综述

多不饱和脂肪酸对奶牛免疫功能的影响及其机制研究进展

  • 吕佳颖 , 1 ,
  • 崔占鸿 1 ,
  • 刘书杰 1 ,
  • 李国彰 , 2, *
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  • 1 青海大学畜牧兽医科学院, 青海省牦牛工程技术研究中心,青海省高原放牧家畜动物营养与饲料科学重点实验室,农业农村部青藏高原放牧牦牛藏羊动物营养与饲草料重点实验室, 西宁 810016
  • 2 青海大学生态环境工程学院, 农业农村部高原冷水鱼养殖与生态环境保护重点实验室(部省共建), 西宁 810016
*李国彰,讲师,E-mail:

吕佳颖(1993—),女,甘肃庆阳人,助理研究员,博士,主要从事反刍动物营养与饲料研究。E-mail:

收稿日期: 2025-09-05

  网络出版日期: 2026-03-16

基金资助

农业农村部青藏高原放牧牦牛藏羊动物营养与饲草料重点实验室开放基金(2025-YYKF-04)

Research Progress on Effects of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Immune Function of Dairy Cows and Its Mechanism

  • LYU Jiaying , 1 ,
  • CUI Zhanhong 1 ,
  • LIU Shujie 1 ,
  • LI Guozhang , 2, *
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  • 1 Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Grazing Yak and Tibetan Sheep Animal Nutrition and Feed-Forage, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Grazing Livestock, Qinghai Province, Qinghai Yak Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science and Veterinary, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Plateau Cold-Water Fish Culture and Eco-Environmental Conservation (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
*lecturer, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-09-05

  Online published: 2026-03-16

摘要

多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)参与奶牛机体脂质代谢、生物膜磷脂构成、繁殖、免疫功能及生物活性物质合成等重要生理过程。在集约化养殖中,增强奶牛的免疫功能对抵抗病原体和提高产品质量非常重要,越来越多的研究表明,PUFAs在调节奶牛免疫功能中发挥着关键作用。本文对饲粮中补充PUFAs调节奶牛免疫功能的最新研究进行综述,主要讨论了n-3和n-6 PUFAs对奶牛免疫功能和生产性能的影响、饲粮中n-3与n-6 PUFAs的平衡以及PUFAs的分子作用机制,旨在加深理解PUFAs对免疫系统的营养作用,制定增强奶牛免疫功能的营养方案,为提高奶牛健康水平和生产性能提供理论依据。

本文引用格式

吕佳颖 , 崔占鸿 , 刘书杰 , 李国彰 . 多不饱和脂肪酸对奶牛免疫功能的影响及其机制研究进展[J]. 动物营养学报, 2026 , 38(3) : 1602 -1611 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.128

Abstract

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are involved in key physiological processes of dairy cows, such as lipid metabolism, phospholipid composition of biological membranes, reproduction, immune function and synthesis of bioactive substances. In intensive farming, enhancing the immune function of dairy cows is important for fighting off pathogens and boosting products quality. More and more studies have shown that PUFAs play a key role in regulating the immune function of dairy cows. In this paper, the effects of PUFAs supplementation in diets on the regulation of dairy cows’ immune function in the latest researches are reviewed. We focus on the effects of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs on immune function and performance of dairy cows, balance of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs in the diets, and the molecular mechanisms of PUFAs. The aim is to deepen the understanding of the nutritional roles of PUFAs in the immune system, to come up with nutritional strategies that boost the immune function of dairy cows, and to provide a solid foundation for improving health and performance of dairy cows.

