骆驼奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶,骆驼奶中LCFA含量高于马奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶。

关键词： 内蒙古地区; 特色生鲜奶; 乳成分; 氨基酸; 脂肪酸

本文引用格式

王丽芳 , 宋洁 , 郭晨阳 , 张腾龙 , 钟华晨 , 刘嘉琳 , 张菁 , 杨健 . 内蒙古地区不同畜种的特色生鲜奶营养成分比较研究[J]. 动物营养学报, 2025 , 37(10) : 6777 -6785 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.552

Abstract

This experiment was conducted to compare the differences of nutritional indices such as conventional nutritional components, amino acids and fatty acids in camel milk, horse milk, goat milk and sheep milk in Inner Mongolia region. The 26 batches of camel milk, 10 batches of horse milk, 11 batches of goat milk and 5 batches of sheep milk were collected. The camel milk was collected from Alashan League, Bayannaoer and Xilinguole League, the horse milk was collected from Xilinguole League and Bayannaoer, the goat milk was collected from Hohhot, Wulanchabu and Bayannaoer, and the sheep milk was collected from Hohhot, Wulanchabu and Bayannaoer. The contents of conventional nutritional components, amino acids and fatty acids in camel milk, horse milk, goat milk and sheep milk were measured. The results showed as follows: 1) the milk fat rate, milk protein rate, total solid content and solid non-fat content in sheep milk were significantly higher than those in camel milk, horse milk and goat milk (P<0.05), the lactose content in horse milk was significantly higher than that in camel milk, goat milk and sheep milk (P<0.05). 2) The contents of 8 kinds of essential amino acids (EAA), 9 kinds of non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and total amino acids (TAA) in sheep milk were significantly higher than those in camel milk, horse milk and goat milk (P<0.05). The EAA/TAA and EAA/NEAA in goat milk were significantly higher than those in horse milk and sheep milk (P<0.05). The umami amino acids (glutamic acid and aspartic acid) contnet in horse milk was significantly higher than that in camel milk, goat milk and sheep milk (P<0.05), the sweet amino acids (glycine, alanine, serine and proline) content in goat milk was significantly higher than that in camel milk and horse milk (P<0.05), and the aromatic amino acids (tyrosine and phenylalanine) content in sheep milk was significantly higher than that in horse milk (P<0.05). 3) The short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) content in goat milk and sheep milk was significantly higher than that in camel milk and horse milk (P<0.05), the medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) content in goat milk was significantly higher than that in camel milk, horse milk and sheep milk (P<0.05), and the long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) content in camel milk was significantly higher than that in horse milk, goat milk and sheep milk (P<0.05). The saturated fatty acids (SFA) content in goat milk was significantly higher than that in camel milk, horse milk and sheep milk (P<0.05), the unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) contents in horse milk were significantly higher than those in camel milk, goat milk and sheep milk (P<0.05), the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) content in sheep milk was significantly higher than that in horse milk and sheep milk (P<0.05), and the PUFA/SFA and n-3 PUFA and n-6 PUFA contents in horse milk were significantly higher than those in camel milk, goat milk and sheep milk (P<0.05). The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content in sheep milk was significantly higher than that in camel milk, horse milk and goat milk (P<0.05). In conclusion, the conventional nutritional components and CLA content in sheep milk are higher than those in camel milk, horse milk and goat milk, the SCFA content in goat milk and sheep milk is higher than that in camel milk and horse milk, the n-3 PUFA and n-6 PUFA contents in horse milk are higher than those in camel milk, goat milk and sheep milk, and the LCFA content in camel milk is higher than that in horse milk, goat milk and sheep milk.

Key words： Inner Mongolia; specialty raw milk; milk component; amino acids; fatty acids

2020年全球山羊奶产量约为2 060万t,约占全部奶产量的2%,仅次于牛奶和水牛奶。山羊奶因具有独特营养成分,是牛奶等奶产品的潜在替代品,也是膳食钙的最佳来源,有预防高血压和骨质疏松等作用[1]。绵羊奶是一种功能性乳制品,也是一种营养丰富的能量来源乳制品。绵羊奶是n-3和n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的主要来源,脂质由较小的脂肪球组成,有助于人体消化[2-3]。骆驼奶含有2种特定蛋白质——乳清酸性蛋白(whey acidic protein,WAP)和肽聚糖识别蛋白(peptidoglycan recognition protein,PGRP),且富含维生素C和脂肪酸[4],具有改善免疫力、调节胃肠道健康和预防糖尿病等功能,对健康具有潜在益处[5]。马奶作为优质乳制品之一,富含蛋白质、脂肪、氨基酸及PUFA等多种营养成分,对高血压、动脉粥样硬化、缺血性脑卒中及高脂血症等脑血管疾病(cerebrovascular disease,CVD)具有良好的防治作用[6]。目前,对上述几种特色奶营养成分的比较研究鲜见报道。鉴于此,本研究旨在通过比较内蒙古地区特色生鲜奶(骆驼奶、马奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶)中乳成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸等营养指标,探究不同生鲜奶之间的差异,为内蒙古乃至我国特色生鲜奶的深入研究提供数据支撑。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

