1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计
表1 试验牛首次采样的初始日龄Table 1 Initial days of age of experimental cattle at the first sampling |
| 品种 Breed | 序号 Number | 初始日龄 Initial days of age | 品种 Breed | 序号 Number | 初始日龄 Initial days of age | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
和牛 Wagyu cattle | 1 | 94 | 荷斯坦牛 Holstein cattle | 1 | 97 | |
| 2 | 96 | 2 | 105 | |||
| 3 | 89 | 3 | 105 | |||
| 4 | 94 | 4 | 108 | |||
| 5 | 106 | 5 | 107 |
表2 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (DM basis) |
| 项目 Items | 3~4月龄 3 to 4 months of age | 4~5月龄 4 to 5 months of age | 5~6月龄 5 to 6 months of age | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 干物质 采食量 DMI/[kg/ (头·d)] | 含量 Content/% | 干物质 采食量 DMI/[kg/ (头·d)] | 含量 Content/% | 干物质 采食量 DMI/[kg/ (头·d)] | 含量 Content/% | |||
| 原料Ingredients | ||||||||
| 精料补充料Concentrate supplement | 2.00 | 62.50 | 2.80 | 66.67 | 3.60 | 67.93 | ||
| 蒸气压片玉米Steam-flaked corn | 1.00 | 31.25 | 1.10 | 26.19 | 1.20 | 22.64 | ||
| 羊草Leymus chinensis1) | 0.20 | 6.25 | 0.30 | 7.14 | 0.50 | 9.43 | ||
| 合计Total | 3.20 | 100.00 | 4.20 | 100.00 | 5.30 | 100.00 | ||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | ||||||||
| 水分(风干基础) Moisture (air-dry basis) | 6.88 | 7.32 | 7.66 | |||||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 19.24 | 20.46 | 20.68 | |||||
| 粗脂肪EE | 7.15 | 8.37 | 8.48 | |||||
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 31.07 | 32.14 | 32.08 | |||||
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 19.15 | 19.37 | 20.36 | |||||
| 粗灰分Ash | 8.27 | 9.03 | 9.33 | |||||
| 钙Ca | 1.58 | 1.61 | 1.63 | |||||
| 总磷TP | 0.80 | 0.85 | 0.84 | |||||
1)不限制羊草饲喂量,此值为平均采食量。Unlimited feeding of Leymus chinensis, the value was the average feed intake.2)营养水平均为实测值。Nutrient levels were all measured values. |
1.2 样品采集
1.3 样品检测
1.3.1 DNA文库的构建和测序
1.3.2 测序数据质控
1.4 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 基因组测序数据质控和组装评估
图1 稀释曲线W3、W4、W5和W6分别对应和牛3、4、5和6月龄,H3、H4、H5和H6分别对应荷斯坦牛3、4、5和6月龄。下图同。 Fig.1 Rarefaction curves W3, W4, W5 and W6 represented the ages of 3, 4, 5 and 6 months of Wagyu cattle, while H3, H4, H5 and H6 represented the ages of 3, 4, 5 and 6 months of Holstein cattle, respectively. The same as below. |
表3 测序数据质控Table 3 Sequencing data quality control |
| 组别 Groups | 质控后数据量 Data volume after quality control/bp | 去除宿主后数据量 Data volume after removing host/bp | 有效数据量 Effective data volume/bp | GC含量 GC content/% | Q20值 Q20 value/% | Q30值 Q30 value/% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
和牛组 Wagyu group | W3 | 6 336 943 776 | 6 171 872 971 | 41 319 846 | 47.09 | 99.62 | 98.23 |
| W4 | 6 491 293 794 | 5 403 780 006 | 36 176 565 | 46.95 | 99.60 | 98.11 | |
| W5 | 6 343 665 839 | 6 150 578 851 | 41 181 321 | 47.94 | 99.61 | 98.17 | |
| W6 | 6 510 199 011 | 6 451 108 189 | 43 163 418 | 45.56 | 99.61 | 98.17 | |
荷斯坦牛组 Holstein group | H3 | 6 528 075 507 | 6 515 600 434 | 43 555 718 | 50.07 | 99.57 | 98.00 |
| H4 | 6 662 327 090 | 6 641 798 502 | 44 433 175 | 50.33 | 99.55 | 97.95 | |
| H5 | 6 426 791 854 | 6 409 733 001 | 42 846 782 | 49.80 | 99.54 | 97.92 | |
| H6 | 6 350 023 168 | 6 232 226 541 | 41 686 724 | 49.78 | 99.56 | 97.97 | |
W3、W4、W5和W6分别对应和牛3、4、5和6月龄,H3、H4、H5和H6分别对应荷斯坦牛3、4、5和6月龄。下表同。 | |
W3, W4, W5 and W6 represented the ages of 3, 4, 5 and 6 months of Wagyu cattle, while H3, H4, H5 and H6 represented the ages of 3, 4, 5 and 6 months of Holstein cattle, respectively. The same as below. |
表4 宏基因组组装评估Table 4 Metagenomic assembly assessment |