多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFAs)是含有2个及以上碳-碳双键、18~22个碳原子的直链脂肪酸,根据双键位置主要分为n-3和n-6两大类。饲粮中补充PUFAs对于反刍动物脂质代谢、生物膜磷脂构成、繁殖、免疫功能及生物活性物质合成等过程具有重要作用[1]。同时,饲粮中的PUFAs经动物消化代谢沉积在乳、肉等产品中,对于促进人体健康具有特殊意义。据报道,n-3 PUFAs在促进神经系统发育、改善心血管功能[2]、预防糖尿病和改善免疫功能[3]等方面发挥着重要作用,n-6 PUFAs在促进细胞生长发育和调节免疫功能[4]等方面发挥着重要作用。集约化养殖中,奶牛同时承担着泌乳和妊娠的双重任务,机体代谢压力大,疾病易感性高。在围产期(产前2~3周至产后2~3周),奶牛因能量供应不足而出现严重的能量负平衡(negative energy balance,NEB)状态[5],并经受着分娩、泌乳及饲粮调整等多种应激,免疫系统可能处于抑制状态;但另有研究表明,奶牛在围产期免疫系统可能被激活[6]。此外,犊牛是牧场的后备力量,其免疫系统发育不成熟,面临巨大的环境变化和病原体挑战,腹泻和呼吸性疾病导致死亡率居高不下[7]。因此,促进奶牛免疫系统健康发育,提高免疫功能,对发挥生产性能至关重要。本文结合生产性能数据,对PUFAs影响奶牛免疫功能的研究成果及其机制进行综述,为通过PUFAs提高奶牛免疫功能提供营养调控策略。

1 PUFAs营养概述

n-3 PUFAs包括α-亚麻酸(alpha-linolenic acid,ALA)、二十碳五烯酸(eicosa pentaenoic acid,EPA)、二十二碳五烯酸(docosa pentaenoic acid,DPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosa hexaenoic acid,DHA)等,n-6 PUFAs包括亚油酸(linoleic acid,LA)、γ-亚麻酸(gamma-linolenic acid,GLA)、花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,ARA)、共轭亚油酸(conjugated linoleic acid,CLA)等。在奶牛饲料原料中,天然牧草富含ALA,是n-3 PUFAs的主要来源;亚麻籽富含ALA,鱼油和藻类富含EPA和DHA,是n-3 PUFAs的补充来源;玉米、大豆、豆粕、棉籽粕和菜籽粕等谷物饲料原料富含LA,是n-6 PUFAs的主要来源[8-9]。奶牛缺乏Δ9及以上去饱和酶,自身不能合成ALA和LA,必须从含有此类去饱和酶的植物中获取[10],因此ALA和LA是必需脂肪酸,ARA的合成需消耗LA,也归为必需脂肪酸。n-3和n-6 PUFAs家族中的其他成员分别以ALA和LA为前体经碳链延伸和去饱和作用合成[11]。PUFAs在奶牛体内参与多种生理过程、发挥营养作用,并沉积在乳、肉及其产品中,为人体提供重要的营养物质。

2 免疫功能概述

免疫系统由免疫器官、免疫细胞和免疫分子组成,发挥着抗感染、识别和清除非己成分、维持内环境稳定的功能。病原体入侵后,机体首先激活单核/吞噬细胞、自然杀伤(natural killer,NK)细胞、树突状细胞和γδT细胞等参与固有免疫的细胞,并启动炎症反应吞噬和杀伤病原体。未被清除的病原体会被淋巴细胞(T细胞和B细胞)的受体识别,激活适应性免疫,T细胞发挥效应功能、B细胞产生以免疫球蛋白(immunoglobulin,Ig)为主的抗体,特异性地清除病原体。炎症反应在固有免疫应答中发挥着重要作用,白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-1、IL-6、IL-18、干扰素和肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)是具有促炎活性的关键细胞因子[12]。炎症可以提供生理屏障,促进免疫细胞杀伤病原体,加快修复损伤组织,但是过度的炎症反应会造成组织损伤,成为多种感染性和代谢性疾病如乳腺炎、子宫内膜炎和酮病的主要诱因[13]
功能强大的免疫系统是奶牛维持健康和高产的保证,提高免疫功能重在维持免疫系统的平衡,即不仅要增强免疫系统抗感染的能力,而且要及时终止免疫反应,避免攻击自身成分。奶牛生产中多使用药物和疫苗提高抗病力,但是营养物质与免疫系统有密切关系,是免疫功能充分发挥的决定因素,其中PUFAs对免疫系统有重要的调节作用。