于2024年10—11月采集生鲜奶(骆驼奶26批次、马奶10批次、山羊奶11批次、绵羊奶5批次);其中,骆驼奶采自阿拉善盟(16批次)、巴彦淖尔(8批次)和锡林郭勒(2批次),马奶采自锡林郭勒盟(8批次)和巴彦淖尔(2批次),山羊奶采自呼和浩特(6批次)、乌兰察布(3批次)和巴彦淖尔(2批次),绵羊奶采自呼和浩特(2批次)、乌兰察布(1批次)和巴彦淖尔(2批次)。样本具体情况见表1,均为奶罐奶,采样方法参照NY/T 5344.6—2006。
表1 样本具体情况

Table 1 Sample specific situation

项目Items 采样地点Sampling location 采样时间Sampling time 采样数量Sampling number


山羊奶Goat milk		 呼和浩特 10月22日 6
巴彦淖尔 11月4日 2
乌兰察布 11月7日 3


绵羊奶Sheep milk		 呼和浩特 10月23日 2
巴彦淖尔 11月4日 2
乌兰察布 11月7日 1


骆驼奶Camel milk		 锡林郭勒 10月29日 2
巴彦淖尔 11月6日 8
阿拉善 11月19日 16

马奶Horse milk		 锡林郭勒 10月29日 8
巴彦淖尔 11月6日 2

1.2 仪器设备

主要仪器设备包括乳成份分析仪(FT-120,丹麦FOSS公司)、全自动氨基酸分析仪(S-433D,德国Sykam公司)、气相色谱仪(6890N,美国Agilent公司)。

1.3 测定方法

1.3.1 常规营养成分含量

骆驼奶、马奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶中乳脂肪含量依据NY/T 2659—2014的方法进行检测,乳蛋白含量依据GB 5009.5—2016的方法进行检测,乳糖含量依据NY/T 2659—2014的方法进行检测,总固体含量依据NY/T 2659—2014的方法进行检测,非脂乳固体含量依据GB 5413.39—2010的方法进行检测。

1.3.2 氨基酸含量

骆驼奶、马奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶中氨基酸含量依据GB 5009.124—2016的方法进行检测。

1.3.3 脂肪酸含量

骆驼奶、马奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶中脂肪酸含量依据GB 5009.168—2016的方法进行检测。

1.4 统计分析

试验结果首先利用Excel 2021进行初步整理,之后采用SPSS 26.0软件进行单因素方差分析,差异显著者采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,结果表示为平均值±标准差,P<0.05表示差异显著,P>0.05表示差异不显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 骆驼奶、马奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶中常规营养成分含量比较

由表2可知,骆驼奶、马奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶中乳脂率、乳蛋白率和总固体含量差异显著(P<0.05),表现为绵羊奶>骆驼奶>山羊奶>马奶。绵羊奶中非脂乳固体含量显著高于骆驼奶、马奶和山羊奶(P<0.05),且山羊奶中非脂乳固体含量显著高于马奶(P<0.05)。马奶中乳糖含量显著高于山羊奶、骆驼奶和绵羊奶(P<0.05),且骆驼奶和绵羊奶中乳糖含量显著高于山羊奶(P<0.05)。
表2 骆驼奶、马奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶中常规营养成分含量比较

Table 2 Comparison of conventional nutritional component contents in camel milk, horse milk, goat milk and sheep milk %

项目
Items		 骆驼奶
Camel milk		 马奶
Horse milk		 山羊奶
Goat milk		 绵羊奶
Sheep milk
乳脂率Milk fat rate 6.37±0.11b 1.01±0.19d 4.38±0.12c 7.34±0.07a
乳蛋白率Milk protein rate 4.45±0.03b 1.74±0.10d 3.66±0.09c 6.31±0.05a
总固体含量Total solid content 15.99±0.27b 10.88±0.38d 14.28±0.18c 18.63±0.14a
非脂乳固体含量Solid non-fat content 9.76±0.12bc 9.18±0.27c 9.86±0.16b 11.30±0.08a
乳糖含量Lactose content 4.39±0.07b 7.14±0.22a 3.84±0.03c 4.28±0.04b

