综述

沙门氏菌感染肉鸡的机理及营养防控

  • 董晶晶 , 1, 2 ,
  • 宫莉 2 ,
  • 蒋守群 1 ,
  • 王一冰 , 1, *
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  • 1 广东省农业科学院动物科学研究所, 猪禽种业全国重点实验室,农业农村部华南动物营养与饲料重点实验室,广东省畜禽育种与营养研究重点实验室, 广州 510640
  • 2 佛山大学动物科技学院, 佛山 528225
*王一冰,副研究员,硕士生导师,E-mail:

董晶晶(2001—),女,硕士研究生,河南长垣人,研究方向为肉鸡营养调控。E-mail:

收稿日期: 2025-08-13

  网络出版日期: 2026-03-16

基金资助

财政部和农业农村部-国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-41)

国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(3182104)

广东省自然科学基金面上项目(2021A1515010830)

广东省农业科学院人才培养专项(R2023PY-QY012)

Mechanism and Nutritional Prevention and Control of Salmonella Infection in Broilers

  • DONG Jingjing , 1, 2 ,
  • GONG Li 2 ,
  • JIANG Shouqun 1 ,
  • WANG Yibing , 1, *
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  • 1 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
  • 2 College of Animal Science and Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
*associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-08-13

  Online published: 2026-03-16

摘要

沙门氏菌(Salmonella)是威胁肉鸡健康和养殖效益的重要病原菌,其感染可引发肉鸡高死亡率、生长抑制及内脏器官损伤,并通过肉蛋产品威胁人类食源安全。沙门氏菌通过毒力因子介导的肠道定植、侵袭及免疫逃逸,破坏肠道屏障功能并诱发系统性炎症反应,危害肉鸡健康,导致其生长性能受损甚至死亡。基于营养调控的绿色干预措施成为研究热点,通过调节饲粮营养水平、添加生物活性成分可靶向调节肠道微生态平衡,增强黏膜免疫屏障,抑制病原菌黏附并缓解炎症反应,从而降低感染风险。本文系统综述了沙门氏菌感染肉鸡的致病机理及营养防控措施,旨在为肉鸡沙门氏菌感染的防控提供理论依据和实践指导。

本文引用格式

董晶晶 , 宫莉 , 蒋守群 , 王一冰 . 沙门氏菌感染肉鸡的机理及营养防控[J]. 动物营养学报, 2026 , 38(3) : 1624 -1633 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.130

Abstract

Salmonella is an important pathogen that threatens the health and breeding efficiency of broiler chickens. Its infection can cause high mortality, growth inhibition and internal organ damage in broiler chickens, and threaten the safety of human food sources through meat and egg products. Salmonella destroys the intestinal barrier function and induces systemic inflammatory response through intestinal colonization, invasion and immune escape mediated by virulence factors, which endangers the health of broilers, resulting in damage to growth performance and even death. Green intervention strategies based on nutritional regulation have become a research hotspot. By adjusting the level of dietary nutrients and adding bioactive ingredients, they can target and regulate the balance of intestinal microecology, enhance the mucosal immune barrier, inhibit the adhesion of pathogenic bacteria, and alleviate the inflammatory response, thereby reducing the risk of infection. This paper systematically reviewed the pathogenic mechanism and nutritional prevention and control strategies of Salmonella infection in broilers, aiming to provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for the prevention and control of Salmonella infection in broilers.

