综述

白藜芦醇对幼龄动物腹泻的防控作用及机制研究进展

  • 谭子莹 , 1, 2 ,
  • 张相伦 1 ,
  • 赵红波 1 ,
  • 林雪彦 , 2, *
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  • 1 山东省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所, 农业农村部畜禽生物组学重点实验室,山东省动物微生态制剂与畜禽高效养殖重点实验室, 济南 250100
  • 2 山东农业大学动物科技学院, 泰安 271018
*林雪彦,教授,博士生导师,E-mail:

谭子莹(2001—),女,山东潍坊人,硕士研究生,从事反刍动物营养研究。E-mail:

收稿日期: 2025-09-05

  网络出版日期: 2026-03-16

基金资助

国家自然科学基金(32402791)

山东省重点研发计划项目(2024TZXD031)

山东省农业科学院农业科技创新工程(CXGC2025B11)

山东省农业科学院农业科技创新工程(CXGC2025C10)

山东省现代农业产业技术体系牛产业创新团队(SDAIT-09-04)

2025年山东省农业重大技术协同推广计划(SDNYXTTC-2025-44)

Research Progress on Prevention and Control Effects and Mechanism of Resveratrol on Diarrhea in Young Animals

  • TAN Ziying , 1, 2 ,
  • ZHANG Xianglun 1 ,
  • ZHAO Hongbo 1 ,
  • LIN Xueyan , 2, *
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  • 1 Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Microecologics and Efficient Production of Livestock and Poultry, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji’nan 250100, China
  • 2 College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-09-05

  Online published: 2026-03-16

摘要

腹泻是幼龄动物中常见的胃肠消化道疾病,导致生产性能下降,给畜牧业造成巨大的经济损失。传统抗生素防治腹泻面临耐药性和药物残留风险,亟需开发绿色高效的抗生素替代品。白藜芦醇作为一种天然植物提取物,具有抗氧化、抗炎及调控肠道微生物等多种生物学功能。本文系统综述了白藜芦醇对幼龄动物腹泻的调控效果及分子机制,重点解析了其在促进肠道发育、保护肠道屏障、提高免疫功能和调控肠道微生物中的作用,以期为白藜芦醇在畜牧生产中的科学应用提供参考依据。

本文引用格式

谭子莹 , 张相伦 , 赵红波 , 林雪彦 . 白藜芦醇对幼龄动物腹泻的防控作用及机制研究进展[J]. 动物营养学报, 2026 , 38(3) : 1696 -1703 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.137

Abstract

Diarrhea is a common gastrointestinal disease in young animals, which leads to decreased performance and causes significant economic losses to the livestock industry. Conventional antibiotic treatments for the prevention of diarrhea face challenges of drug resistance and residue risks, prompting the urgent need to develop green and efficient antibiotic alternatives. Resveratrol, as a natural plant extract, possesses various biological functions including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, as well as the ability to modulate gut microbiota. This review systematically summarizes the regulatory effects of resveratrol on diarrhea in young animals and its underlying molecular mechanisms, with a focus on elucidating its roles in promoting intestinal development, protecting intestinal barrier integrity, enhancing immune function, and modulating gut microbiota. The findings aim to provide a theoretical basis for the scientific application of resveratrol in livestock production.