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 骆驼奶、马奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶中氨基酸含量比较

由表3可知,绵羊奶中8种必需氨基酸(EAA)、9种非必需氨基酸(NEAA)及总氨基酸(TAA)含量均显著高于骆驼奶、马奶和山羊奶(P<0.05)。联合国粮农组织(FAO)和世界卫生组织(WHO)规定理想蛋白质标准中EAA/TAA为40%,EAA/NEAA为60%以上为最佳。本研究中,骆驼奶、马奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶中EAA/TAA和EAA/NEAA均高于FAO/WHO理想蛋白质标准,可以满足人体对氨基酸的需要。其中,山羊奶中EAA/TAA和EAA/NEAA显著高于马奶和绵羊奶(P<0.05)。
表3 骆驼奶、马奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶中氨基酸含量比较

Table 3 Comparison of conventional amino acid contents in camel milk, horse milk, goat milk and sheep milk %

项目
Items		 骆驼奶
Camel milk		 马奶
Horse milk		 山羊奶
Goat milk		 绵羊奶
Sheep milk








必需氨基酸
EAA		 苏氨酸Thr 0.194±0.004b 0.062±0.003c 0.177±0.006b 0.292±0.029a
缬氨酸Val 0.253±0.005b 0.089±0.005c 0.238±0.007b 0.434±0.033a
蛋氨酸Met 0.097±0.002b 0.028±0.002d 0.071±0.003c 0.163±0.012a
异亮氨酸Ile 0.227±0.004b 0.075±0.005d 0.166±0.005c 0.326±0.027a
亮氨酸Leu 0.404±0.008b 0.153±0.010c 0.342±0.010b 0.674±0.053a
苯丙氨酸Phe 0.179±0.003b 0.069±0.004c 0.171±0.006b 0.316±0.025a
赖氨酸Lys 0.306±0.006b 0.115±0.007c 0.272±0.008b 0.563±0.037a
组氨酸His 0.129±0.002b 0.062±0.004c 0.112±0.004b 0.211±0.014a





非必需氨基酸
NEAA		 天冬氨酸Asp 0.293±0.006b 0.145±0.008c 0.261±0.008b 0.548±0.038a
丝氨酸Ser 0.202±0.004b 0.088±0.005c 0.182±0.006b 0.364±0.033a
谷氨酸Glu 0.918±0.021b 0.355±0.026d 0.743±0.024c 1.499±0.090a
甘氨酸Gly 0.050±0.001b 0.025±0.001c 0.060±0.002b 0.130±0.014a
丙氨酸Ala 0.087±0.001b 0.049±0.003c 0.101±0.003b 0.242±0.026a
胱氨酸Cys 0.011±0.001b 0.011±0.001b 0.009±0.001b 0.029±0.006a
酪氨酸Tyr 0.173±0.003b 0.064±0.003d 0.140±0.004c 0.303±0.029a
脯氨酸Pro 0.358±0.008b 0.092±0.008c 0.341±0.005b 0.531±0.110a
精氨酸Arg 0.163±0.003b 0.086±0.006c 0.098±0.003c 0.219±0.023a
总氨基酸TAA 4.042±0.070b 1.568±0.099c 3.484±0.097b 6.844±0.563a
必需氨基酸EAA 1.789±0.033b 0.654±0.040c 1.552±0.047b 2.980±0.227a
非必需氨基酸NEAA 2.253±0.037b 0.915±0.060c 1.936±0.050b 3.868±0.338a
必需氨基酸/总氨基酸EAA/TAA 44.2±0.1ab 41.7±0.2c 44.5±0.2a 43.6±0.4b
必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸EAA/NEAA 79.3±0.4ab 71.6±0.7c 80.1±0.5a 77.4±1.4b
由表4可知,本研究进一步分析了骆驼奶、马奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶中风味氨基酸含量,马奶中鲜味类氨基酸(谷氨酸、天冬氨酸)含量显著高于骆驼奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶(P<0.05),山羊奶中甜味类氨基酸(甘氨酸、丙氨酸、丝氨酸、脯氨酸)含量显著高于骆驼奶和马奶(P<0.05),绵羊奶中芳香族类氨基酸(酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸)含量显著高于马奶(P<0.05)。
表4 骆驼奶、马奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶中风味氨基酸含量比较

Table 4 Comparison of flavor amino acid contents in camel milk, horse milk, goat milk and sheep milk %