沙门氏菌(Salmonella)是危害全球畜禽养殖业的重要病原菌之一,其宿主范围广泛、传播途径复杂,不仅导致畜禽生产性能下降,更因其人畜共患的特性严重威胁食品安全和公共卫生[1]。沙门氏菌可引发鸡急慢性感染,造成雏鸡高死亡率、生长抑制及内脏器官损伤,给养殖户带来直接经济损失;还可通过肉、蛋等畜禽产品传染人类,感染家禽作为致病菌的携带者,成为疾病传播的源头。而抗生素的滥用导致了严重的细菌耐药性问题,目前沙门氏菌已被世界卫生组织(WHO)列为高度优先级耐药细菌,因此,寻找“替抗”物质防控肉鸡生产中的沙门氏菌对畜禽生产和食品安全具有重要意义。
研究表明,通过补充生物活性添加剂如益生菌、植物提取物等,可以靶向调节肠道微生态、增强黏膜免疫屏障并抑制病原菌增殖,从而降低感染风险[2]。基于此,本文系统综述了沙门氏菌感染肉鸡的致病机理,重点探讨了营养干预措施在降低沙门氏菌定植、调控免疫应答及修复肠道健康中的作用,以期为绿色、安全的沙门氏菌综合防控提供理论支持和技术参考,助力畜牧业可持续发展和食品安全保障。

1 沙门氏菌介绍

1.1 形态与分类

沙门氏菌是一种革兰氏阴性兼性厌氧菌,属于肠杆菌科,无芽孢,多数有鞭毛,菌体表面覆盖菌毛,部分菌株含荚膜,具有运动性和免疫逃逸能力。沙门氏菌广泛存在于自然环境中,在低温和低酸环境下表现出一定的耐受性[3]。研究表明,鸡胸肉中沙门氏菌的D值(沙门氏菌减少90%所需的时间)在55 ℃时为47.65 min,在60 ℃时为7.48 min[4],在65 ℃时为1.8 min[5],因此,正确的烹饪方式对去除沙门氏菌、确保食品安全至关重要。
目前,沙门氏菌已被鉴定出超过2 600种血清型,常见的血清型有肠炎沙门氏菌(Salmonella enteritidis,SE)、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium,ST)、鸡白痢沙门氏菌(Salmonella pullorum,SP)和海德尔堡沙门氏菌(Salmonella heidelberg,SH)[6]。不同血清型对人类和动物的致病性不同,其中非伤寒沙门氏菌(如SE和ST)是导致肉鸡感染的主要病原体[7]

1.2 在肉鸡中的传播方式

水平传播是沙门氏菌在鸡群中扩散的一种重要途径,传播方式广泛,包括摄入被污染的饲粮或饮水、接触被污染的环境或携带病原体的其他动物[8]。病原体可在母鸡的卵巢组织中定居,通过输卵管直接感染胚胎(内源性垂直传播)[9]。此外,病原体还可通过污染蛋壳表面,进而穿透蛋壳侵入蛋内,导致雏鸡先天感染(外源性垂直传播)。高频率的环境污染可能是沙门氏菌水平传播的重要因素,有研究发现,鸡群中口服接种沙门氏菌的鸡比例越高,环境污染和感染传播速度越快[10]。此外,雏鸡感染可能持续到生殖成熟,并产生受污染的鸡蛋[11],导致胚胎和雏鸡的高死亡率[10]

1.3 对食品安全的危害

沙门氏菌以受感染的肉和蛋类产品为媒介危及人类健康,禽肉是人类接触沙门氏菌的主要来源。人类感染沙门氏菌后,可能导致不同程度的腹泻,甚至死亡[12]。WHO统计显示,沙门氏菌是全球引发食源性疾病的主要病原体之一[7],全球范围内每年导致约9 500万例感染,近15万人死亡[13]。在我国,近些年不同地区生鲜禽肉沙门氏菌污染严重,有的地区随机抽检污染率高达78.9%[14-16]。在欧盟国家,沙门氏菌病是第二常见的食源性疾病,每年诱发超9万例食源性感染病例,相关经济负担高达30亿欧元[17]。在美国,2020—2023年沙门氏菌感染率从13.34%升至16.30%[18],引发严重的食品安全问题。