3 PUFAs对奶牛免疫功能的影响

3.1 n-3 PUFAs对奶牛免疫功能的影响

ALA通过改变免疫细胞、细胞因子和免疫反应影响奶牛免疫功能。围产期饲粮中添加亚麻籽提供ALA,可以提高奶牛中性粒细胞[14]和单核细胞的吞噬能力,增加辅助性T细胞和细胞毒性T细胞的比例[15],降低奶牛产后血浆中促炎细胞因子IL-1β[14]、IL-6和IL-17α含量及脂肪组织中的炎症蛋白质数量[16],且所产犊牛血浆中TNF-α含量下降,有益于犊牛免疫系统发育[14],同时可以提高产奶量[14],或不影响产奶量但可以提高产后能量平衡[15]。犊牛代乳粉中添加亚麻籽油可以降低血清IL-4含量,缓解接种疫苗后直肠温度的升高[17],但不影响体增重;还可以降低血清TNF-α含量,提高饲料效率[18]。另外,Caroprese等[19]研究发现,热应激下饲粮中补充亚麻籽的奶牛产生的抗卵清蛋白的IgG抗体水平显著升高;而Lessard等[20]发现,产前饲粮中补充亚麻籽对奶牛产后抗卵清蛋白的抗体反应没有影响。结果不同是因为试验奶牛的生理状态不同,围产期奶牛的免疫功能受分娩和泌乳启动的复杂生理机制调控,而热应激奶牛免疫功能的变化可能与体温调控机制有关。
DHA和EPA也具有调节免疫功能的作用。初乳中添加鱼油和亚麻籽油混合物可以增加犊牛血浆中具有抗炎作用的脂氧素A4(lipoxin A4,LXA4)含量,但不影响体增重[21]。Caroprese等[19]研究表明,饲粮中补充鱼油并未提高奶牛抗卵清蛋白的IgG抗体水平,可能因为DHA和EPA的补充量不足以改变免疫反应,但是增加了牛奶中DHA和EPA含量。研究表明,增加代乳粉中DHA的添加量可以线性降低犊牛淋巴细胞IL-1β和TNF-α的产量,但是降低了平均日增重(average daily gain,ADG)[7],可能与DHA进入十二指肠刺激缩胆囊素分泌,降低了食欲和采食量有关[22]
综上所述,n-3 PUFAs可以促进奶牛免疫细胞增殖、减少促炎细胞因子产生、增强免疫应答,这可能会提高免疫系统的防御效率,减轻慢性或不受控制的炎症带来的并发症。因此,n-3 PUFAs对奶牛免疫系统产生了积极作用,可能是奶牛生产性能维持或提高的原因。

3.2 n-6 PUFAs对奶牛免疫功能的影响

不同种类的n-6 PUFAs对奶牛免疫功能的作用不同。研究表明,围产期饲粮中补充大豆作为LA来源,可以提高奶牛产后血液中CD3+和CD8+细胞的比例以及中性粒细胞的吞噬能力,这些效应随补充时间延长呈线性增加,且不影响产奶量[23];还能够提高辅助性T细胞、细胞毒性T细胞的比例以及单核细胞的吞噬能力[15]。此外,围产期饲粮中补充富含LA的红花油使奶牛中性粒细胞吞噬功能增强、细胞因子生成增多、急性期蛋白水平升高,机体形成一种对刺激做出强烈反应的促炎状态,有利于应对产后的细菌挑战[24],增加产奶量[25],说明LA可能对病原体清除效率和免疫功能具有提升作用。
CLA是LA代谢产生的所有位置和几何异构体的混合物,具有减少脂肪沉积、预防癌症和糖尿病[26]等作用。CLA在促使乳脂合成的能量分配给体脂储存[27]、改善奶牛产后能量代谢[28]方面发挥着重要作用,对免疫系统的影响较小[29]。奶牛产后饲粮中添加过瘤胃CLA可以降低炎症和氧化应激水平,虽然降低了能量校正乳产量,但提高了能量平衡[30]。体外研究发现,CLA可以在试验性促炎条件下减少单核细胞凋亡[31],减少促炎细胞因子的产生[32];此外,补充CLA可以降低奶牛CXC趋化因子受体4(CXCR4)的表达,介导白细胞向炎症部位迁移[33]。综上所述,LA有提高免疫细胞数量和功能、增强免疫反应的作用,CLA具有抗炎作用。但是,补充n-6 PUFAs对奶牛免疫功能影响的研究较少,还需要进一步研究以明确不同种类和添加量的n-6 PUFAs对奶牛免疫系统的调节作用。