幼龄动物是指由出生到性成熟阶段的个体,这一时期是动物免疫系统发育的关键期,也是动物全期生长的核心阶段。在此期间,幼龄动物经历了从母体内环境到体外自然环境的过渡,其器官系统仍处于发育阶段,抗病能力相对较弱,易受到细菌、病毒及寄生虫等病原体的侵袭,从而引发感染性腹泻[1-3]。同时,幼龄动物因机体功能发育不全,受饲粮变化、环境因素等影响也易发生腹泻[4]。在畜牧养殖中,腹泻是一种发病率高、治疗难度大的病症,可使动物体内水分和营养成分流失,造成机体脱水、抗病力下降、生产性能降低,严重者会导致畜禽死亡,给养殖业带来巨大的经济损失[5]
长期以来,腹泻的防治主要以使用抗生素为主,但是随着抗生素的使用带来的药物残留和细菌耐药性等问题,抗生素在畜禽养殖中的利用逐渐受到限制[6]。欧盟自2006年起禁止在畜禽饲料中使用抗生素,我国农业农村部也于2020年1月1日起要求实现饲料全面禁抗,因此研发抗生素替代品成为行业关注焦点。当前,抗生素替代品的研发主要包括微生态制剂、寡糖、酸化剂和天然植物提取物等[7-9],其中天然植物提取物因其作用效果稳定、绿色安全无残留等优点,在畜牧养殖中备受关注。天然植物提取物功能成分主要包括植物多酚、植物精油和植物多糖等,具有直接抑菌、增强免疫能力等多种生物学功能[10]。白藜芦醇(resveratrol,RES)是一种天然多酚类植物提取物,在1940年首次从毛叶藜芦(Veratrum grandiflorum)的根中被分离出来,最初被认为是一种可抵御感染的植物抗毒素[11],主要存在于虎杖、葡萄、花生和浆果中,具有抗氧化、抗炎和心血管保护等功能[12-13]。在幼龄动物腹泻防控方面,部分研究发现RES能够通过促进肠道健康、调节免疫功能和肠道微生物等方面防控幼龄动物腹泻的发生[14];但也有研究报道,RES对幼龄动物腹泻的防控效果并不理想[15],现有研究结论存在诸多争议且相关机制不明。鉴于此,本文系统综述了RES对幼龄动物腹泻的防控效果及作用机制研究进展,以期为RES在畜禽养殖中的科学应用提供参考依据。

1 RES对幼龄动物腹泻防控效果研究

幼龄动物腹泻是许多变量相互作用的结果,包括病原体、动物自身状况、环境和管理等因素,由于多种发病因素使得腹泻难以有效快速控制[1]。关于RES对幼龄动物腹泻防控的研究主要聚焦于应激性腹泻和感染性腹泻方面。

1.1 RES对幼龄动物应激性腹泻的防控效果

断奶应激是幼龄动物经常发生的现象,尤其是在早期断奶阶段,常伴随着腹泻的发生。王世琴[16]研究发现,早期断奶湖羊羔羊腹泻率显著高于正常断奶羔羊,通过给早期断奶羔羊供给10 mg/kg BW的RES,其腹泻率降低13.48%。张卫兵[15]给2月龄犊牛代乳粉中添加4 mg/kg BW的RES,可降低犊牛腹泻发病率5.80%,总增重提高1.44 kg,但与对照组相比差异不显著。此外,RES还被证实具有母体效应,Meng等[17]在母猪妊娠期和哺乳期饲粮中补充300 mg/kg RES,其后代仔猪断奶后3~5 d粪便评分显著降低,同时平均日增重显著提高。这些研究表明,饲粮添加RES有助于提高幼龄动物抗应激能力,并在生长性能方面发挥有益作用。

1.2 RES对幼龄动物感染性腹泻的防控效果

细菌和病毒感染是引发动物腹泻的重要原因,并具有高传染性和致死性。大肠杆菌是一种条件性致病菌,肉鸡在大肠杆菌攻毒后产生强烈的炎症反应,死亡率达到5.8%,饲粮补充低剂量(300 mg/kg)RES未改善死亡率,但高剂量(600 mg/kg)RES组死亡率下降13.79%[18]。同样,Ahmed等[19]研究报道,在大肠杆菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌攻毒的断奶仔猪中,饲粮添加2 mg/kg RES可以提高平均日采食量和平均日增重,改善生长性能。轮状病毒是造成幼龄动物腹泻的重要病原菌,在轮状病毒感染的小鼠模型中,用20 mg/kg RES治疗可显著降低腹泻评分,存活率由20%提高至80%[20]。另外,在仔猪试验中,饲粮添加3、10和30 mg/kg RES能够抑制轮状病毒活性,降低腹泻发病率,腹泻指数也随着RES添加量的增加而降低,以30 mg/kg组效果最佳[21]。上述研究表明,饲粮添加RES对幼龄动物感染性腹泻有比较理想的防控效果,部分研究报道存在差异的主要原因可能与RES的添加剂量不同有关,需进一步研究细化。