2 沙门氏菌感染肉鸡的机理

2.1 毒力因子

多种复杂且相互关联的毒力因子共同决定了沙门氏菌的致病性。沙门氏菌的毒力因子主要包括毒力岛(Salmonella pathogenicity island,SPI)、毒力质粒(Salmonella plasmid virulence,Spv)、菌毛和鞭毛以及肠毒素和内毒素等。其中,SPI是一段含有毒力相关基因的DNA片段,其中SPI-1编码的Ⅲ型分泌系统(type Ⅲ secretion system,T3SS)是关键毒力因子之一[19],在感染早期阶段帮助沙门氏菌突破肠道黏膜屏障,通过针状结构将效应蛋白直接注射到宿主细胞中[20]。Spv编码与细菌侵袭性、胞内生存及系统性感染相关的关键毒力因子,其中具酶活的SpvB是介导沙门氏菌在胞内存活的重要蛋白,可破坏细胞骨架并诱导炎症反应,促进细菌侵袭和免疫逃避[21]。鞭毛介导细菌运动和黏附,增强其在肠道中的定植能力;菌毛是介导菌与宿主肠上皮相互作用和黏附的主要细胞器[22]。脂多糖(LPS)作为沙门氏菌外膜的主要结构成分,通过刺激促炎细胞因子的大量释放,进而引发炎症反应和组织损伤[23]。这些毒力因子协同作用使沙门氏菌能够入侵宿主并有效逃避宿主免疫系统清除,导致持续性感染和传播。

2.2 致病机制

沙门氏菌感染肉鸡是步骤繁杂的生物学过程,涉及对肠道黏膜屏障的破坏、炎症反应的激活以及免疫逃逸等,上述机制相互关联,共同导致肉鸡全身病理性损伤。首先,沙门氏菌经消化道摄入,通过黏附素附着于肠道上皮细胞,利用T3SS中的效应蛋白侵入黏膜屏障;在接触肠道黏膜后,鞭毛蛋白和LPS等病原相关分子被鸡识别,激活核因子-κB(NF-κB)和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)等信号通路,诱导肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)等促炎因子的释放[24-25]。这些细胞因子虽有助于清除病原体,但也可导致过度的炎症反应,损害机体健康。某些沙门氏菌血清型如SE在感染肉鸡过程中能够通过诱导CD4+和CD25+细胞来逃避宿主的免疫监视,上调白细胞介素-10(IL-10)表达,引发沙门氏菌持续感染,使其成为无症状携带状态[26]。沙门氏菌入侵肠道时显著下调紧密连接蛋白闭锁小带蛋白(ZO)-1、密封蛋白(Claudin)等表达,破坏肠道屏障[27];沙门氏菌一旦跨越屏障,即可经淋巴系统进入血液循环定植于肝脏和脾脏等器官,造成全身性感染[28]。肠道微生物群落参与营养代谢、免疫调节、病原体防御和维持肠道屏障完整性,对宿主的健康与疾病状态具有调控作用[29]。此外,肠道菌群还可以通过调节细胞因子的产生和免疫细胞的激活来调节宿主的免疫系统,以增强其清除沙门氏菌的能力[30]。研究表明,沙门氏菌感染后鸡肠道菌群的α多样性下降,拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门相对丰度下降,变形菌门、放线菌门相对丰度升高[31-32]。拟杆菌门是肠道中的优势菌群之一,其部分菌株可抑制有害菌的生长,维持肠道微生态的稳定;变形菌门中的布鲁氏菌、志贺氏菌和大肠杆菌等对禽类均具有致病性,可引发腹泻、生殖系统感染及免疫抑制等疾病[33]。肉鸡感染后肠道菌群紊乱,定植抗力减弱,肠道屏障被破坏,进一步促进沙门氏菌的定植和传播。

2.3 临床症状

肉鸡感染沙门氏菌后具有典型的特征性表现。感染初期的临床症状通常表现为食欲下降、精神沉郁和活动减少[34]。随着病情发展,患鸡出现特征性水样或黏液样腹泻,粪便呈黄绿色或白色,并伴有脱水症状;严重感染时,病原体可侵入肝脏、脾脏等器官,引发败血症导致肉鸡死亡[35]
沙门氏菌感染在肉鸡出生1周内最为严重,死亡率较高[36]。相比之下,感染沙门氏菌的成年肉鸡有时为无症状携带者,肉鸡表现出明显的生长迟缓和发育不良,其平均日增重显著下降,料重比升高,出栏时间延长,进而导致养殖成本增加[37]。总体来说,沙门氏菌对肉鸡群危害在早期以急性死亡为主,在后期则以导致生长性能降低为主。

