1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验动物与试验设计
1.3 饲养管理
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 全株玉米青贮组 Whole-plant corn silage group | 破壁混合发酵玉米秸秆组 Cell-wall disrupted mixed fermented corn stalk group |
|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | ||
| 全株玉米青贮Whole-plant corn silage | 30.00 | |
| 破壁混合发酵玉米秸秆 Cell-wall disrupted mixed fermented corn stalk | 30.00 | |
| 玉米细粉Corn fine power | 38.50 | 38.50 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 7.70 | 7.70 |
| 膨化尿素Expanded urea | 0.70 | 0.70 |
| 干酒糟及其可溶物DDGS | 4.20 | 4.20 |
| 喷浆玉米皮Sprayed corn bran | 5.60 | 5.60 |
| 玉米胚芽粕Corn germ meal | 5.60 | 5.60 |
| 麸皮Wheat bran | 3.50 | 3.50 |
| 膨润土Bentonite | 0.70 | 0.70 |
| 氯化钠NaCl | 0.70 | 0.70 |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 0.28 | 0.28 |
| 氯化铵NH4Cl | 0.21 | 0.21 |
| 细石粉Fine limestone | 0.91 | 0.91 |
| 小苏打NaHCO3 | 0.70 | 0.70 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 0.70 | 0.70 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | ||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 10.90 | 10.73 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 13.74 | 14.17 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 28.57 | 24.91 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 12.07 | 10.25 |
| 粗灰分Ash | 8.34 | 8.95 |
| 钙Ca | 1.02 | 1.02 |
| 总磷TP | 0.58 | 0.58 |
1.4 样品采集与指标测定
1.4.1 营养成分指标
1.4.2 生长性能
平均日增重(g/d)=(末重-初重)/试验天数;
平均日采食量(kg/d)=总采食量/(试验天数×每组试验羊只数);
料重比=平均日采食量/平均日增重。
1.4.3 屠宰性能
屠宰率(%)=[胴体重(kg)/宰前活重(kg)]×100;
眼肌面积(cm2)=眼肌高度(cm)×眼肌宽度(cm)×0.7。
1.4.4 脂肪指数
1.4.5 肉品质
熟肉率(%)=[蒸煮后肉样重(g)/蒸煮前肉样重(g)]×100;
失水率(%)={[挤压前肉样重(g)-挤压后肉样重(g)]/挤压前肉样重(g)}×100。
1.4.6 瘤胃微生物区系
1.5 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 营养成分分析
表2 全株玉米青贮和破壁混合发酵玉米秸秆的营养成分(干物质基础)Table 2 Nutrients of whole-plant corn silage and cell-wall disrupted mixed fermented corn stalk (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 全株玉米青贮 Whole-plant corn silage | 破壁混合发酵玉米秸秆 Cell-wall disrupted mixed fermented corn stalk | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 粗蛋白质CP | 6.12±0.10 | 7.56±0.04 | 0.321 |
| 粗灰分Ash | 4.46±0.13 | 6.48±0.09 | 0.524 |
| 粗纤维CF | 20.80±0.12A | 16.45±0.38B | <0.001 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 49.90±0.81A | 37.73±0.38B | <0.001 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 27.20±0.19A | 24.44±0.27B | <0.001 |
| 钙Ca | 2.56±0.43 | 2.58±0.29 | 0.944 |
| 总磷TP | 0.08±0.00 | 0.09±0.00 | 0.468 |
同行数据肩标无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below. |
2.2 破壁混合发酵玉米秸秆对肉羊生长性能的影响