项目
Items		 骆驼奶
Camel milk		 马奶
Horse milk		 山羊奶
Goat milk		 绵羊奶
Sheep milk
鲜味类氨基酸Umami amino acids 29.91±0.19b 31.80±0.29a 28.79±0.15b 30.12±0.93b
甜味类氨基酸Sweet amino acids 17.28±0.25bc 16.16±0.27c 19.67±0.29a 18.25±1.22ab
芳香族类氨基酸Aromatic amino acids 8.72±0.06ab 8.54±0.13b 8.91±0.08ab 9.03±0.13a

2.3 骆驼奶、马奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶中脂肪酸含量比较

由表5可知,骆驼奶、马奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶中检出的脂肪酸种类分别为33、24、30和34种,均未检出二十二碳六烯酸(DHA),马奶未检出二十碳五烯酸(EPA)。山羊奶和绵羊奶中短链脂肪酸(SCFA)含量显著高于骆驼奶和马奶(P<0.05),其中绵羊奶中SCFA含量最高,为2.27%。山羊奶中中链脂肪酸(MCFA)含量最高,为18.97%,显著高于骆驼奶、马奶和绵羊奶(P<0.05)。骆驼奶中长链脂肪酸(LCFA)含量最高,为97.87%,显著高于马奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶(P<0.05)。山羊奶中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量最高,为71.6%,显著高于骆驼奶、马奶和绵羊奶(P<0.05)。山羊奶中不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和PUFA含量均最低,分别为28.4%、24.6%和3.8%;马奶中不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)和PUFA含量最高,分别为56.83%和29.09%,显著高于骆驼奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶(P<0.05);绵羊奶中MUFA含量最高,为34.58%,显著高于马奶和山羊奶(P<0.05)。马奶中PUFA/SFA及n-3 PUFA和n-6 PUFA含量显著高于骆驼奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶(P<0.05)。绵羊奶中共轭亚油酸(CLA)含量最高,为368.87 ng/μL,显著高于骆驼奶、马奶和山羊奶(P<0.05);马奶中CLA含量最低,为6.12 ng/μL,显著低于骆驼奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶(P<0.05)。
表5 骆驼奶、马奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶中脂肪酸含量比较

Table 5 Comparison of fatty acid contents in camel milk, horse milk, goat milk and sheep milk

