1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计和饲养管理
表1 试验饲料组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A(对照Control) | B | C | D | E | |
| 原料Ingredients | |||||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 25.00 | 25.00 | 25.00 | 25.00 | 25.00 |
| 菜籽粕Rapeseed meal | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 |
| 花生粕Peanut meal | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 |
| 鱼粉Fish meal | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 |
| 豆油Soybean oil | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 |
| 次粉Middlings | 28.30 | 28.20 | 28.00 | 27.80 | 27.60 |
| 面粉Wheat flour | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 |
| 沸石粉Zeolite powder | 2.40 | 2.40 | 2.40 | 2.40 | 2.40 |
| 磷酸二氢钙Ca(H2PO4)2 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 |
| 胆碱Choline | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
| 甜橙精油Sweet orange essential oil | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.50 | 0.70 | |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||||
| 水分Moisture | 4.95 | 5.15 | 4.85 | 4.75 | 5.00 |
| 粗灰分Crude ash | 11.00 | 10.75 | 10.90 | 10.85 | 10.95 |
| 粗蛋白质Crude protein | 34.86 | 34.58 | 35.02 | 35.29 | 35.27 |
| 粗脂肪Crude lipid | 3.75 | 3.85 | 3.75 | 3.75 | 3.85 |
1)预混料为每千克饲料提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 4 000 IU,VD 2 000 IU,VE 50 mg,VK 15 mg,VB1 10 mg,VB2 10 mg,VB6 15 mg,VB12 0.05 mg,VC 400 mg,叶酸 folic acid 5 mg,烟酸 niacin 25 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 25 mg,生物素 biotin 0.03 mg,肌醇 inositol 100 mg,Mg (as magnesium sulfate) 40 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 1.887 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 8 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 1.6 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 30 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.01 mg,Co (as cobalt chloride) 0.1 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.5 mg。2)营养水平为实测值。Nutrient levels were measured values. |
1.3 样品采集
1.4 指标测定
1.4.1 生长性能
增重率(weight gain rate,WGR,%)=[(Wf-Ws)/Ws]×100;
特定生长率(specific growth rate,SGR,%/d)=[(lnWf-lnWs)/T]×100;
饲料系数(feed coefficient,FCR)=Bt/(Wf-Ws);
成活率(survival rate,SR,%)=(Nf/Ns)×100;
脏体比(viscerosomatic index,VSI,%)=(Wv/Wo)×100;
肝体比(hepatosomatic index,HSI,%)=(Wh/Wo)×100;
肥满度(condition factor,CF,g/cm3)=(Wo/L3)×100。
1.4.2 饲料常规营养成分
1.4.3 血清生化指标
1.4.4 肠道菌群多样性
1.4.5 肠道内容物代谢组学
1.5 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 甜橙精油对罗非鱼生长性能的影响
表2 甜橙精油对罗非鱼生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of sweet orange essential oil on growth performance of tilapia |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A(对照Control) | B | C | D | E | |||||||
| 初始体重IBW/g | 96.09±4.19 | 94.49±3.86 | 96.64±6.29 | 95.56±4.89 | 95.18±3.48 | ||||||
| 终末体重FBW/g | 318.16±12.91a | 318.29±9.42a | 334.16±13.96ab | 343.28±11.50b | 346.96±6.52b | ||||||
| 增重率WGR/% | 231.69±23.35 | 237.29±18.64 | 246.61±23.70 | 260.21±28.88 | 264.70±7.28 | ||||||
| 特定生长率SGR/(%/d) | 2.14±0.13 | 2.17±0.10 | 2.22±0.12 | 2.28±0.15 | 2.31±0.04 | ||||||
| 饲料系数FCR | 1.71±0.13 | 1.71±0.07 | 1.64±0.06 | 1.60±0.11 | 1.61±0.03 | ||||||
| 脏体比VSI/% | 7.57±1.13 | 7.20±1.11 | 7.57±1.03 | 7.49±0.97 | 7.60±0.65 | ||||||
| 肝体比HSI/% | 1.39±0.38a | 1.42±0.33a | 1.50±0.38ab | 1.69±0.36b | 1.56±0.43ab | ||||||
| 肥满度CF/(g/cm3) | 2.31±0.16 | 2.23±0.14 | 2.30±0.16 | 2.25±0.13 | 2.27±0.16 | ||||||
| 成活率SR/% | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | ||||||
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 甜橙精油对罗非鱼血清生化指标的影响