3 肉鸡沙门氏菌感染的营养防控策略

抗生素药物的长期不规范使用导致耐药菌株的出现和传播,不仅增加了疾病防控的难度,还给公共卫生安全造成威胁。在肉鸡养殖中,沙门氏菌作为常见的人畜共患病原体,其耐药性问题尤为突出[38],寻找安全、高效的营养策略控制沙门氏菌的传播,保障肉鸡的健康生长,对养殖业的可持续发展尤为重要。

3.1 常规营养成分

氨基酸是肉鸡生长发育和维持免疫功能所必需的营养物质。研究表明,饲粮中额外补充0.3%(实测1.72%)精氨酸可调节空肠免疫反应,上调干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、IL-10表达,下调白细胞介素-8(IL-8)表达,减少淋巴细胞浸润,调节肠道微生物群落,有效缓解感染ST后的肠道黏膜损伤[2]。在爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡饲粮中添加谷氨酰胺(0.5%和1.0%)能够降低空肠和回肠黏膜中一氧化氮(NO)含量以及诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和总一氧化氮合酶(tNOS)活性,下调鸡β防御素(AvBD)5、AvBD14表达,增强小肠黏膜的免疫和屏障功能,从而减轻感染SE后的小肠炎症反应[39];此外,谷氨酰胺(0.5%和1.0%)通过上调脾脏中病毒识别的正调节因子黑色素瘤分化相关基因5(MDA5)、遗传与生理实验室基因2(LGP2)表达,参与感染SP肉鸡先天性炎症免疫反应,二者参与先天免疫细胞对病毒特异性成分的识别[40]。另外,蛋内注射补充17.5 mg苏氨酸可提高孵化后肉雏鸡回肠营养转运蛋白如钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白1(SGLT1)、葡萄糖转运蛋白2(GLUT2)和丙氨酸-丝氨酸-半胱氨酸转运蛋白1(ASCT1)的表达,提高感染SE肉鸡肠道的吸收功能[41]
维生素C可缓解肉鸡沙门氏菌感染,其发挥作用的机理与其抗氧化功能和免疫调节等作用相关。Gan等[42]研究表明,饲粮添加500 mg/kg维生素C可提高肉鸡血清总抗氧化能力,提高空肠免疫球蛋白A(IgA)含量,缓解空肠绒毛形态和微生物结构损伤,改善SE感染肉鸡生长性能和存活率。Sharma等[43]研究发现,饮水添加200 mg/L维生素C可以减轻肉鸡感染SE后引起的肝脏和肾脏功能损伤,显著提高血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量,增强免疫反应。
综上可知,饲粮营养成分通过加固肠道屏障、激活免疫和调控菌群等途径,缓解肉鸡沙门氏菌感染,这些研究为家禽养殖中沙门氏菌感染的防控提供了科学依据。但是,营养成分发挥营养调控作用需要适宜的水平,比如,鸡过量摄入氨基酸会导致小肠消化后氨基酸在后肠产生更多有毒化合物,影响生产性能;还会增加氮排泄量,对环境产生负面影响[44]。因此,探究营养成分的适宜添加水平对肉鸡沙门氏菌的安全防控至关重要。