项目
Items		 骆驼奶
Camel milk		 马奶
Horse milk		 山羊奶
Goat milk		 绵羊奶
Sheep milk
丁酸C4∶0/% 0.04±0.04b 0.07±0.06b 2.01±0.32a 2.27±0.64a
己酸C6∶0/% 0.17±0.09b 0.33±0.09b 1.93±0.25a 1.70±0.32a
辛酸C8∶0/% 0.21±0.06c 1.85±0.58b 2.35±0.22a 1.75±0.38b
葵酸C10∶0/% 0.28±0.09d 4.04±1.33c 9.06±0.50a 5.83±1.36b
十一碳酸C11∶0/% 0.01±0.00b 0.02±0.03b 0.10±0.04a 0.08±0.02a
月桂酸C12∶0/% 1.42±0.25c 5.32±1.42a 5.53±0.56a 3.81±0.82b
十三碳酸C13∶0/% 0.10±0.03a 0.03±0.02b 0.08±0.04a 0.11±0.01a
肉豆蔻酸C14∶0/% 15.86±1.38a 6.68±1.00c 11.70±0.74b 10.56±1.67b
肉豆蔻油酸C14∶1/% 1.18±0.25a 0.72±0.15b 0.33±0.05c 0.29±0.13c
十五碳酸C15∶0/% 1.39±0.18a 0.36±0.06d 0.90±0.10c 1.11±0.06b
十五碳烯酸C15∶1/% 0.04±0.02a ND ND 0.01±0.01b
棕榈酸C16∶0/% 29.03±1.90ab 22.21±2.65c 29.78±1.73a 25.89±1.28b
十六碳烯酸C16∶1/% 8.25±1.12a 7.00±1.34a 1.01±0.12b 1.14±0.04b
十七碳酸17∶0/% 0.66±0.12a 0.14±0.08c 0.50±0.19b 0.75±0.10a
十七碳烯酸C17∶1/% 0.54±0.07a 0.54±0.21a 0.28±0.12b 0.36±0.05b
硬脂酸C18∶0/% 13.27±1.79a 1.78±0.72c 7.43±0.86b 11.71±0.92a
反式油酸C18∶1n9t/% 1.55±4.09a ND 0.55±0.59a 5.22±6.95a
油酸C18∶1n9c/% 22.72±3.54ab 18.67±3.74b 22.11±2.18ab 26.96±2.89a
反式亚油酸C18∶2n6t/% 0.29±0.25a ND 0.40±0.26a 0.12±0.17a
亚油酸C18∶2n6c/% 2.62±0.43b 10.02±5.12a 2.94±0.21b 3.02±0.47b
γ-亚麻酸C18∶3n6/% 0.12±0.05ac 0.10±0.08ab 0.05±0.05b 0.16±0.02a
α-亚麻酸C18∶3n3(ALA)/% 0.45±0.27b 17.30±6.10a 0.26±0.14b 0.31±0.13b
花生酸C20∶0/% 0.28±0.10a 0.14±0.25bc 0.16±0.08ac 0.33±0.01ac
二十碳一烯酸C20∶1/% 0.18±0.06a 0.19±0.08a 0.02±0.03b 0.07±0.01b
二十一碳酸C21∶0/% 0.19±0.07a 0.20±0.13a 0.03±0.03b 0.09±0.02ab
二十碳二烯酸C20∶2/% 0.01±0.01a ND 0.01±0.01ac 0.05±0.02b
山嵛酸C22∶0/% 0.03±0.03 ND ND 0.03±0.02
芥酸C22∶1/% 0.18±0.06b ND 0.20±0.07b 0.33±0.02a
二十三碳三烯酸C23∶3/% ND 0.45±0.13 ND ND
二十碳三烯酸C20∶3/% 0.01±0.03 ND ND 0.02±0.02
花生四烯酸C20∶4n6/% 0.08±0.08b 0.47±0.34a 0.04±0.05b 0.13±0.01b
二十三碳酸C23∶0/% 0.09±0.11 ND 0.01±0.03 0.08±0.10
二十二碳二烯酸C22∶2/% 0.02±0.03 ND ND ND
木焦油酸C24∶0/% ND ND ND 0.05±0.03
二十碳五烯酸C20∶5(EPA)/% 0.09±0.08ab ND 0.01±0.05b 0.12±0.07a
二十四碳一烯酸C24∶1/% ND ND 0.48±0.87a 0.04±0.05b
二十二碳六烯酸C22∶6(DHA)/% ND ND ND ND
短链脂肪酸SCFA/% 0.04±0.04b 0.07±0.06b 2.01±0.32a 2.27±0.64a
中链脂肪酸MCFA/% 2.09±0.46c 11.56±3.33b 18.97±1.17a 13.17±2.76b
长链脂肪酸LCFA/% 97.87±0.49a 88.37±3.41b 79.02±1.31d 84.56±2.80c
饱和脂肪酸SFA/% 61.83±6.30b 43.17±5.61c 71.60±2.03a 61.48±7.05b
不饱和脂肪酸UFA/% 38.17±6.30b 56.83±5.66a 28.40±2.03c 38.52±7.24b
单不饱和脂肪酸MUFA/% 34.36±6.02a 27.69±4.96b 24.60±2.22b 34.58±6.89a
多不饱和脂肪酸PUFA/% 3.82±0.94c 29.09±4.92a 3.80±0.37c 3.94±0.61bc
多不饱和脂肪酸/饱和脂肪酸PUFA/SFA 0.06±0.02b 0.69±0.18a 0.05±0.01b 0.07±0.01b
多不饱和脂肪酸n-3 PUFA/% 0.53±0.31b 17.30±6.11a 0.27±0.15b 0.43±0.19b
多不饱和脂肪酸n-6 PUFA/% 2.83±0.73b 11.31±4.53a 3.07±0.28b 3.15±0.48b
饱和脂肪酸∶单不饱和脂肪酸∶
多不饱和脂肪酸
SFA∶MUFA∶PUFA		 16∶9∶1 2∶1∶1 19∶6∶1 16∶9∶1
n-6∶n-3 5.34 0.65 11.37 7.33
共轭亚油酸CLA/(ng/μL) 199.95±110.89b 6.12±5.83d 136.49±102.02bc 368.87±203.10a