表3 破壁混合发酵玉米秸秆对肉羊生长性能的影响Table 3 Effects of cell-wall disrupted mixed fermented corn stalk on growth performance of meat sheep |
| 项目 Items | 全株玉米青贮组 Whole-plant corn silage group | 破壁混合发酵玉米秸秆组 Cell-wall disrupted mixed fermented corn stalk group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 初重IBW/kg | 26.63±4.57 | 26.06±2.94 | 0.744 |
| 末重FBW/kg | 44.35±7.22 | 45.07±3.48 | 0.780 |
| 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | 236.27±46.19 | 253.47±23.34 | 0.307 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(kg/d) | 1.70±0.09 | 1.76±0.12 | 0.635 |
| 料重比F/G | 7.20±1.06a | 6.75±0.53b | 0.010 |
2.3 破壁混合发酵玉米秸秆对肉羊屠宰性能的影响
表4 破壁混合发酵玉米秸秆对肉羊屠宰性能的影响Table 4 Effects of cell-wall disrupted mixed fermented corn stalk on slaughter performance of meat sheep |
| 项目 Items | 全株玉米青贮组 Whole-plant corn silage group | 破壁混合发酵玉米秸秆组 Cell-wall disrupted mixed fermented corn stalk group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 宰前活重Live weight before slaughter/kg | 46.90±4.78 | 47.05±3.03 | 0.949 |
| 胴体重Carcass weight/kg | 23.92±2.57 | 25.18±1.60 | 0.331 |
| 屠宰率Dressing percentage/% | 50.98±0.98b | 53.54±1.84a | 0.013 |
| GR值GR value/mm | 12.83±1.68b | 16.31±3.21a | 0.041 |
| 背膘厚Back fat thickness/mm | 5.27±0.81A | 3.47±0.51B | <0.001 |
| 眼肌面积Eye muscle area/cm2 | 11.62±2.90b | 15.76±3.25a | 0.042 |
2.4 破壁混合发酵玉米秸秆对肉羊脂肪沉积的影响
表5 破壁混合发酵玉米秸秆对肉羊脂肪沉积的影响Table 5 Effects of cell-wall disrupted mixed fermented corn stalk on fat deposition of meat sheep |
| 项目 Items | 全株玉米青贮组 Whole-plant corn silage group | 破壁混合发酵玉米秸秆组 Cell-wall disrupted mixed fermented corn stalk group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 肾周脂肪Perirenal fat | |||
| 重量Weight/g | 174.67±5.46B | 209.17±28.17A | <0.001 |
| 指数Index/% | 0.37±0.05b | 0.45±0.11a | 0.043 |
| 胃肠脂肪Gastrointestinal fat | |||
| 重量Weight/g | 828.74±18.46 | 840.43±20.01 | 0.871 |
| 指数Index/% | 1.78±0.22 | 1.80±0.23 | 0.819 |
| 睾丸脂肪Testis fat | |||
| 重量Weight/g | 152.23±19.43b | 159.98±5.57a | 0.017 |
| 指数Index/% | 0.33±0.79 | 0.34±0.05 | 0.393 |
| 心脏脂肪Heart fat | |||
| 重量Weight/g | 50.50±2.79 | 52.84±10.28 | 0.126 |
| 指数Index/% | 0.11±0.03 | 0.11±0.03 | 0.659 |
2.5 破壁混合发酵玉米秸秆对肉羊背最长肌肉品质的影响
表6 破壁混合发酵玉米秸秆对肉羊背最长肌肉品质的影响Table 6 Effects of cell-wall disrupted mixed fermented corn stalk on meat quality of longissimus dorsi of meat sheep |
| 项目 Items | 全株玉米青贮组 Whole-plant corn silage group | 破壁混合发酵玉米秸秆组 Cell-wall disrupted mixed fermented corn stalk group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 水分Moisture/% | 70.91±2.32 | 71.19±2.10 | 0.834 |
| 粗蛋白质CP/% | 22.72±3.51 | 23.07±4.06 | 0.567 |