3.2 益生菌

益生菌缓解肉鸡沙门氏菌感染最主要的作用方式为调节肠道菌群结构、维持微生物群落稳态,具体表现为提高感染鸡微生物多样性,提高乳酸菌、芽孢杆菌等有益菌相对丰度,以及降低沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌等致病菌相对丰度[45-46]。有益菌等在肠道的定植和增长竞争性抑制沙门氏菌的增殖,沙门氏菌数量与相对丰度的降低也减少了其向肝脏、脾脏等器官转移的可能性。益生菌能够调控肉鸡免疫功能、发挥抗炎作用以及抵御沙门氏菌感染,其对肠道的作用靶点通常包括多种炎症反应的信号通路,从而减少炎症因子的过度表达与分泌。Toll样受体(TLR)是沙门氏菌感染激活的关键受体,研究发现,饲粮添加2.5×109 CFU/kg戊糖片球菌[47]或饮水添加植物乳杆菌[48]可以靶向抑制TLR4/髓样分化因子88(MyD88)/NF-κB信号通路,降低肠道IFN-γ、IL-1β、IL-8和TNF-α等细胞因子含量,减轻炎症反应;Guan等[48]研究发现,植物乳杆菌可抑制NOD样受体家族pyrin结构域包含3(NLRP3)炎性小体通路,抑制胱天蛋白酶-1(Caspase-1)、IL-1βIL-18等表达,从而降低炎症反应和细胞凋亡,缓解沙门氏菌感染肉鸡的肠道黏膜损伤;每天摄入2×107 CFU凝结芽孢杆菌[49]抑制Notch信号通路,提高感染肉鸡肠道黏膜IgA和AvBD含量。益生菌对肠道健康的改善作用还表现在其上调Claudin1、Claudin5、连接黏附分子2(JAM2)和ZO-2等紧密连接蛋白相关基因表达,减轻肠道形态结构损伤[50-51]。另外,益生菌还可能通过提高抗氧化能力,增强肉鸡的健康水平。Xie等[49]研究发现,每天摄入2×107 CFU凝结芽孢杆菌可以提高沙门氏菌感染肉鸡机体超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,改善总抗氧化能力,缓解感染损伤。
综上所述,益生菌在肉鸡肠道健康的营养防控中发挥着多重作用,通过维持微生物群落结构稳态、调节免疫反应等机制保护感染肉鸡的肠道健康和生产表现。

3.3 植物活性成分

植物提取物的有效成分包括多糖、多酚等,通常具备抗氧化、抗菌、抗应激以及调节免疫等多种生理功能。研究表明,饲粮添加活性成分如苜蓿多糖[52]、菊粉[53-54]、多酚类物质如花青素[55]、单宁酸[56]、原儿茶酸[57]以及萜类物质冬凌草素[58]均可有效抵御肉鸡沙门氏菌感染。山茱萸提取物[59]和艾蒿精油[60]的主要活性成分为多酚类物质,此二者应用在肉鸡饲粮中,也可缓解沙门氏菌感染造成的肠道损伤和生长性能下降。除了植物提取物外,直接向饲粮中添加植物粉剂也是一种经济有效的改善肉鸡健康的方式。研究表明,饲粮添加2%红姜粉[61]能显著缓解沙门氏菌感染造成的肉鸡损伤。这种添加方式省去了活性成分提纯的复杂工艺,还部分替代了常规饲料原料,降低了生产成本,更具规模化应用优势。植物活性成分或植物粉剂主要通过改善肠道屏障功能、增强免疫反应以及调控肠道菌群等多种机制,有效减少沙门氏菌的定植和传播,提高感染肉鸡生长性能和健康水平,其具体作用见表1
表1 饲粮添加植物活性成分缓解沙门氏菌感染肉鸡的作用

Table 1 Role of dietary supplementation with plant active ingredients in mitigating Salmonella infected broilers