| 组别 Groups | 连续片段数 Number of contigs | 连续片段碱基数 Number of bases in contigs/ bp | 最长连续片段碱基数 Number of bases in the longest contig/bp | N50值 N50 value/bp | GC含量 GC content/% | 比对率 Mapping rate/% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
和牛组 Wagyu group | W3 | 499 639 | 410 034 915 | 439 530 | 1 219 | 46.79 | 84.94 |
| W4 | 587 397 | 415 682 111 | 372 953 | 741 | 47.24 | 67.40 | |
| W5 | 795 868 | 495 591 986 | 194 281 | 631 | 46.98 | 62.65 | |
| W6 | 898 227 | 519 208 435 | 108 435 | 578 | 44.98 | 59.88 | |
荷斯坦牛组 Holstein group | H3 | 787 751 | 572 177 406 | 439 630 | 781 | 50.38 | 75.62 |
| H4 | 799 542 | 580 469 752 | 377 358 | 779 | 50.61 | 76.08 | |
| H5 | 767 474 | 561 583 605 | 383 094 | 790 | 50.09 | 74.84 | |
| H6 | 739 874 | 536 341 278 | 398 651 | 777 | 50.19 | 74.35 | |
2.2 瘤胃微生物群落组成
2.2.1 瘤胃微生物群落在门水平上韦恩图
2.2.2 瘤胃微生物群落在属水平上韦恩图
2.2.3 瘤胃微生物群落在门和属水平上相对丰度
图4 不同品种和月龄犊牛瘤胃微生物群落在门(A)和属(B)水平上相对丰度(前20)Bacteroidetes:拟杆菌门;Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Euryarchaeota:广古菌门;Actinobacteria:放线菌门;Fibrobacteres:纤维杆菌门;Spirochaetes:螺旋体门;Lentisphaerae:黏胶球形菌门;Uroviricota:尾噬菌体门;Chytridiomycota:壶菌门;Verrucomicrobia:疣微菌门;Chlamydiae:衣原体门;Candidatus_Melainabacteria:暂定梅莱纳菌门;Tenericutes:软壁菌门;Planctomycetes:浮霉菌门;Ascomycota:子囊菌门;Mucoromycota:毛霉菌门;Fusobacteria:梭杆菌门;Chloroflexi:绿弯菌门;Basidiomycota:担子菌门;Prevotella:普雷沃氏菌属;Bacteroides:拟杆菌属;Methanobrevibacter:甲烷短杆菌属;Butyrivibrio:丁酸梭菌属;Ruminococcus:瘤胃球菌属;Clostridium:梭菌属;Sarcina:八叠球菌属;Fibrobacter:纤维杆菌属;Eubacterium:真杆菌属;Treponema:密螺旋体属;Succiniclasticum:解琥珀酸菌属;Alistipes:另枝菌属;Pseudobutyrivibrio:假丁酸弧菌属;Selenomonas:月形单胞菌属;Faecalibacterium:粪杆菌属;Blautia:布劳特氏菌属;Phocaeicola:海豹菌属;Intestinibaculum:肠杆菌属;Succinivibrio:琥珀酸弧菌属;Lachnoclostridium:毛螺梭菌属;Others:其他。图5和图6同 the same as Fig.5 and Fig.6。 Fig.4 Relative abundances of rumen microbiota at phylum (A) and genus (B) level in calves of different breeds and months of age (top 20) |
2.3 瘤胃微生物群落差异物种分析
2.3.1 瘤胃微生物群落随月龄变化的差异物种LEfSe分析
2.3.2 瘤胃微生物群落品种间差异物种LEfSe分析
2.4 瘤胃微生物群落多样性分析
2.4.1 瘤胃微生物群落alpha多样性
2.4.2 瘤胃微生物群落beta多样性
2.5 瘤胃微生物群落代谢通路
2.5.1 瘤胃微生物群落KEGG代谢通路注释
图9 犊牛瘤胃微生物群落KEGG 1级和2级代谢通路注释Metabolism:代谢;Genetic information processing:遗传信息处理;Environmental information processing:环境信息处理;Cellular processes:细胞过程;Global and overview maps:全局和概览图;Carbohydrate metabolism:碳水化合物代谢;Amino acid metabolism:氨基酸代谢;Nucleotide metabolism:核苷酸代谢;Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins:辅因子和维生素代谢;Energy metabolism:能量代谢;Glycan biosynthesis and metabolism:聚糖生物合成和代谢;Lipid metabolism:脂质代谢;Metabolism of other amino acids:其他氨基酸代谢;Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites:其他次生代谢物生物合成;Metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides:萜类和聚酮类代谢;Xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism:外源物质生物降解和代谢;Translation:翻译;Replication and repair:复制和修复;Folding, sorting and degradation:折叠、分类和降解;Transcription:转录;Membrane transport:膜转运;Signal transduction:信号转导;Cellular community-prokaryotes:细胞群体-原核生物;Cell motility:细胞运动;Transport and catabolism:运输和分解代谢;Cell growth and death:细胞生长和死亡。单一品种组内标记不同字母表示不同月龄间差异显著(P<0.05),相同月龄组间标记*表示不同品种间差异显著(P<0.05)。Groups of the single breed with different letters mean significant difference between months of age (P<0.05), and groups in the same month of age marked with * mean significant difference between different breeds (P<0.05). Fig.9 Annotation of level 1 and level 2 metabolic pathways in KEGG of rumen microbiota in calves |

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