2 RES对幼龄动物腹泻的防控机制研究

2.1 RES促进幼龄动物肠道发育

肠道形态是对肠道功能的直观反映,主要通过绒毛高度、隐窝深度和绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值来评估[22]。当动物发生腹泻时,其肠道黏膜受损,导致绒毛萎缩和隐窝加深,肠道形态遭到破坏[23]。RES已被证实可以改善肠道形态,促进肠道发育。Chen等[24]在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加150和300 mg/kg RES后发现,仔猪空肠绒毛高度和绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值显著提高,隐窝深度显著降低,以300 mg/kg剂量组效果更佳。He等[25]研究表明,饲粮添加500 mg/kg RES显著提高了热应激诱导黄羽肉鸡空肠和回肠绒毛高度,并提高了绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值,表明RES可有效缓解热应激造成的肠道损伤。同样,在断奶仔猪研究中,Xun等[26]在饲粮中添加10、30和90 mg/kg RES发现,RES可以缓解敌草快诱导的空肠绒毛高度降低和隐窝深度增加,以90 mg/kg剂量组效果最佳。由此可见,饲粮添加RES能够促进幼龄动物的肠道发育。
在RES促进肠道发育的分子机制研究中发现,Wnt/β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)信号通路是RES调控的关键靶点[27]。Wnt信号通路是参与细胞增殖、分化、发育和凋亡的信号传导途径[28]。在Wnt蛋白未结合配体时,细胞质中的β-catenin被轴抑制蛋白(axis inhibitor,Axin)、腺瘤性息肉病蛋白(adenomatous polyposis coli,APC)、糖原合成激酶-3β(glycogen synthase kinase-3β,GSK-3β)和酪蛋白激酶1(casein kinase 1,CK1)等复合物磷酸化,这种磷酸化标志着β-catenin泛素化,靶向其进行蛋白酶体降解,从而维持胞浆内β-catenin的低稳态水平,并抑制其下游靶基因的转录激活[29]。RES通过激活细胞外信号调节激酶(extracellular regulated protein kinases,ERKs)磷酸化GSK-3β[30],GSK-3β磷酸化削弱了其激酶活性,破坏复合体的磷酸化功能,β-catenin的磷酸化及后续的泛素化-蛋白酶体降解途径被有效阻断,使其在细胞质中积累并进入细胞核中。在核内,β-catenin与转录因子T细胞因子(T-cell factor,TCF)/淋巴增强因子(lymphoid enhancer factor,LEF)结合,形成转录激活复合物,调控下游靶基因c-Myc/细胞周期蛋白D1(Cyclin D1)的表达,驱动肠上皮细胞增殖与存活。此外,β-catenin的稳定积累具有抗凋亡效应,可以下调B细胞淋巴瘤-2相关X蛋白和半胱天冬酶-3的表达,同时上调B细胞淋巴瘤-2的表达,从而抑制上皮细胞凋亡[31]

