1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计与饲粮
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(饲喂基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (as-fed basis) |
| 项目 Items | 含量 Content |
|---|---|
| 原料 Ingredients | |
| 玉米 Corn | 60.00 |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 17.37 |
| 麸皮 Bran | 12.00 |
| 草粉 Grass meal | 2.00 |
| 氯化钠 NaCl | 0.59 |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 8.04 |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | |
| 总能 GE/(MJ/kg) | 15.24 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 16.93 |
| 粗脂肪 EE | 3.00 |
| 粗灰分 Ash | 5.29 |
| 粗纤维 CF | 3.77 |
| 钙 Ca | 0.69 |
| 总磷 TP | 0.60 |
| 有效磷 AP | 0.32 |
| 水分 Moisture | 10.66 |
| 赖氨酸 Lys | 0.96 |
| 蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸 Met+Cys | 0.58 |
| 苏氨酸 Thr | 0.65 |
| 色氨酸 Trp | 0.18 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 11 900 IU,VB1 2.1 mg,VB2 6.3 mg,VB6 3.5 mg,VB12 0.03 mg,VC 291 mg,VD3 2 100 IU,VE 142.5 IU,VK3 4.6 mg,D-生物素 D-biotin 0.7 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 22.05 mg,烟酰胺 nicotinamide 35.0 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 600 mg,L-肉碱 L-carnitine 92.0 mg,Cu 15.0 mg,Fe 120.0 mg,Zn 75.0 mg,Mn 60.01 mg,L-赖氨酸盐酸盐 L-Lys·HCl 936 mg,苯甲酸 benzoic acid 199.8 mg。 | |
2)有效磷为计算值,其余营养水平为实测值。AP was a calculated value, while the other nutrient levels were measured values. |
1.2 样本采集
1.3 指标测定及方法
1.3.1 公猪性欲
1.3.2 精子活力和运动性能参数
1.3.3 精子顶体完整率
1.3.4 精子质膜完整率
1.3.5 精子线粒体膜电位
1.3.6 精浆抗氧化指标
1.3.7 精浆能量代谢指标
1.3.8 粪便微生物分析
1.3.9 液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)测定粪便和精浆代谢物
1.4 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 丁酸梭菌对杜洛克公猪性欲和精子品质的影响
表2 丁酸梭菌对杜洛克公猪性欲和精子活力的影响Table 2 Effects of Clostridium butyricum on libido and sperm motility of Duroc boars (n=5) |
| 项目 Items | 丁酸梭菌添加量 Clostridium butyricum supplemental levels/(mg/kg) | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 50 | 100 | 200 | ||
| 射精反应时间 Ejaculatory response time/min | 5.55±1.00a | 3.92±0.68ab | 2.80±0.09b | 2.39±0.34b | 0.014 1 |
| 射精持续时间 Ejaculatory duration time/min | 5.64±0.57b | 5.76±0.49b | 6.33±0.71ab | 9.18±1.38a | 0.027 3 |
| 射精量 Ejaculatory volume/mL | 144.20±18.73 | 133.60±16.99 | 164.00±38.00 | 197.80±34.65 | 0.316 5 |
| 精子活力 Sperm motility/% | 75.80±1.64b | 80.89±1.69b | 80.70±1.27b | 86.35±1.70a | 0.002 5 |
| 精子直线运动能力 Sperm linear motion ability/% | 35.55±1.66b | 37.80±0.79b | 37.99±2.43b | 45.82±1.31a | 0.002 6 |
| A+B级精子比例 Grade A+B sperm proportion/% | 46.09±1.51c | 52.20±2.17bc | 56.22±1.49ab | 61.26±1.82a | 0.002 0 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
表3 丁酸梭菌对杜洛克公猪精子运动性能参数的影响Table 3 Effects of Clostridium butyricum on sperm motility parameters of Duroc boars (n=5) |
| 项目 Items | 丁酸梭菌添加量 Clostridium butyricum supplemental levels/(mg/kg) | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 50 | 100 | 200 | ||
| 直线速度 VSL/(μm/s) | 13.65±0.99 | 14.72±0.28 | 17.04±1.75 | 15.00±0.25 | 0.139 1 |
| 曲线速度 VCL/(μm/s) | 41.89±1.07b | 41.63±1.20b | 40.77±1.98b | 52.45±0.97a | <0.000 1 |
| 平均路径速度 VAP/(μm/s) | 17.15±0.97b | 18.54±0.66ab | 19.48±1.27ab | 20.71±0.20a | 0.044 9 |
| 直线性 LIN/% | 19.87±1.67 | 20.44±0.59 | 22.02±1.60 | 21.05±0.44 | 0.615 8 |
| 摆动性 WOB/% | 26.64±1.63 | 26.54±0.67 | 27.39±1.65 | 28.81±0.62 | 0.456 7 |