ND:未检出 not detected。

3 讨论

奶罐奶是每个牧场所有泌乳牛的混合奶样,因此每个奶罐奶包含几百甚至几千头泌乳牛的奶样,可以反映整个牧场的饲喂模式及乳品质等。本研究采集了内蒙古主要特色奶畜养殖地区的奶罐奶,比较研究了其常规营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸等营养指标,可以反映出内蒙古地区不同饲养模式特色奶畜之间营养物质的差异,对特色奶畜的研究及特色奶在生产中的应用有一定指导意义。
乳脂率和乳蛋白率是衡量乳品质优劣的关键指标。本研究结果表明,绵羊奶中乳脂率、乳蛋白率、总固体含量及非脂乳固体含量均显著高于骆驼奶、马奶和山羊奶,且乳脂率、乳蛋白率和总固体含量均表现出绵羊奶>骆驼奶>山羊奶>马奶的规律。王春伟等[7]研究表明,绵羊奶中乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖含量、总固体含量和非脂乳固体含量均显著高于山羊奶。王丽等[8]研究表明,绵羊奶中乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖含量、非脂乳固体含量和总固体含量均显著高于山羊奶和牛奶,分别为7.28%、6.81%、4.64%、13.57%和20.85%。张和平等[9]报道,马奶的乳脂率为0.2%~3.5%,乳蛋白率为1.7%~3.0%,乳糖含量为5.6%~7.1%。褚楚等[10]研究表明,骆驼奶的乳脂率、乳蛋白率和总固体含量显著高于山羊奶和马奶,上述研究结果均与本研究结果相一致,提示绵羊奶的乳脂肪等常规营养成分含量较高。本研究结果表明,马奶中乳脂率为1.01%,乳蛋白率为1.74%,乳糖含量为7.14%,与上述文献报道基本一致;马奶中乳糖含量显著高于山羊奶、骆驼奶和绵羊奶,且表现出马奶>骆驼奶>绵羊奶>山羊奶的规律。褚楚等[10]研究表明,马奶的乳糖含量显著高于骆驼奶和山羊奶,与本研究结果相一致。由于马奶产量少,乳糖含量高且易变质,因此马奶多制成酸马奶或马奶酒。此外,马奶的高乳糖、低蛋白质特征与人乳相似,适合婴幼儿饮用。
氨基酸的营养价值不仅体现在数量上,也与其构成比例相关。氨基酸模式与人乳氨基酸模式越接近,蛋白质营养价值相对越高[11],根据FAO/WHO提出的理想蛋白质标准,即组成蛋白质EAA/TAA应达到40%左右,且EAA/NEAA应在60%以上[12]。本研究结果表明,相比与骆驼奶和山羊奶,绵羊奶和马奶中EAA/TAA和EAA/NEAA均更接近FAO/WHO公布的人乳比例(42.96%和75.32%)[12],因此绵羊奶和马奶的蛋白质营养价值相对较高,更容易被机体吸收利用。这与叶乐等[13]和刘亚东等[14]报道相一致。乳中富含的鲜味、甜味、芳香族类氨基酸是形成不同类型特色畜乳独特风味的重要原因之一。本研究结果表明,马奶中鲜味类氨基酸含量骆驼奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶,表明马奶味道相对更加鲜美;山羊奶中甜味类氨基酸含量最为丰富,表明山羊奶口感更清甜;绵羊奶、山羊奶和骆驼奶中芳香族类氨基酸含显著高于和马奶,表明其滋味相对更为浓郁醇厚。
脂肪酸是合成乳脂肪的物质,根据碳原子数一般分为LCFA、MCFA和SCFA,根据碳碳双键的数目分为SFA、MUFA和PUFA。本研究结果表明,山羊奶和绵羊奶中LCFA和SCFA含量均高于骆驼奶和马奶,且山羊奶中MCFA含量显著高于骆驼奶、马奶和绵羊奶,与Liu等[15]报道山羊奶中SCFA含量高于骆驼奶相一致;骆驼奶中LCFA含量显著高于马奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶,山羊奶中LCFA含量最低。LCFA对心血管疾病有益处,MCFA可以控制体重,调节脂质代谢[16],因此对于心血管疾病的患者可以优先选择骆驼奶,肥胖患者可以优先选择山羊奶和绵羊奶。n-3 PUFA对心律失常、神经发育和免疫系统调节具有积极影响[17-19]。本研究结果表明,马奶中n-3 PUFA含量显著高于骆驼奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶,与叶乐等[13]报道马奶中n-3 PUFA含量高于羊乳相一致;山羊奶中SFA含量显著高于骆驼奶、马奶和绵羊奶,与相关文献报道[20-22]相一致。
亚油酸和α-亚麻酸是人体必需脂肪酸,其含量是评价脂肪酸质量的重要指标。本研究结果表明,骆驼奶、马奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶中PUFA均以亚油酸和α-亚麻酸为主,但是马奶中亚油酸和α-亚麻酸含量显著高于骆驼奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶,与叶乐等[13]报道相一致。与人母乳中α-亚麻酸含量(0.60%~1.36%)相比[23],本研究马奶中α-亚麻酸含量远高于人母乳,提示马奶有利于婴幼儿智力的发育。SFA∶MUFA∶PUFA是评价脂肪酸营养价值的重要指标,中国营养学会推荐比例1∶1∶1,n-6∶n-3低于4,甚至应达到1[11]。本研究结果表明,马奶的SFA∶MUFA∶PUFA为2∶1∶1,且n-6∶n-3为0.65,最接近中国营养学会要求,与骆驼奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶相比,马奶脂肪酸营养价值较高,更符合国民营养需求。CLA具有降低体重、体脂量及腹部肥胖等作用[24],与Ⅱ型糖尿病、心血管疾病和代谢综合征有关[25-26],具有抗炎作用[27-28],补充CLA还可以在保护血压和不同类型的癌症方面发挥至关重要的作用[29-31]。本研究结果表明,绵羊奶中CLA含量为368.87 ng/uL,显著高于骆驼奶、马奶和山羊奶,提示绵羊奶对上述疾病的防控作用较强。