植物活性成分
Plant active
ingredients
分类
Classification
添加水平
Supplemental
level
试验处理
Experimental
treatments
作用效果 Effects 参考文献
References
生长性能
Growth
performance
肠道屏障
Intestinal
barrier
免疫功能
Immunity
function
肠道菌群及代谢产物
Intestinal microbiota
and metabolites
苜蓿多糖
Alfalfa polysaccharide
多糖 500 mg/kg 1~42日龄,爱拔
益加(AA)肉鸡,
11和18日龄感染
ADG↑,F/G↓ 十二指肠、空肠
V/C和绒毛高度↑
血清IgG、IgA含
量↑,十二指肠黏膜
sIgG、sIgA含量↑
盲肠拟杆菌门相对
丰度↑,盲肠厚壁
菌门/拟杆菌门值↓
Li
[52]
菊粉
Inulin
多糖 10 000 mg/kg 1~31日龄,
AA肉鸡,
28日龄感染
十二指肠、空肠和回肠隐窝
深度↓,绒毛高度和V/C↑;回肠
MUC2、Claudin1表达↑
回肠IgA、sIgA和
IgG含量↑,
p-STAT3和JAK1
蛋白表达↓
盲肠厚壁菌门相对丰
度↑,拟杆菌门相对丰
度↓;乙酸和丁酸含
量↑,丙酸含量↓
Song
[53-54]
花青素
Anthocyanin
多酚(黄酮) 100、
400 mg/kg
(36%)
1~18日龄,雄性
岭南黄羽肉鸡,14
和16日龄感染
ADG↑,
F/G↓
回肠隐窝深度↓,V/C↑;
回肠Claudin1、Occludin
MUC2和ZO-1表达↑;
血浆LPS含量↓;肝脏、
脾脏沙门氏菌数量↓
血浆NO含量↓;
回肠IL-1β、IL-6、
IL-8、TNF-α、
IFN-β和
IFN-γ含量↓
盲肠菌群α多样性
(Chao1、PD、Shannon和
Sobs指数)↑;厚壁菌
门相对丰度↑,变形
菌门相对丰度↓
Zhang
[55]
单宁酸
Tannic acid
酚酸 200 mg/kg 1~21日龄,
白羽肉鸡,
10和11日龄感染
ADG↑,F/G↓ 回肠隐窝深度↓;回肠
Claudin1、Occludin
MUC2表达↑
回肠IL-4、
IL-6表达↓
Wu
[56]
原儿茶酸
Protocatechuic acid
酚酸 600 mg/kg 1~18日龄,雄性
黄羽肉鸡,14~16
日龄感染
末重、ADG↑,
F/G↓
血浆二胺氧化酶活性↓;肝
脏和脾脏沙门氏菌数量↓;
回肠V/C↑;回肠Claudin1、
ZO-1和MUC2表达↑
回肠IL-6、
IL-1β、
TNF-α和
IFN-β含量↓
盲肠α多样性(Chao1、PD、
Shannon、Sobs指数)↑;变形
菌门、拟杆菌门和志贺氏菌
相对丰度↓,厚壁菌门和
乳酸菌相对丰度↑
Cui
[57]
冬凌草素
Oridonin
萜类 100 mg/kg 1~21日龄,雄性AA
肉鸡,3日龄感染
空肠绒毛高度和
V/C↑,隐窝深度↓
空肠IgA、IgG含量↓ 盲肠乳酸菌数量↑,
沙门氏菌数量↓
Wu等[58]
山茱萸提取物
Dogwood extract
主成分
为多酚
3 000 mg/kg 1~21日龄,科宝
(Cobb)500肉鸡,13
和20日龄感染
AWG↑,
F/G↓
回肠绒毛
高度和V/C↑
血浆球蛋白含量↑,
白蛋白/球蛋白值↓
盲肠链球菌属和乳
杆菌属相对丰度↑
Erinle
[59]
艾蒿精油
Artemisia argyit
essential oil
主成分
为多酚
100 mg/kg 1~14日龄,
白羽肉鸡,
14~16日龄感染
末重、ADG和
ADFI↑,F/G↓
肝脏、脾脏沙门氏菌
数量↓;回肠绒毛高度和
V/C↑,隐窝深度↓
回肠IL-1β、IL-6
和NF-κB含量↓,
IL-10含量↑
回肠沙门氏菌
数量↓;盲肠罗伊氏
乳杆菌相对丰度↑
Ding
[60]
红姜粉
Red ginger powder
2% 1~16日龄,Cobb
500肉鸡,15日龄感染
回肠和盲肠
绒毛损伤、出血↓
盲肠、回肠和脾脏IgA
以及脾脏IgY含量↑
盲肠沙门
氏菌数量↓
Herawati
[61]

