1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计与样品采集
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(饲喂基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (as-fed basis) |
| 项目 Items | 妊娠期 Gestation period | 哺乳期 Lactation period |
|---|---|---|
| 原料 Ingredients | ||
| 玉米 Corn | 63.16 | 58.81 |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 16.72 | 26.50 |
| 小麦麸 Wheat bran | 14.35 | 8.61 |
| 豆油 Soybean oil | 2.50 | 2.50 |
| 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 | 0.81 | 1.45 |
| 石粉 Limestone | 1.17 | 1.05 |
| 食盐 NaCl | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| 赖氨酸盐酸盐 Lys·HCl | 0.23 | 0.08 |
| L-苏氨酸 L-Thr | 0.05 | |
| L-色氨酸 L-Trp | 0.01 | |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | ||
| 消化能 DE/(MJ/kg) | 13.68 | 13.94 |
| 干物质 DM | 88.73 | 88.04 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 15.12 | 18.11 |
| 粗纤维 CF | 3.48 | 3.13 |
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 12.99 | 11.55 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | 5.03 | 4.78 |
| 钙 Ca | 0.68 | 0.80 |
| 总磷 TP | 0.58 | 0.68 |
| 有效磷 AP | 0.29 | 0.34 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 12 000 IU,VE 24 IU,VK3 2.0 mg,硫胺素 thiamine 2.0 mg,核黄素 riboflavin 6.0 mg,吡哆醇 pyridoxine 4.0 mg,VB12 24 μg,烟酸 niacin 30 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 20 mg,叶酸 folic acid 3.6 mg,生物素 biotin 0.4 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 0.4 mg,Fe 96 mg,Cu 8.0 mg,Zn 120 mg,Mn 40 mg,I 0.56 mg,Se 0.4 mg。 | |
2)干物质、粗蛋白质、粗纤维、钙和总磷为实测值,其他营养水平为计算值。DM, CP, CF, Ca and TP were measured values, while the other nutrient levels were calculated values. |
1.2 指标测定
1.2.1 饲粮营养成分
1.2.2 粪便总DNA提取和宏基因组测序
1.3 数据处理与统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 宏基因组测序结果
2.2 妊娠母猪和哺乳母猪粪便中细菌和真菌群落的α多样性分析
表2 妊娠母猪和哺乳母猪粪便中细菌和真菌群落的α多样性指数 Table 2 α diversity indexes of fecal bacteria and fungi communities of pregnant sows and lactating sows |
| 项目 Items | 妊娠母猪 Pregnant sows | 哺乳母猪 Lactating sows | SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 细菌 Bacteria | ||||
| Richness指数 Richness index | 9 022.389b | 9 581.444a | 209.372 | <0.001 |
| Simpson指数 Simpson index | 0.977b | 0.982a | 0.002 | <0.001 |
| Pielou指数 Pielou index | 0.566b | 0.587a | 0.006 | <0.001 |
| 真菌 Fungi | ||||
| Richness指数 Richness index | 163.333b | 343.000a | 28.662 | <0.001 |
| Simpson指数 Simpson index | 0.886b | 0.947a | 0.012 | <0.001 |
| Pielou指数 Pielou index | 0.580b | 0.694a | 0.020 | <0.001 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). |
2.3 妊娠母猪和哺乳母猪粪便中细菌和真菌群落的β多样性分析
2.4 妊娠母猪和哺乳母猪粪便中细菌和真菌群落的物种组成