3.3 n-3与n-6 PUFAs的平衡

n-3和n-6 PUFAs单独添加影响了奶牛免疫功能,二者在饲粮中的平衡也非常重要。奶牛饲粮中n-3与n-6 PUFAs的平衡与机体代谢和免疫功能有关,并影响泌乳性能。Greco等[34]研究发现,采食饲粮中n-3与n-6 PUFAs比值分别为1∶4、1∶5和1∶6的奶牛,在n-3与n-6 PUFAs比值为1∶4时采食量、产奶量和乳成分达到最大值,脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)处理后血浆中IL-6含量随饲粮中n-3 PUFAs比例增加而降低。另外,Sun等[14]研究发现,采食产前饲粮中n-3与n-6 PUFAs比值分别为1∶0.64、1∶1.68和1∶3.24,以及产后饲粮中n-3与n-6 PUFAs比值分别为1∶1.59、1∶4.89和1∶8.15的奶牛,采食n-3 PUFAs比例高的饲粮可以增加奶牛围产期血液中性粒细胞的数量,降低IL-1β含量,提高产奶量。Welboren等[35]研究发现,相比n-3与n-6 PUFAs比值为1∶40的代乳粉,采食n-3与n-6 PUFAs比值为1∶6.5的代乳粉犊牛回肠组织中Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)和CD14的表达水平更高,LPS处理后血浆IL-4含量更低。综上所述,提高饲粮中n-3 PUFAs比例对免疫系统产生了更积极的影响。但是不同泌乳期的奶牛、泌乳牛和犊牛饲粮中n-3与n-6 PUFAs比值差异非常大,且n-3与n-6 PUFAs的相互作用对机体脂质代谢、免疫功能和生产性能的影响尚不明确,应针对不同阶段奶牛的生理特征确定饲粮中适宜的n-3与n-6 PUFAs比值,以促进奶牛的生长发育和健康。
PUFAs对奶牛免疫功能和生产性能的影响见表1[7,14-17,19,23-25,30,36-37]
表1 PUFAs对奶牛免疫功能和生产性能的影响