| 粗灰分Ash/% | 3.11±0.45 | 3.04±0.40 | 0.699 |
| 粗脂肪EE/% | 4.76±1.24 | 5.21±1.30 | 0.300 |
| pH45 min | 6.65±0.20A | 6.28±0.39B | 0.001 |
| 亮度L* | 35.01±2.18 | 33.90±2.32 | 0.148 |
| 红度a* | 7.94±1.35b | 9.61±2.00a | 0.012 |
| 黄度b* | 8.57±1.76 | 8.03±1.32 | 0.308 |
| 熟肉率Cooked meat rate/% | 63.71±1.53b | 66.28±3.52a | 0.030 |
| 剪切力Shear force/N | 20.63±2.42a | 17.72±3.94b | 0.012 |
| 失水率Water loss rate/% | 55.31±9.35 | 50.94±5.26 | 0.334 |
2.6 破壁混合发酵玉米秸秆对肉羊背最长肌氨基酸含量的影响
表7 破壁混合发酵玉米秸秆对肉羊背最长肌氨基酸含量的影响Table 7 Effects of cell-wall disrupted mixed fermented corn stalk on amino acid contents in longissimus dorsi of meat sheep mg/g |
| 项目 Items | 全株玉米青贮组 Whole-plant corn silage group | 破壁混合发酵玉米秸秆组 Cell-wall disrupted mixed fermented corn stalk group | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 必需氨基酸EAA | |||||||
| 苏氨酸Thr | 9.05±0.32b | 9.59±0.34a | 0.018 | ||||
| 缬氨酸Val | 7.89±0.71b | 9.06±0.78a | 0.021 | ||||
| 蛋氨酸Met | 3.63±0.28 | 3.86±0.28 | 0.182 | ||||
| 异亮氨酸Ile | 7.11±0.69b | 8.37±0.80a | 0.016 | ||||
| 亮氨酸Leu | 15.66±0.53b | 16.73±0.66a | 0.012 | ||||
| 苯丙氨酸Phe | 6.78±0.40B | 7.55±0.29A | 0.004 | ||||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 17.13±0.66b | 18.33±0.69a | 0.012 | ||||
| 半胱氨酸Cys | 2.41±0.13B | 2.71±0.12A | 0.002 | ||||
| 非必需氨基酸NEAA | |||||||
| 天冬氨酸Asp | 18.01±0.42 | 18.58±0.66 | 0.105 | ||||
| 丝氨酸Ser | 7.60±0.23 | 7.76±0.21 | 0.258 | ||||
| 甘氨酸Gly | 8.79±0.36 | 9.06±0.43 | 0.268 | ||||
| 谷氨酸Glu | 30.60±1.06b | 32.21±1.36a | 0.046 | ||||
| 丙氨酸Ala | 11.71±0.41 | 11.90±0.37 | 0.416 | ||||
| 酪氨酸Tyr | 6.07±0.36b | 6.64±0.26a | 0.010 | ||||
| 组氨酸His | 8.94±0.33 | 9.27±0.22 | 0.069 | ||||
| 精氨酸Arg | 11.56±0.41b | 12.34±0.51a | 0.015 | ||||
| 必需氨基酸EAA | 69.65±3.21B | 76.19±2.25A | 0.002 | ||||
| 非必需氨基酸NEAA | 103.28±2.94b | 107.75±2.45a | 0.017 | ||||
| 甜味氨基酸SAA1) | 63.16±2.06B | 66.98±1.45A | 0.004 | ||||
| 鲜味氨基酸DAA2) | 69.11±1.92b | 71.75±1.70a | 0.031 |
1)甜味氨基酸包括苏氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸和异亮氨酸。Sweet amino acids included Thr,Ser,Glu,Gly and Ile.2)鲜味氨基酸包括天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸和丙氨酸。Delicious amino acids included Asp,Glu,Gly and Ala. |
2.7 破壁混合发酵玉米秸秆对肉羊背最长肌脂肪酸含量的影响
表8 破壁混合发酵玉米秸秆对肉羊背最长肌脂肪酸含量的影响Table 8 Effects of cell-wall disrupted mixed fermented corn stalk on fatty acid contents in longissimus dorsi of meat sheep |
| 项目 Items | 全株玉米青贮组 Whole-plant corn silage group | 破壁混合发酵玉米秸秆组 Cell-wall disrupted mixed fermented corn stalk group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 饱和脂肪酸SFA/(mg/g) | 1.07±0.46 | 0.93±0.18 | 0.478 |