2.2 RES提高幼龄动物肠道机械屏障

肠上皮细胞之间的肠道通透性主要通过紧密连接结构调控,紧密连接包括跨膜蛋白[闭合蛋白(Occludin)、密封蛋白(Claudin)和连接黏附分子]和闭锁小带蛋白(zonula occludens,ZO),共同构成了防止肠道病原体侵入和扩散的主要机械屏障[32]。其中,Occludin是构成紧密连接的重要组成部分,对调控细胞通透性至关重要;Claudin是紧密连接的主要结构成分,直接调控离子和小分子物质在细胞间的通透性[33];ZO-1与Occludin、Claudin相互连接,发挥桥梁作用[34]。研究表明,脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)或肠致病性大肠杆菌K88攻毒后,猪肠上皮细胞紧密连接蛋白ClaudinOccludinZO-1 mRNA表达量下降,细胞机械屏障的完整性遭到破坏,RES预处理可以促进OccludinZO-1 mRNA的表达,缓解LPS以及肠致病性大肠杆菌K88造成的肠上皮屏障功能损伤[35-36]。体内研究方面,甘振丁[37]在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加300 mg/kg RES,空肠和回肠ClaudinOccludinZO-1 mRNA表达量显著提高,同时肠道通透性标志物血清二胺氧化酶活性和D-乳酸水平显著降低。同样,在家禽方面研究也发现,雏禽饲粮中添加RES能够显著提高空肠中紧密连接蛋白ClaudinOccludin的表达,减轻热应激诱导的肠道通透性和完整性损伤[25,38]。由此可见,RES能够通过提高幼龄动物肠道紧密连接蛋白的表达,增强机械屏障功能,促进肠道健康。
进一步分析RES促进紧密连接表达的分子机制发现,单磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)/尾型同源盒转录因子2(caudal related homeobox transcription factor 2,CDX2)可能是其调控的关键靶点。AMPK是一种调节紧密连接和上皮通透性的能量传感器[39],CDX2在肠道基因的转录调控和肠上皮细胞的分化中起着关键作用[40]。AMPK激活可磷酸化组蛋白,导致其功能抑制或降解,这种对组蛋白修饰的抑制性作用解除了对CDX2基因转录的阻遏,最终促进CDX2的转录和蛋白表达[41]。相关研究表明,用LPS处理Caco-2细胞和葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导小鼠结肠炎后,肠道屏障功能遭到破坏,采用RES预处理能够通过激活AMPK/CDX2信号通路提高Occludin和ZO-1蛋白的表达,保护机械屏障功能[42]。另外,肠道发生炎症时,促炎因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)等会下调紧密连接蛋白表达,损伤肠道机械屏障功能[43-44]。研究发现,RES能够通过核因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)信号通路调节炎症水平,进而保护肠道机械屏障功能。RES促进AMPK磷酸化,抑制乙酰辅酶A羧化酶,提高细胞烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD+)水平,激活沉默信息调节因子1(silent information regulator 1,SIRT1),使NF-κB p65蛋白去乙酰化,从而触发p65亚基的降解,进而抑制NF-κB的激活,降低其下游促炎靶基因TNF-α、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)等的表达[42]。因此,RES保护肠道屏障功能的潜在机制主要是通过AMPK/CDX2和SIRT1/NF-κB途径实现的。

2.3 RES改善幼龄动物肠道免疫功能

肠道免疫屏障在保护动物健康方面起着至关重要的作用。当幼龄动物发生腹泻时,免疫系统、炎症因子被激活,促炎因子(IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α)水平升高,此外还会分泌大量免疫球蛋白以抵御病原微生物的侵袭[45-47]。研究表明,在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加RES能够显著降低空肠和回肠促炎因子IL-1β、TNF-α的水平及mRNA表达量,同时提高抗炎因子白细胞介素-10(interleukin-10,IL-10)以及免疫球蛋白G(immunoglobulin G,IgG)、免疫球蛋白A(immunoglobulin A,IgA)水平[37]。同样,在热应激条件下,RES能够显著降低湖羊羔羊血清炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6水平,增强抗炎能力,缓解热应激造成的免疫功能抑制[48]
在幼龄动物免疫功能调节中,RES主要通过抑制Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor,TLR4)/髓样分化因子88(myeloid differentiation factor 88,MyD88)/NF-κB信号通路发挥免疫调节作用。TLR4是Toll样受体家族的重要成员,是关键的先天性免疫识别受体,能够特异性识别病原体相关分子模式[49]。在腹泻发生时,TLR4被激活,通过适配蛋白MyD88与白细胞介素-1受体相关激酶(interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase,IRAK)和肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子6(tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6,TRAF6)结合,随后激活转化生长因子β激活激酶1(transforming growth factor β activated kinase 1,TAK1)复合物,TAK1直接磷酸化并激活核因子-κB抑制因子激酶(inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB kinase,IKK)复合物。活化的IKK蛋白复合物可使核因子-κB抑制因子蛋白磷酸化并降解,解除了对NF-κB(p65/p50)的束缚,游离的NF-κB进入细胞核,与DNA启动子结合,促进相关免疫基因的转录和促炎因子表达,产生强烈的炎症反应[50]。RES被证实是TRAF6的抑制剂,可阻碍TAK1和核因子-κB抑制因子的磷酸化过程,使得NF-κB(p65/p50)被锚定在细胞质中,抑制细胞中促炎因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的合成与分泌[51],从而降低炎症水平,增强免疫功能。