Table 1 Effects of PUFAs on immune function and performance of dairy cows

多不饱和脂肪酸类型
Types of PUFAs
添加量(干物质基础)
Addition (DM basis)
试验动物
Trial animal
对免疫功能的影响
Effects on immune function
对生产性能的影响
Effects on performance
参考文献
Reference
α-亚麻酸
ALA
64 g/d 围产期荷
斯坦奶牛
血浆ALA和n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)
含量↑,血浆总脂联素含量↓,
子宫内膜的炎症状态←→
产奶量↑,乳蛋白率、乳脂
率←→,产犊至受孕的间隔↓
Pereira等[36]
产前700 g/d挤压亚麻籽,
产后6.4%挤压亚麻籽
围产期荷
斯坦奶牛
补体因子I、D、H,补体成分
C7链和C8β链蛋白丰度↓
Dos等[37]
6.5%亚麻籽 弗里斯兰奶牛 抗卵清蛋白的免疫球蛋白(Ig)G含量↑,白细胞
介素(IL)-10含量↓,IL-1β、IL-6含量←→
Caroprese等[19]
3.5%挤压亚麻籽 围产期荷
斯坦奶牛
产前血液中性粒细胞计数↑,产后中性粒细胞
比例↑,产前和产后血清IL-1β含量↓
产奶量↑ Sun等[14]
700 g/d膨化亚麻籽 围产期荷
斯坦奶牛
血清IL-6和IL-17α含量、产后白细胞
比例↓,脂肪组织中炎症蛋白质数量↓、
内源性大麻素系统(ECS)成分↓
Kra等[16]
2%亚麻籽油 荷斯坦犊牛 IL-4表达↓,IL-8表达有降低趋势 体增重、饲料效率←→ Karcher等[17]
二十二碳六烯酸、
二十碳五烯酸
DHA and EPA
1.5%鱼油 产后荷斯坦母牛 中性粒细胞肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量↓ Silvestre等[24]
2%鱼油 荷斯坦犊牛 TNF-α表达有降低趋势 体增重、饲料效率←→ Karcher等[17]
二十二碳六烯酸
DHA
9、18、27 g/d 荷斯坦犊牛 IL-1β、p65亚基、TNF-α、血清IgG含量呈线性下降
趋势,血清IgA、IgM含量←→
平均日增重(ADG)、
粪便评分呈线性↓
Flaga等[7]
α-亚麻酸、二十二
碳六烯酸、二十碳五烯酸
ALA, DHA and EPA
30、60、120 mL亚麻籽油与
鱼油1∶1混合
荷斯坦犊牛 血浆脂氧素A4含量↑,
异前列腺素含量↓
体增重←→ Opgenorth
[21]
α-亚麻酸、亚油酸
ALA and LA
产前和产后分别摄入
亚麻籽6%和8%;
生大豆12%和16%
围产期荷斯坦奶牛 白细胞和单核细胞的吞噬能力、单核细胞的
吞噬活性,辅助性T细胞、细胞毒性
T细胞和CD62黏附分子的比例↑
干物质采食量(DMI)、
产奶量←→,产后能量平衡↑
Gandra等[15]
亚油酸
LA
12% 围产期荷
斯坦奶牛
产后血液中CD3+和CD8+细胞比例↑,中性
粒细胞对大肠杆菌的吞噬能力↑
生产性能←→ Gardinal等[23]
1.5%红花油钙盐 围产期荷
斯坦奶牛
中性粒细胞黏附分子表达、TNF-α和IL-1β生成、
杀菌活性、结合珠蛋白和纤维蛋白原含量↑
产奶量↑ Silvestre等[24]
Silvestre等[25]
共轭亚油酸
CLA
10~15 g/d cis-9,trans-11
CLA和trans-10,cis-12 CLA
1∶1混合
产后北欧红奶牛 炎症标志物
总胆红素含量↓
能量校正乳
产量、乳脂率↓
Bayat等[30]