| 向前性 STR/% | 39.37±1.83b | 38.22±0.67b | 38.60±1.38b | 48.00±0.97a | <0.000 1 |
| 鞭打频率 BCF/% | 4.88±0.14b | 5.09±0.15ab | 4.75±0.17b | 5.61±0.10a | 0.003 1 |
| 侧摆幅值 ALH/μm | 0.37±0.02 | 0.37±0.01 | 0.36±0.02 | 0.41±0.01 | 0.203 9 |
图1 精子顶体完整率、质膜完整率和线粒体膜电位的显微图像分析A:采用FITC-PNA和DAPI联合染色检测精子顶体完整率;绿色(FITC-PNA):完整顶体,蓝色(DAPI):细胞核。比例尺=200 μ Control:对照组 control group;50 mg/kg CB:50 mg/kg丁酸梭菌组 50 mg/kg Clostridium butyricum group;100 mg/kg CB:100 mg/kg丁酸梭菌组 100 mg/kg Clostridium butyricum group;200 mg/kg CB:200 mg/kg丁酸梭菌组 200 mg/kg Clostridium butyricum group。下图同 the same as below。 m。B:采用SYBR-14和PI联合染色检测精子质膜完整率;绿色(SYBR-14):活精子,红色(PI):死精子。比例尺=50 μm。C:采用JC-1染色检测精子线粒体膜电位;红色:高膜电位,绿色:低膜电位。比例尺=200 μm。Fig.1 Microscopic imaging analysis of sperm acrosome integrity rate, plasma membrane integrity rate and mitochondrial membrane potential (n=5) A: sperm acrosome integrity rate was detected by FITC-PNA and DAPI double staining; green (FITC-PNA): intact acrosome, blue (DAPI): nucleus. Scale bar=200 μm. B: sperm plasma membrane integrity rate was detected by SYBR and PI double staining; green (SYBR-14): live sperm, red (PI): dead sperm. Scale bar=50 μm. C: JC-1 detection of sperm mitochondrial membrane potential; red: high potential, green: low potential. Scale bar=200 μm. |
表4 精子顶体完整率、质膜完整率和线粒体膜电位的定量分析Table 4 Quantitative analysis of sperm acrosome integrity rate, plasma membrane integrity rate and mitochondrial membrane potential (n=5) |
| 项目 Items | 丁酸梭菌添加量 Clostridium butyricum supplemental levels/(mg/kg) | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 50 | 100 | 200 | ||
| 精子顶体完整率 Sperm acrosome integrity rate/% | 76.93±1.42 | 77.60±0.87 | 80.30±1.27 | 77.60±1.66 | 0.356 3 |
| 精子质膜完整率 Sperm plasma membrane integrity rate/% | 72.40±1.64b | 77.23±1.31ab | 76.77±1.53ab | 81.37±1.17a | 0.014 6 |
| 精子线粒体膜电位/(红/绿荧光比值) Sperm mitochondrial membrane potential statistics/(red/green fluorescence ratio) | 2.49±0.12b | 2.90±0.05a | 2.77±0.09ab | 2.86±0.05a | 0.023 8 |
2.2 丁酸梭菌对杜洛克公猪精浆抗氧化和能量代谢指标的影响
表5 丁酸梭菌对杜洛克公猪精浆抗氧化指标的影响Table 5 Effects of Clostridium butyricum on seminal plasma antioxidant indexes of Duroc boars (n=5) |
| 项目 Items | 丁酸梭菌添加量 Clostridium butyricum supplemental levels/(mg/kg) | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 50 | 100 | 200 | ||
| 超氧化物歧化酶 SOD/(U/mL) | 245.23±3.86b | 289.17±11.14a | 267.29±9.87ab | 295.18±16.18a | 0.014 4 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 3.14±0.11b | 3.80±0.13ab | 3.41±0.39ab | 4.17±0.12a | 0.010 6 |
| 丙二醛 MDA/(μmol/L) | 0.47±0.02 | 0.43±0.01 | 0.44±0.02 | 0.46±0.03 | 0.565 9 |
| 过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/mL) | 0.12±0.03 | 0.13±0.01 | 0.16±0.04 | 0.19±0.03 | 0.216 4 |
表6 丁酸梭菌对杜洛克公猪精浆能量代谢指标的影响Table 6 Effects of Clostridium butyricum on seminal plasma energy metabolism indexes of Duroc boars (n=5) |
| 项目 Items | 丁酸梭菌添加量 Clostridium butyricum supplemental levels/(mg/kg) | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 50 | 100 | 200 | ||
| 乳酸脱氢酶 LDH/(U/L) | 1 839.00±114.40b | 1 947.00±20.08ab | 2 652.00±248.70ab | 2 879.00±446.90a | 0.012 9 |
| 果糖 Fructose/(mg/mL) | 4.90±0.04b | 5.10±0.05a | 5.14±0.04a | 5.18±0.04a | 0.001 4 |
| 三磷酸腺苷 ATP/(μmol/mL) | 4.45±0.33c | 4.78±0.33bc | 6.09±0.47ab | 6.50±0.45a | 0.007 0 |
2.3 丁酸梭菌对杜洛克公猪粪便微生物组成的影响