2.4 RES调控幼龄动物肠道微生物区系

动物肠道内存在多种微生物,这些微生物在肠道内相互作用,共同构成了肠道的微生物屏障[52]。幼龄动物肠道功能不完善,易导致菌群紊乱,一旦微生物屏障被破坏,大量的病原菌在肠道中定植,极易引起腹泻发生[20,53]。研究表明,RES能够调节肠道菌群组成及丰度缓解腹泻发生。一方面,RES对有害菌具有直接抗菌、杀菌作用。Mohebodini等[18]在肉鸡饲粮中添加300和600 mg/kg RES,盲肠中大肠杆菌数量明显减少,表明RES可以减少病原菌在肠道中的定植。其主要机制是RES抑制大肠杆菌FtsZ蛋白功能,导致Z环形成受阻使细胞伸长但不分裂,从而抑制其增殖[54]。此外,Lobo de Sá等[55]通过体外试验发现,RES对弯曲杆菌也有抑制作用,其主要机制是RES抑制了生物膜的形成,导致菌群无法定植[56]。另一方面,RES可提高肠道有益菌群丰度。乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌是肠道中重要的有益菌,研究发现在RES喂养的动物中肠道乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌丰度显著提高,其机制可能是作为酚类营养底物为其生长提供能量[18],RES能够平衡有益菌和致病菌数量,恢复肠道细菌群落的多样性,进一步增强肠道的微生物屏障功能。RES对幼龄动物腹泻的防控机制如图1所示。
图1 RES对幼龄动物腹泻的防控机制

RES:白藜芦醇 resveratrol;β-Catenin:β-连环蛋白;Frizzled:卷曲受体;GSK-3β:糖原合成激酶-3β glycogen synthase kinase-3β;CK1:酪蛋白激酶1 casein kinase 1;P:磷酸化 phosphorylation;Axin:轴抑制蛋白 axis inhibitor;APC:腺瘤性息肉病蛋白 adenomatous polyposis coli;Proteasome:蛋白酶体;Ub:泛素 ubiquitin;TCF:T细胞因子 T-cell factor;LEF:淋巴增强因子 lymphoid enhancer factor;Wnt responsive gene:Wnt响应基因;Adherens junction:黏附连接;Tight junction:紧密连接;E-cadherin:E-钙黏蛋白;JAM:连接黏附分子 junctional adhesion molecule;Occludin:闭合蛋白;Claudin:密封蛋白;ZO-1:闭锁小带蛋白-1 zonula occludens-1;TLR:Toll样受体 Toll-like receptors;MyD88:髓样分化因子88 myeloid differentiation factor 88;IRAK1/4:白细胞介素-1受体相关激酶1/4 interleukin-1 receptor-related kinase 1/4;TRAF6:肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子6 tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6;NF-κB:核因子-κB nuclear factor-κB;IκB:核因子-κB抑制因子 inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB;Degraded IκB:分解的核因子-κB抑制因子;Activation of immune response gene:免疫应答基因的激活;Bifidobacterium spp:双歧杆菌;Lactobacillus spp:乳酸杆菌;Escherichia coli:大肠杆菌;Campylobacter spp:弯曲杆菌。

Fig.1 Mechanism of RES in preventing diarrhea in young animals[30,31,37,38,51,54,56]

3 小结

幼龄动物由于其消化系统与免疫机能等尚未发育完善,腹泻频发,一直是影响畜禽健康养殖的关键问题。RES能够通过促进幼龄动物肠道发育、保护机械屏障功能、提高肠道免疫功能以及调节菌群等,在幼龄动物腹泻防控中发挥重要作用,是一种较为理想的“减抗替抗”活性物质。鉴于现有研究存在的问题,后续研究可着重从以下几个方面开展:1)进一步研究明确RES在不同品种幼龄动物腹泻防控中的适宜剂量;2)整合多组学系统解析RES对幼龄动物腹泻防控的分子机制,阐明关键作用靶点;3)研究RES与其他营养素协同配伍在幼龄动物腹泻防控中的作用效果,为促进畜禽健康养殖提供重要技术保障。

致谢

感谢山东省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所助理研究员姬凯茜以及山东农业大学杨茗对本文给予的指导和帮助。

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