表3 甜橙精油对罗非鱼血清生化指标的影响Table 3 Effects of sweet orange essential oil on serum biochemical indices of tilapia |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A(对照Control) | B | C | D | E | |
| 酸性磷酸酶 ACP/(金氏单位/dL) | 4.90±1.24 | 5.09±1.45 | 5.18±0.73 | 5.73±1.25 | 5.07±0.61 |
| 碱性磷酸酶 AKP/(金氏单位/dL) | 15.94±3.75a | 16.75±3.90a | 16.77±2.35a | 22.36±3.76b | 18.71±2.57ab |
| 总胆固醇 TC/(mmol/L) | 2.45±0.10a | 2.61±0.79ab | 2.73±0.10ab | 2.99±0.10b | 2.91±0.19ab |
| 甘油三酯 TG/(mmol/L) | 0.59±0.03 | 0.60±0.07 | 0.70±0.22 | 0.80±0.32 | 0.67±0.16 |
| 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 HDL-C/(mmol/L) | 1.04±0.04a | 1.11±0.34a | 1.15±0.02ab | 1.33±0.15b | 1.30±0.14b |
| 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 LDL-C/(mmol/L) | 0.57±0.09b | 0.54±0.10b | 0.54±0.11b | 0.49±0.10b | 0.36±0.06a |
2.3 甜橙精油对罗非鱼肠道菌群结构的影响
表4 甜橙精油对罗非鱼肠道菌群α多样性指数的影响Table 4 Effects of sweet orange essential oil on intestinal flora α diversity indices of tilapia |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A(对照Control) | B | C | D | E | |
| 操作分类单元OTU | 247.00±30.91 | 301.50±148.78 | 193.25±145.77 | 169.00±161.88 | 173.75±50.00 |
| Ace指数Ace index | 250.29±29.93 | 321.30±161.03 | 211.85±139.91 | 173.61±169.26 | 175.58±50.26 |
| Chao1指数Chao1 index | 250.44±30.44 | 324.29±163.93 | 204.71±149.54 | 174.00±169.34 | 175.70±51.40 |
| Simpson指数Simpson index | 0.38±0.09 | 0.26±0.10 | 0.35±0.23 | 0.50±0.24 | 0.44±0.15 |
| Shannon指数Shannon index | 2.08±0.21 | 2.34±0.66 | 1.87±1.04 | 1.46±0.95 | 1.57±0.44 |
图2 门和属水平肠道菌群组成Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Actinobacteria:放线菌门;Bacteroidota:拟杆菌门;Fusobacteria:梭杆菌门;Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Verrucomicrobiota:疣微菌门;Chloroflexi:绿弯菌门;Planctomycetota:浮霉菌门;unclassified_k_norank_d_Bacteria:未分类的细菌;Patescibacteria:帕特斯菌门;Others:其他;Achromobacter:无色杆菌属;Cetobacterium:鲸杆菌属;Mycobacterium:分枝杆菌属;Pedobacter:土地杆菌属;unclassified_f_Peptostreptococcaceae:未分类的消化链球菌科;norank_f_Barnesieliaceae:未分类的巴恩斯菌科;Pseudomonas:假单胞菌属;Macellibacteroides:马塞利杆菌属;norank_f_norank_o_PeM15:未分类的PeM15目;norank_f_JG30-KF-CM45:未分类的JG30-KF-CM45科。 Fig.2 Composition of intestinal flora at phylum and genus levels |
2.4 甜橙精油对罗非鱼肠道内容物代谢组的影响
图3 正、负离子模式下差异代谢产物的火山图(A组vs B组)Positive ionization:正电离;Negative ionization:负电离,FC:差异倍数 fold change;P-value:P值;Significant:显著性;up:上调 up-regulation;nosig:无显著 no significant;down:下调 down-regulation;VIP:变量重要性投影 variable importance in projection。图4至图6同 the same as Fig.4 to Fig.6。 Fig.3 Volcano plot of differential metabolites in positive and negative ion modes (group A vs group B) |
图4 正、负离子模式下差异代谢产物的火山图(A组vs C组)Fig.4 Volcano plot of differential metabolites in positive and negative ion modes (group A vs group C) |
图5 正、负离子模式下差异代谢产物的火山图(A组vs D组)Fig.5 Volcano plot of differential metabolites in positive and negative ion modes (group A vs group D) |
图7 代谢产物聚类分析热图1:溶血磷脂酰胆碱(17∶0/0∶0) LysoPC(17∶0/0∶0);2:L-缬氨酸 L-valine;3:L-脯氨酸 L-proline;4:L-α-溶血磷脂酰丝氨酸 L-α-lysophosphatidylserine;5:溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺(0∶0/18∶1(11Z) LysoPE(0∶0/18∶1(11Z);6:香叶基香茅醇 geranylcitronellol;7:法尼基丙酮 farnesylacetone;8:(+/-)(Z)-2-(5-十四碳烯基)环丁酮 (+/-)(Z)-2-(5-tetradecenyl)cyclobutanone;9:磷脂酰胆碱(20∶4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-OH(16R)/P-18∶0) PC(20∶4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-OH(16R)/P-18∶0);10:磷脂酰胆碱(22∶5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/16∶0) PC(22∶5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/16∶0);11:肌苷 inosine;12:肌酸 creatine;13:环己烷 