4 结论

绵羊奶中常规营养成分和CLA含量高于骆驼奶、马奶和绵羊奶,山羊奶和绵羊奶中SCFA含量高于骆驼奶和马奶,马奶中n-3 PUFA和n-6 PUFA含量高于骆驼奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶,骆驼奶中LCFA含量高于马奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶。

参考文献

原文顺序 | 文献年度倒序 | 文中引用次数倒序
[1]
THAKUR R, BISWAL P, SARI T P, et al. Therapeutic effect of goat milk and its value-addition:current status and way forward[J]. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2024, 61(9):1621-1631.

[2]
OSPANOV A, ZHAKUPOVA G, TOXANBAYEVA B. Solvingthe problem of serum utilization in Kazaкhstan[J]. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2018,7:200-205.

[3]
MULDASHEVA A K, TOXANBAYEVA B, OSPANOV A, et al. Study of the composition and properties of sheep milk in Northern Kazakhstan[J]. Eurasian Journal of Biosciences, 2019, 13(2):1997-2000.

[4]
ALHAJ O A, ALKANHAL H A. Compositional,technological and nutritional aspects of dromedary camel milk[J]. International Dairy Journal, 2010, 20(12):811-821.

[5]
HAMMAM A R A. Compositional and therapeutic properties of camel milk:a review[J]. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, 2019, 31(3):148-152.

[6]
黄雅琴, 于海宁, 沈生荣. 马奶营养成分及其对心血管疾病的防治作用[J]. 现代医药卫生, 2024, 40(24):4294-4298.

HUANG YQ, YU H N, SHEN S R, et al. Nutritional components of mare’s milk and its preventive and therapeutic effects on cardiovascular diseases[J]. Modern Medicine & Health, 2024, 40(24):4294-4298. (in Chinese)

[7]
王春伟, 徐全忠, 王乐群, 等. 绵羊与山羊乳成分及泌乳期乳代谢组比较分析[J]. 食品与发酵工业, 2024, 50(13):140-148.

WANG C W, XU Q Z, WANG L Q, et al. Comparative analysis of milk composition and lactation milk metabolism groups in sheep and goats[J]. Food and Fermentation Industries, 2024, 50(13):140-148. (in Chinese)

DOI

[8]
王丽. 东湖杂交绵羊奶的乳成分分析及理化指标的季节变化探究[D].硕士学位论文. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2024.

WANG L. Analysis of milk composition and exploration of seasonal changes in physical and chemical indicators of Donghu hybrid sheep milk[D].Master’s Thesis. Yangling: Northwest A&F University, 2024. (in Chinese)

[9]
张和平, 张列兵. 现代乳品工业手册[M]. 北京: 中国轻工业出版社, 2005:253-254.

ZHANG H P, ZHANG L B. Handbook of modern dairy industry[M]. Beijing: China Light Industry Press, 2005:253-254. (in Chinese)

[10]
褚楚, 张依, 向世馨, 等. 山羊奶、牦牛奶、马奶和驼奶中营养成分.含量的比较研究[J]. 中国奶牛, 2022(3):34-39.

CHU C, ZHANG Y, XIANG S X, et al. Comparative study on nutritional components in the milk of goat,yak,horse and camel[J]. China Dairy Cattle, 2022(3):34-39. (in Chinese)

[11]
杨月欣, 葛可佑. 中国营养科学全书[M]. 2版. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2019:58-75.

YANG Y X, GE K Y. Encyclopedia of nutrition science[M]. 2nd ed. Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House, 2019:58-75. (in Chinese)

[12]
Joint WHO/FAO/UNU Expert Consultation. Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition[J]. World Health Organization Technical Report Series, 2007,935:1-265.

[13]
叶乐, 王越男, 刘雨佳, 等. 蒙古马乳营养成分检测与特征分析[J]. 中国乳品工业, 2022, 50(10):23-29.

YE L, WANG Y N, LIU Y J, et al. Detection and characteristic analysis of nutritional component in Mongolian horse milk[J]. China Dairy Industry, 2022, 50(10):23-29. (in Chinese)

[14]
刘亚东, 宋秋, 霍贵成. 马奶和母乳的营养成分比较分析[J]. 食品工业, 2012, 33(11):156-158.