| 肉豆蔻酸C14∶0/(mg/g) | 0.05±0.03 | 0.04±0.01 | 0.657 |
| 十五碳酸C15∶0/(mg/g) | 0.01±0.01 | 0.01±0.01 | 0.389 |
| 棕榈酸C16∶0/(mg/g) | 0.55±0.28 | 0.52±0.16 | 0.813 |
| 十七碳酸C17∶0/(mg/g) | 0.04±0.02 | 0.03±0.01 | 0.776 |
| 硬脂酸C18∶0/(mg/g) | 0.42±0.15 | 0.32±0.08 | 0.166 |
| 花生酸C20∶0/(mg/g) | 0.01±0.00 | 0.01±0.01 | 0.108 |
| 山萮酸C22∶0/(mg/g) | 0.02±0.01B | 0.04±0.01A | <0.001 |
| 木蜡酸C24∶0/(mg/g) | 0.01±0.00 | 0.01±0.00 | 0.342 |
| 单不饱和脂肪酸MUFA/(mg/g) | 0.80±0.33 | 0.97±0.32 | 0.373 |
| 十四碳烯酸C14∶1/(mg/g) | 0.03±0.01 | 0.04±0.01 | 0.088 |
| 油酸C18∶1n-9c/(mg/g) | 0.74±0.31 | 0.91±0.30 | 0.378 |
| 棕榈油酸C16∶1/(mg/g) | 0.04±0.03 | 0.05±0.02 | 0.502 |
| 二十碳一烯酸C20∶1/(mg/g) | 0.01±0.00b | 0.02±0.00a | 0.040 |
| 芥酸C22∶1n-9/(mg/g) | 0.01±0.00 | 0.02±0.00 | 0.332 |
| 二十四碳一烯酸C24∶1/(mg/g) | 0.02±0.00 | 0.03±0.01 | 0.835 |
| 多不饱和脂肪酸PUFA/(mg/g) | 0.23±0.02B | 0.32±0.05A | <0.001 |
| 亚油酸C18∶2n-6c/(mg/g) | 0.15±0.22B | 0.23±0.02A | <0.001 |
| α-亚麻酸C18∶3n-3/(mg/g) | 0.03±0.00 | 0.04±0.01 | 0.105 |
| γ-亚麻酸C18∶3n-6/(mg/g) | 0.01±0.00B | 0.02±0.00A | 0.006 |
| 二十碳三烯酸C20∶3n-6/(mg/g) | 0.01±0.01 | 0.01±0.00 | 0.104 |
| 二十碳四烯酸C20∶4n-6/(mg/g) | 0.06±0.01 | 0.07±0.02 | 0.370 |
| 二十二碳二烯酸C22∶2/(mg/g) | 0.02±0.01 | 0.02±0.01 | 0.725 |
| 多不饱和脂肪酸/饱和脂肪酸PUFA/SFA | 0.24±0.08 | 0.36±0.11 | 0.075 |
2.8 破壁混合发酵处理玉米秸秆对肉羊瘤胃微生物区系的影响
2.8.1 Shannon稀释曲线
2.8.2 操作分类单元(OTU)分析
2.8.3 主坐标分析
2.8.4 alpha多样性分析
表9 肉羊瘤胃微生物alpha多样性Table 9 Rumen microbiota alpha diversity of meat sheep |
| 项目 Items | 全株玉米青贮组 Whole-plant corn silage group | 破壁混合发酵玉米秸秆组 Cell-wall disrupted mixed fermented corn stalk group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ace指数Ace index | 599.37±86.10b | 692.09±156.50a | 0.016 |
| Chao1指数Chao1 index | 595.10±85.67b | 688.00±156.10a | 0.015 |
| Simpson指数Simpson index | 0.97±0.02 | 0.95±0.04 | 0.499 |
| Shannon指数Shannon index | 6.28±0.42 | 6.18±0.76 | 0.801 |
| PD_whole_tree指数PD_whole_tree index | 19.44±1.45 | 20.33±2.67 | 0.491 |
| 覆盖度Coverage | 0.99±0.00 | 0.99±0.00 | 0.601 |
2.8.5 瘤胃微生物组成及差异分析
2.8.5.1 瘤胃微生物门水平组成分析
图4 瘤胃微生物门水平相对丰度图Bacteroidota:拟杆菌门;Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Spirochaetota:螺旋体门;Fibrobacterota:纤维杆菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Verrucomicrobiota:疣微菌门;Desulfobacterota:脱硫菌门;Synergistota:互养菌门;Elusimicrobiota:迷踪菌门;Unclassified_bacteria:未分类细菌;Others:其他;Unassigned:未命名。 Fig.4 Relative abundance plot of rumen microbiota at phylum level |
2.8.5.2 瘤胃微生物属水平组成分析