↑:升高 increase;↓:降低 decrease;ADG:平均日增重 average daily gain;F/G:料重比 feed to gain ratio;V/C:绒毛高度/隐窝深度 villus height/crypt depth;IgG:免疫球蛋白G immunoglobulin G;IgA:免疫球蛋白A immunoglobulin A;sIgG:分泌型免疫球蛋白G secretory immunoglobulin G;sIgA:分泌型免疫球蛋白A secretory immunoglobulin A;MUC:黏蛋白 mucin;Claudin:密封蛋白;p-STAT3:磷酸化信号转导与转录激活因子3 phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3;JAK1:Janus激酶1 Janus kinase 1;Occludin:闭合蛋白;ZO:闭锁小带蛋白 zonula occludens;LPS:脂多糖 lipopolysaccharide;NO:一氧化氮 nitric oxide;IL:白细胞介素 interleukin;TNF-α:肿瘤坏死因子-α tumor necrosis factor-α;IFN:干扰素 interferon;AWG:平均周增重 average week gain;ADFI:平均日采食量 average daily feed intake;NF-κB:核因子-κB nuclear factor-κB;IgY:免疫球蛋白Y immunoglobulin Y。

3.4 其他

噬菌体是细菌的寄生物,具有杀死病原菌的能力,对真核细胞无害,不会诱发抗生素耐药性。饲粮添加噬菌体(1 000 mg/kg)可以提高感染SE肉鸡抗氧化能力,缓解空肠损伤[62-63]。噬菌体与酸化剂共同添加也可缓解感染沙门氏菌后肠道组织损伤,减少盲肠沙门氏菌数量[62]。N-酰基-高丝氨酸内酯酶(10 U/g)能够干扰细菌的群体感应,抑制沙门氏菌对肠道的损伤,减轻炎症反应,降低感染肉鸡肠道中变形菌门、肠杆菌科相对丰度,提高拟杆菌门、芽孢杆菌目和乳杆菌目相对丰度,恢复肠道微生物平衡[64]。不过,上述防控方式虽前景广阔,但仍具有局限性,在实际生产中应用受限,如噬菌体对宿主菌具有高度特异性,难以覆盖不同血清型;N-酰基-高丝氨酸内酯酶在肠道易被蛋白酶降解,且高温即变性,不利于饲料加工[65]

4 小结与展望

本文综述了沙门氏菌特性与其感染肉鸡的致病机理,并探讨了通过营养调控手段防控沙门氏菌感染的多种方法。研究表明,通过调节饲粮营养水平以及合理利用益生菌、植物活性成分等添加剂,可以有效改善感染肉鸡肠道健康,提高生产性能,为沙门氏菌感染的营养防控提供了新的视角。
然而,目前对于这些营养调控措施的研究仍需深入。肉鸡品种各异,尤其是地方鸡品种更加多样,针对不同品种不同生长阶段的肉鸡,营养调控作用可能存在差异,需更多研究建立不同品种肉鸡的营养需求模型,优化抗沙门氏菌感染的精准营养调控方案。此外,现有研究多集中在单一添加剂的效果评估,缺乏多种营养调控手段的协同作用研究,且对长期使用可能带来的耐药性风险关注不足。因此,需开发复合型添加剂,评估益生菌、植物提取物和功能性氨基酸的协同效应。另外,还需利用多组学技术解析营养调控与沙门氏菌毒力基因表达的关联机制,并评估长期营养干预对沙门氏菌耐药性演变的潜在影响。通过这些综合措施,有效地控制沙门氏菌的传播,保障家禽产品的质量安全,从而维护人类健康,以实现肉鸡养殖业的可持续发展和保障公共卫生安全。
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