LIU Y D, SONG Q, HUO G C. Comparison of nutrient components in human milks and mare milk[J]. The Food Industry, 2012, 33(11):156-158. (in Chinese)

[15]
LIU Y D, SONG Q, HUO G C. Comparative analysis of nutritional components between mare’s milk and breast milk[J]. Food Industry, 2012, 33(11):156-158.

[16]
WANG F G, CHEN M Q, LUO R B, et al. Fatty acid profiles of milk from Holstein cows,Jersey cows,buffalos,yaks,humans,goats,camels,and donkeys based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2022, 105(2):1687-1700.

[17]
GÓMEZ-CORTÉS P, JUÁREZ M, DE LA FUENTE M A.Milk fatty acids and potential health benefits:an updated vision[J]. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2018,81:1-9.

[18]
DILZER A, PARK Y. Implication of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in human health[J]. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2012, 52(6):488-513.

DOI PMID

[19]
KUHNT K, DEGEN C, JAHREIS G. Evaluation of the impact of ruminant trans fatty acids on human health:important aspects to consider[J]. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2016, 56(12):1964-1980.

[20]
FUKE G, NORNBERG J L. Systematic evaluation on the effectiveness of conjugated linoleic acid in human health[J]. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2017, 57(1):1-7.

PMID

[21]
顾翔宇, 郭军, 李莎莎, 等. 内蒙古牛马驼乳脂肪中脂肪酸构成的比较[J]. 中国乳品工业, 2016, 44(3):16-19.

GU X Y, GUO J, LI S S, et al. Comparison on milk fat fatty acids profile of Inner Mongolian cow,horse and Bactrian camel[J]. China Dairy Industry, 2016, 44(3):16-19. (in Chinese)

[22]
DONG Z, GAO X, CHINCHILLI V M, et al. Association of dietary sulfur amino acid intake with mortality from diabetes and other causes[J]. European Journal of Nutrition, 2022, 61(1):289-298.

[23]
张鑫, 刘莉敏, 郭军, 等. 脂肪酸指纹判别特种家畜乳真实性的可行性分析[J]. 食品科技, 2018, 43(9):146-151.

ZHANG X, LIU L M, GUO J, et al. The feasibility of authenticating peculiar livestock milk by fatty acid fingerprint modeling[J]. Food Science and Technology, 2018, 43(9):146-151. (in Chinese)

[24]
PIESZKA M, ŁUSZCZYÑSKI J, ZAMACHOWSKA M, et al. Is mare milk an appropriate food for people?A review[J]. Annals of Animal Science, 2016, 16(1):33-51.

[25]
NAMAZI N, IRANDOOST P, LARIJANI B, et al. The effects of supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid on anthropometric indices and body composition in overweight and obese subjects:a systematic review and Meta-analysis[J]. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2019, 59(17):2720-2733.

[26]
AMINOT-GILCHRIST D V, ANDERSON H D. Insulin resistance-associated cardiovascular disease:potential benefits of conjugated linoleic acid[J]. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2004, 79(6):1159S-1163S.

[27]
KIM B, LIM H R, LEE H, et al. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on metabolic syndrome patients:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Journal of Functional Foods, 2016,25:588-598.

[28]
GHODOOSI N, RASAEI N, GOUDARZI K, et al. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on glycemic control,adipokines,cytokines,malondialdehyde and liver function enzymes in patients at risk of cardiovascular disease:a GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis[J]. Nutrition Journal, 2023, 22(1):47.

[29]
RASTGOO S, SHIMI G, SHIRASEB F, et al. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on inflammatory cytokines and adipokines in adults:a GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis[J]. Frontiers in Immunology, 2023,14:1092077.

[30]
DERAKHSHANDE-RISHEHRI S M, MANSOURIAN M, KELISHADI R, et al. Association of foods enriched in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and CLA supplements with lipid profile in human studies:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Public Health Nutrition, 2015, 18(11):2041-2054.

[31]
GONZÁLEZ A, FULLAONDO A, RODRÍGUEZ J, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid metabolite impact in colorectal cancer:a potential microbiome-based precision nutrition approach[J]. Nutrition Reviews, 2024, 83(2):e602-e614.

Options
文章导航

/

〈 〉

    联系我们

  • 地址：北京市海淀区圆明园西路2号
    　　　中国农业大学动科动医大楼153室
  • 邮编：100193
  • 电话：010－62817823
  • 网址：http://www.chinajan.com
  • E-mail：cjan@chinajan.com
京公网安备 11010802041926号    京ICP备17050989号-2