图5 瘤胃微生物属水平相对丰度图Prevotella:普雷沃氏菌属;Treponema:密螺旋体属;Uncultured_rumen_bacterium:未培养瘤胃细菌;Fibrobacter:纤维杆菌属;Prevotella_7:普雷沃氏菌属7;Prevotellaceae_UCG-001:普雷沃氏菌科UCG-001;Unclassified_Prevotellaceae:未分类普雷沃氏菌科;Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-001:琥珀酸弧菌科UCG-001;Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group:理研菌科RC9肠道群;Others:其他;Unclassified:未分类;Unassigned:未命名。 Fig.5 Relative abundance plot of rumen microbiota at genus level |
2.8.5.3 瘤胃微生物门水平差异分析
表10 破壁混合发酵玉米秸秆对肉羊瘤胃微生物门水平相对丰度的影响Table 10 Effects of cell-wall disrupted mixed fermented corn stalk on relative abundance of rumen microbiota at phylum level of meat sheep % |
| 项目 Items | 全株玉米青贮组 Whole-plant corn silage group | 破壁混合发酵玉米秸秆组 Cell-wall disrupted mixed fermented corn stalk group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 拟杆菌门Bacteroidota | 54.60±3.88 | 53.00±4.57 | 0.797 |
| 厚壁菌门Firmicutes | 19.80±1.79 | 15.40±2.34 | 0.136 |
| 螺旋体门Spirochaetota | 8.19±2.32 | 15.70±4.18 | 0.113 |
| 纤维杆菌门Fibrobacterota | 12.10±2.56a | 3.64±1.85b | 0.010 |
| 变形菌门Proteobacteria | 2.48±0.99 | 9.05±4.11 | 0.117 |
| 疣微菌门Verrucomicrobiota | 1.27±0.95 | 0.28±0.13 | 0.314 |
| 脱硫菌门Desulfobacterota | 0.23±0.08 | 0.68±0.36 | 0.210 |
| 互养菌门Synergistota | 0.29±0.11 | 0.53±0.07 | 0.063 |
| 迷踪菌门Elusimicrobiota | 0.36±0.23 | 0.38±0.10 | 0.881 |
| 酸杆菌门Acidobacteriota | 0.002±0.001a | 0.000±0.000b | 0.039 |
2.8.5.4 瘤胃微生物属水平差异分析
表11 破壁混合发酵玉米秸秆对肉羊瘤胃微生物属水平相对丰度的影响Table 11 Effects of cell-wall disrupted mixed fermented corn stalk on relative abundance of rumen microbiota at genus level of meat sheep % |
| 项目 Items | 全株玉米青贮组 Whole-plant corn silage group | 破壁混合发酵玉米秸秆组 Cell-wall disrupted mixed fermented corn stalk group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 普雷沃氏菌属Prevotella | 25.20±3.35 | 16.20±5.28 | 0.170 |
| 密螺旋体属Treponema | 7.92±2.31 | 15.30±4.18 | 0.120 |
| 未培养瘤胃细菌Uncultured_rumen_bacterium | 13.10±4.18 | 6.95±1.04 | 0.170 |
| 纤维杆菌属Fibrobacter | 12.10±2.56A | 3.64±1.85B | 0.009 |
| 普雷沃氏菌属7 Prevotella_7 | 5.18±1.36 | 9.33±2.38 | 0.130 |
| 普雷沃氏菌科UCG-001 Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 | 4.64±1.01b | 8.40±1.48a | 0.034 |
| 未分类普雷沃氏菌科Unclassified_Prevotellaceae | 3.54±0.20 | 4.78±0.01 | 0.800 |
| 琥珀酸弧菌科_UCG-001 Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-001 | 1.03±0.61 | 6.76±4.19 | 0.190 |
| UCG-004 | 5.32±1.35A | 1.50±0.17B | 0.007 |
| 理研菌科RC9肠道群Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group | 2.38±0.56 | 2.57±0.69 | 0.880 |
| 瘤胃杆菌属Ruminobacter | 0.003±0.002B | 0.655±0.190A | 0.002 |
| 普雷沃氏菌属9 Prevotella_9 | 0.006±0.003B | 0.077±0.022A | 0.003 |
| 拟杆菌属Bacteroides | 0.001±0.000B | 0.008±0.002A | 0.004 |

京公网安备 11010802041926号