↑:升高 increase;↓:降低 decrease;←→:无显著变化 no significant change;—:无此项 no such item。

4 PUFAs影响免疫功能的机制

4.1 PUFAs的代谢物影响免疫功能

一定条件下,PUFAs可以从细胞膜磷脂中脱离,游离的PUFAs经多种氧化还原途径生成上百种脂质代谢产物,称为氧化脂质,简称氧脂,氧脂能够调节炎症反应的起始和消退[38]。同时,PUFAs的代谢物也可以影响免疫功能[37]
乙酰化的环氧合酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)催化n-3 PUFAs中的EPA生成消退素E(resolvin E,RvE),催化DHA生成消退素D(resolvin D,RvD);15-脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase,LOX)催化DHA生成RvD和保护素D(protectin D,PD);12-LOX催化DHA生成Maresin。RvE、RvD、PD和Maresin可以抑制促炎细胞因子产生,发挥抗炎并促进炎症消退的作用。其中,RvE能够抑制中性粒细胞活化、迁移,减少细胞因子IL-12生成;RvD能够维持内皮细胞完整性;PD能够促进巨噬细胞吞噬凋亡的中性粒细胞[39];Maresin能够限制中性粒细胞浸润、黏附,抑制核因子-κB(nuclear factor-kappa B,NF-κB)活化[38]
n-6 PUFAs中的ARA在COX-2催化下生成前列腺素E2(prostaglandin E2,PGE2)和血栓素B2;在5-LOX催化下生成白三烯4(leukotriene 4,LT4);在15-LOX催化下生成LXA4。PGE2对免疫细胞发挥着复杂的调节作用,在炎症反应中参与抗炎和促炎2个方向的调节过程,这与免疫细胞的类型和分化阶段及细胞所处的环境有关。此外,PGE2还具有免疫抑制的作用,能显著降低T细胞的增殖,上调免疫抑制分子的表达[40],并抑制B细胞和NK细胞的增殖、活化[41-42]。LT4可以促进白细胞趋化、迁移,促进促炎细胞因子产生[43]。LXA4具有强抗炎作用,可抑制粒细胞趋化、迁移,阻止IL-1β和TNF-α诱导的细胞间黏附分子生成[44]。因此,n-3 PUFAs产生的氧脂有抗炎和促进炎症消退的作用,n-6 PUFAs产生的多数氧脂具有促炎作用,但是氧脂的作用复杂,且具有细胞特异性,需具体分析。
n-6 PUFAs家族的ARA可以合成花生四烯酸乙醇胺(arachidonoylethanolamide,AEA)和2-花生四烯酸甘油(2-arachidonoylglycerol,2-AG),n-3 PUFAs可以合成二十二碳六烯酸乙醇胺和二十碳五烯酸乙醇胺,这几种代谢产物属于内源性大麻素(endocannabinoid,eCB)。哺乳动物内源性大麻素系统(endocannabinoid system,ECS)由大麻素受体(cannabinoid receptor,CB)、内源性配体(即eCB)及合成和降解eCB的酶组成,参与机体能量代谢、免疫功能和生殖的调节[45]。AEA和2-AG是最具代表性的eCB,主要激活免疫细胞的CB2,通过影响免疫细胞的迁移、增殖、死亡及细胞因子分泌调节免疫功能。补充ALA可以降低奶牛血浆AEA、子宫内膜2-AG[37]、白细胞中CB1的表达[16]和ECS的激活水平[46],降低血清促炎细胞因子[16,46]、补体蛋白质的含量[37]。但是ECS或PUFAs对奶牛免疫系统的调节作用非常复杂,PUFAs通过ECS途径对免疫功能产生的影响仍需进一步阐明。

4.2 PUFAs影响免疫细胞膜磷脂结构和功能

PUFAs可以影响免疫细胞膜磷脂中PUFAs的组成和含量,通过细胞膜脂筏结构影响细胞信号转导的相关蛋白质,从而改变免疫细胞的功能和炎症反应[13]。脂筏是细胞膜或细胞器膜上存在的一些较为独立的、由胆固醇与鞘磷脂紧密结合形成的膜脂微区域,像船筏漂浮在流动性较大的膜脂双层结构中。脂筏上有参与免疫细胞活化、增殖、黏附、抗体生成和炎症反应信号转导的物质[47]
DHA和EPA通过细胞膜重组直接影响T细胞功能。T细胞脂筏中以酰化作用保留着一些关键的信号转导蛋白质,如T细胞活化连接蛋白(linker for activation in T cells,LAT)。体外研究表明,DHA和EPA容易酯化到脂筏和膜磷脂上,导致LAT的磷酸化受到抑制,LAT从脂筏中被移除,这些效应可能导致T细胞增殖减少,IL-2生成减少,炎症反应减轻[48]。此外,DHA可以通过脂筏介导的机制抑制巨噬细胞TLR4功能和促炎通路的激活[49]。TLR4受到LPS刺激时与LPS结合,刺激TLR4二聚化并迁移进入脂筏,与衔接蛋白髓样分化因子88(myeloid differentiation factor 88,MyD88)相互作用,启动信号转导,激活促炎基因转录。此外,DHA酰基链还可以整合到非脂筏区域,将胆固醇分子从非脂筏区域转移到脂筏中,使脂筏区域增大,并增加脂筏的有序性[50],这些变化可能会抑制TLR4的二聚化及其合并到脂筏的过程,从而阻断TLR4激活及下游信号通路传递。但是PUFAs和免疫细胞种类繁多,不同PUFAs对不同免疫细胞膜脂筏的影响仍不明确,需要基于啮齿动物模型、细胞培养和仿生膜等技术对PUFAs控制脂筏结构的机制开展进一步研究。