cyclohexane;14:磷脂酰胆碱(16∶0/20∶4(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z) PC(16∶0/20∶4(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z);15:磷脂酰胆碱(22∶6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/16∶0) PC(22∶6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/16∶0);16:甘油磷脂酰胆碱(20∶4/18∶0) GPCho(20∶4/18∶0);17:赖氨酸亮氨酸 Lys Leu;18:异丁烯 isobutylidene;19:L-哌可酸 L-pipecolic acid;20:二氢香豆素 dihydrocoumarin;21:吲哚丙烯酸 indoleacrylic acid;22:2-羟基肉桂酸 2-hydroxycinnamic acid;23:正亮氨酸 norleucine;24:哌啶 piperidine;25:磷脂酰乙醇胺(22∶6/0∶0) PE(22∶6/0∶0);26:溶血磷脂酰胆碱(20∶3(5Z,8Z,11Z)/0∶0) LysoPC(20∶3(5Z,8Z,11Z)/0∶0);27:溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺(0∶0/22∶6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) LysoPE(0∶0/22∶6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z));28:溶血磷脂酰胆碱(20∶4(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)/0∶0) LysoPC(20∶4(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)/0∶0);29:溶血磷脂酰胆碱(22∶4(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/0∶0) LysoPC(22∶4(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/0∶0);30:1-palmitoyl:1-棕榈酰;31:磷脂酰乙醇胺(18∶0/0∶0) PE (18∶0/0∶0);32:溶血磷脂酰胆碱(0∶0/18∶1(9Z)) LysoPC(0∶0/18∶1(9Z));33:溶血磷脂酰胆碱(18∶1(11Z)/0∶0) LysoPC(18∶1(11Z)/0∶0);34:溶血磷脂酰胆碱(0∶0/16∶0) LysoPC(0∶0/16∶0);35:磷脂酰胆碱(16∶0/0∶0)PC(16∶0/0∶0);36:α-鼠胆酸 α-muricholic acid;37:别胆酸 allocholic acid;38:磷脂酰胆碱(20∶3/0∶0) PC(20∶3/0∶0);39:溶血磷脂酰胆碱(14∶0/0∶0) LysoPC(14∶0/0∶0);40:磷脂酰乙醇胺(19∶1(9Z)/0∶0) PE(19∶1(9Z)/0∶0);41:溶血磷脂酰胆碱(22∶6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/0∶0) LysoPC(22∶6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/0∶0);42:1-十九烷酰甘油-3-磷酸丝氨酸 1-nonadecanoyl-glycero-3-phosphoserine;43:溶血磷脂酰胆碱(22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/0∶0) LysoPC(22∶5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/0∶0);44:溶血磷脂酰胆碱(18∶3(6Z,9Z,12Z)/0∶0) LysoPC(18∶3(6Z,9Z,12Z)/0∶0);45:磷脂酰乙醇胺(16∶0/0∶0) PE(16∶0/0∶0);46:磷脂酰胆碱(15∶0/0∶0) PC(15∶0/0∶0);47:1-十七烷酰-sn-甘油-3-磷酸胆碱 1-heptadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine;48:肾上腺酰肉碱 adrenoylcarnitine;49:溶血磷脂酰胆碱(16∶0/0∶0) LysoPC(16∶0/0∶0);50:磷脂酰胆碱(18∶1/0∶0) PC(18∶1/0∶0)。 Fig.7 Heatmap of metabolites for cluster analysis |
图8 差异代谢产物的KEGG通路分析Pathway classification:通路分类;Metabolism:代谢;Organismal systems:生物体系统;Diseases:疾病;Environmental information processing:环境信息处理;Cellular processes细胞过程;Genetic information processing:遗传信息处理;Folding, sorting and degradation:折叠、分选与降解;Translation:翻译;Cell growth and death:细胞生长与死亡;Transport and catabolism:转运与分解代谢;Signaling molecules and interaction:信号分子与相互作用;Membrane transport:膜运输;Signal transduction:信号传导;Drug resistance:antineoplastic:抗肿瘤药物的耐药性;Infectious disease: viral感染性疾病:病毒的;Substance dependence:物质依赖;Neurodegenerative disease:神经退行性疾病;Cardiovascular disease:心血管疾病;Endocrine and metabolic disease:内分泌与代谢疾病;Infectious disease: bacterial 感染性疾病:细菌的;Cancer:specific types:癌症:特定类型;Immune disease:免疫性疾病;Infectious disease: parasitic 感染性疾病:寄生的;Cancer:overview:癌症:概述;Aging:衰老;Circulatory system:循环系统;Environmental adaptation:环境适应;Sensory system:感觉系统;Immune system:免疫系统;Endocrine system:内分泌系统;Digestive system:消化系统;Nervous system:神经系统;Metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides:萜类化合物和聚酮类化合物的代谢;Energy metabolism:能量代谢;Glycan biosynthesis and metabolism:聚糖生物合成和代谢;Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites:其他次生代谢物的生物合成;Xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism:异生素生物降解和代谢;Nucleotide metabolism:核苷酸代谢;Metabolism of other amino acid:其他氨基酸代谢;Carbohydrate metabolism:碳水化合物代谢;Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins:辅因子和维生素代谢;Amino acid metabolism:氨基酸代谢;Lipid metabolism:脂质代谢。 Fig.8 KEGG pathway analysis of differential metabolites |

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