图2 妊娠母猪和哺乳母猪在门和属水平上的细菌群落结构Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Bacteroidota:拟杆菌门;Spirochaetota:螺旋体门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Treponema:密螺旋体属;Prevotella:普雷沃氏菌属;Clostridium:梭菌属;Escherichia:埃希氏菌属;Ruminococcus:瘤胃球菌属;Terrisporobacter:土孢杆菌属;Dysosmobacter:难嗅杆菌属;Lactobacillus:乳杆菌属;Others:其他。 Fig.2 Bacteria community structure of pregnant sows and lactating sows at phylum and genus levels |
图3 妊娠母猪和哺乳母猪在门和属水平上的真菌群落结构Mucoromycota:毛霉门;Ascomycota:子囊菌门;Basidiomycota:担子菌门;Chytridiomycota:壶菌门;Mucor:毛霉菌属;Fusarium:镰刀菌属;Astraeus:硬皮地星属;Rhizopus:根霉菌属;Anaeromyces:厌氧霉属;Beauveria:白僵菌属;Kazachstania:哈萨克斯坦酵母属;Aspergillus:曲霉菌属;Globomyces:球孢霉属;Neocallimastix:新美鞭菌属;Others:其他。 Fig.3 Fungi community structure of pregnant sows and lactating sows at phylum and genus levels |
2.5 妊娠母猪和哺乳母猪粪便中细菌和真菌群落的差异分析
图4 妊娠母猪和哺乳母猪粪便中差异细菌和差异真菌的相对丰度Escherichia coli:大肠杆菌;Lactobacillus amylovorus:嗜淀粉乳杆菌;Escherichia ruysiae:鲁普氏埃希菌;Terrisporobacter glycolicus:乙二醇土孢菌;Phocaeicola plebeius:平民海杆菌;Hallerella succinigenes:产琥珀酸哈勒氏菌;Escherichia fergusonii:弗格森埃希氏菌;Prevotella pectinovora:嗜果胶普雷沃氏菌;Bifidobacterium pseudolongum:假长双歧杆菌;Mucor ambiguus:歧根毛霉;Astraeus odoratus:香星裂壳菌;Beauveria bassiana:球孢白僵菌;Neocallimastix californiae:加州新美鞭菌;Aspergillus fumigatus:烟曲霉;Monosporascus cannonballus:炮弹单孢囊菌;Nosema bombycis:家蚕微孢子虫;Fusarium proliferatum:增殖镰刀菌;Rhizophagus irregularis:异形根孢囊霉;Piromyces finnis:芬兰梨囊菌。 数据柱标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。 Fig.4 Relative abundances of differential bacteria and differential fungi in feces of pregnant sows and lactating sows Value columns with different small letters mean significant difference (P<0.05). |
2.6 妊娠母猪和哺乳母猪粪便中细菌和真菌的相关性分析
图5 妊娠母猪和哺乳母猪粪便中细菌和真菌的相关性热图Terrisporobacter glycolicus:乙二醇土孢菌;Hallerella succinigenes:产琥珀酸哈勒氏菌;Prevotella pectinovora:嗜果胶普雷沃氏菌;Lactobacillus amylovorus:嗜淀粉乳杆菌;Phocaeicola plebeius:平民海杆菌;Bifidobacterium pseudolongum:假长双歧杆菌;Escherichia fergusonii:弗格森埃希氏菌;Escherichia coli:大肠杆菌;Escherichia ruysiae:鲁普氏埃希菌;Mucor ambiguus:歧根毛霉;Fusarium proliferatum:增殖镰刀菌;Aspergillus fumigatus:烟曲霉;Trichophyton mentagrophytes:须癣毛癣菌;Phaffia rhodozyma:红法夫酵母;Beauveria bassiana:球孢白僵菌;Astraeus odoratus:香星裂壳菌;Nosema bombycis:家蚕微孢子虫;Olpidium bornovanus:博诺瓦油壶菌;Trichosporon asahii:阿萨希毛孢子菌;Saprochaete ingens:巨大腐殖霉;Circinella minor:小卷霉;Cladochytrium replicatum:复制枝壶菌;Ascodesmis nigricans:黑褐囊霉;Kazachstania unispora:单孢哈萨克酵母;Rhizoctonia solani:立枯丝核菌;Neocallimastix californiae:加州新美鞭菌;Globomyces pollinis-pini:松花粉球孢菌;Piromyces finnis:芬兰梨囊菌;Monosporascus cannonballus:炮弹单孢囊菌;Rhizophagus irregularis:不规则根孢菌。 *表示显著相关(P<0.05),**表示极显著相关(P<0.01)。 Fig.5 Heatmap of fecal bacterial and fungal correlations of pregnant sows and lactating sows * indicated significant correlation (P<0.05), and ** indicated extremely significant correlation (P<0.05). |

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