4.3 PUFAs影响基因的转录激活

免疫原与受体配接后启动信号转导,引起基因转录激活和产物表达,开启免疫应答。信号转导级联反应最终激活转录因子,激活的转录因子随即进入细胞核与特定的DNA序列结合,启动基因转录。不同免疫细胞、同一细胞不同基因的转录因子不同,主要是NF-κB。饲粮中补充n-3 PUFAs的奶牛NF-κB的p65亚基丰度降低[7,51]、NF-κB信号通路下调,NF-κB的激活被抑制。NF-κB信号通路中,TLR4与MyD88作用后激活κB抑制因子激酶(inhibitor of kappa B kinase,IKK),活化的IKK会磷酸化κB抑制因子(inhibitor of kappa B,IκB),触发IκB泛素化降解,释放NF-κB的p65亚基进入细胞核,启动炎性基因转录,诱发炎症[52]。DHA和EPA通过改变细胞膜脂筏结构抑制TLR4二聚化及TLR4合并入脂筏,导致TLR4无法与MyD88相互作用,MyD88通过IKK途径激活启动信号转导激活NF-κB受阻,促炎基因转录受到抑制。此外,AMP活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)磷酸化可以阻断IκB磷酸化和NF-κB入核[53],EPA的氧脂物质12-羟基二十碳五烯酸可以通过激活AMPK磷酸化,抑制NF-κB信号通路[54]
此外,PUFAs与过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors,PPARs)相互作用,发挥免疫调节作用。PPARs属于核受体家族,依赖配体激活,参与机体免疫调节、糖代谢和抗肿瘤等多种生理病理过程[55]。DHA、CLA、LA和ARA等PUFAs是PPARs的天然配体,PUFAs激活PPARs后,与类视黄醇X受体结合为异源二聚体,调控免疫反应靶基因活性[56];或调节NF-κB的活性影响细胞因子表达和炎症反应。如CLA可以通过激活PPARs抑制NF-κB信号通路,进而抑制促炎性细胞因子[32,57],也可减轻大肠杆菌刺激后牛乳腺上皮细胞的炎症[58]

5 小结与展望

n-3 PUFAs可以促进奶牛免疫细胞增殖、增强免疫应答、减少促炎细胞因子产生,发挥抗炎和促进炎症消退的作用,并可以维持或提高生产性能;n-6 PUFAs中的LA有提高奶牛免疫细胞数量和功能、增强免疫反应的作用,CLA发挥了抗炎作用。n-3 PUFAs有利于减轻慢性或不受控制的炎症带来的损伤,n-6 PUFAs有助于应对剧烈的病原菌入侵。PUFAs主要通过生成氧化脂质和合成代谢物、控制细胞膜磷脂结构、介导细胞内信号转导、影响基因转录激活的机制调节奶牛免疫功能。
PUFAs对奶牛免疫系统的影响非常复杂,未来可深入开展以下研究:1)明确在不同基础饲粮和环境下,优化不同阶段奶牛免疫功能的饲粮n-3和n-6 PUFAs最适添加类型、添加量和配比;2)挖掘PUFAs影响免疫功能的机制,在分子水平上精准调控奶牛免疫系统;3)阐明奶牛胃肠道微生物和PUFAs、免疫系统的相互作用,制定提高奶牛免疫功能的营养调控策略,以进一步提升奶牛健康水平,提高生产性能。
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