表7 丁酸梭菌对杜洛克公猪粪便微生物α多样性的影响Table 7 Effects of Clostridium butyricum on fecal microbiota α diversity of Duroc boars (n=5) |
| 项目 Items | 丁酸梭菌添加量 Clostridium butyricum supplemental levels/(mg/kg) | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 200 | ||
| Chao1指数 Chao1 index | 770.10±161.20 | 890.10±180.60 | 0.299 9 |
| Dominance指数 Dominance index | 0.08±0.06 | 0.05±0.04 | 0.391 1 |
| Observed features指数 Observed features index | 764.60±156.50 | 880.60±189.90 | 0.322 6 |
| Pielou指数 Pielou index | 0.66±0.08 | 0.70±0.05 | 0.348 7 |
| Shannon指数 Shannon index | 6.29±0.97 | 6.86±0.71 | 0.331 0 |
| Simpson指数 Simpson index | 0.92±0.06 | 0.95±0.04 | 0.391 1 |
图2 门、科、属水平上粪便微生物组成Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Bacteroidota:拟杆菌门;Spirochaetota:螺旋体门;Desulfobacterota:脱硫杆菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Actinobacteriota:放线菌门;Verrucomicrobiota:疣微菌门;SAR324_clade (Marine_group_B):SAR324分支(海洋群B);Euryarchaeota:广古菌门;Fibrobacterota:纤维杆菌门;Streptococcaceae:链球菌科;Oscillospiraceae:颤螺菌科;Lachnospiraceae:毛螺菌科;Peptostreptococcaceae:消化链球菌科;Clostridiaceae:梭菌科;Erysipelotrichaceae:丹毒丝菌科;Anaerovoracaceae:厌氧弧菌科;Prevotellaceae:普雷沃氏菌科;Muribaculaceae:鼠杆菌科;Streptococcus:链球菌属;Terrisporobacter:土孢杆菌属;Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1:狭义梭菌属1;Family_ΧⅢ_AD3011_group:Family ΧⅢ AD3011群;Lachnospiraceae_XPB1014_group:毛螺菌科XPB1014群;Unidentified Muribaculaceae:鼠杆菌科未鉴定属;Turicibacter:苏黎世杆菌属;Others:其他。 Fig.2 Composition of fecal microbiota at phylum, family and genus levels (n=5) |
表8 门、科、属水平上粪便微生物优势菌群的相对丰度差异Table 8 Relative abundance differences of dominant fecal microbial community at phylum, family and genus levels (n=5) |
| 项目 Items | 丁酸梭菌添加量 Clostridium butyricum supplemental levels/(mg/kg) | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 200 | ||
| 厚壁菌门 Firmicutes | 81.32±5.36 | 82.19±5.57 | 0.913 8 |
| 拟杆菌门 Bacteroidota | 14.60±3.33 | 20.12±4.51 | 0.357 9 |
| 螺旋体门 Spirochaetota | 1.19±0.43b | 4.01±0.92a | 0.027 8 |
| 脱硫杆菌门 Desulfobacterota | 0.02±0.00a | 0.00±0.00b | 0.032 0 |
| 链球菌科 Streptococcaceae | 25.57±5.03a | 4.53±0.63b | 0.004 4 |
| 颤螺菌科 Oscillospiraceae | 8.53±1.45b | 20.93±4.67a | 0.026 2 |
| 毛螺菌科 Lachnospiraceae | 4.18±0.76b | 7.70±1.02a | 0.035 9 |
| 消化链球菌科 Peptostreptococcaceae | 10.09±1.86a | 3.90±0.64b | 0.025 4 |
| 链球菌属 Streptococcus | 24.87±4.84a | 4.34±0.52b | 0.004 1 |
| UCG-002 | 2.01±0.70b | 17.39±5.92a | 0.013 2 |
| 土孢杆菌属 Terrisporobacter | 6.29±0.93 | 3.92±1.27 | 0.194 4 |
| 狭义梭菌属1 Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 | 7.30±0.89a | 2.78±0.89b | 0.017 1 |
2.4 丁酸梭菌对杜洛克公猪粪便代谢组的影响
图5 粪便差异代谢物火山图Regulate:调控;Down:下调;Up:上调;Normal:不显著;FDR:错误发现率 false discovery rate;FC:差异倍数 fold change。图6同 the same as Fig.6。 Tartaric acid:酒石酸;Oxalic acid:草酸;HCA:猪胆酸 hyocholic acid;Cinnamic acid:肉桂酸;Vanillic acid:香草酸;3-Aminosalicylic acid:3-氨基水杨酸;p-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid:对羟基苯乙酸。 Fig.5 Differential fecal metabolites volcano plot |
表9 丁酸梭菌对杜洛克公猪粪便代谢物的影响Table 9 Effects of Clostridium butyricum on fecal metabolites of Duroc boars |
| 项目 Items | 丁酸梭菌添加量 Clostridium butyricum supplemental levels/(mg/kg) | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 200 | ||
| 酒石酸 Tartaric acid | 0.56±0.01b | 0.71±0.04a | 0.020 4 |
| 草酸 Oxalic acid | 111.00±1.46 | 352.60±109.30 | 0.091 6 |
| 猪胆酸 Hyocholic acid | 21.73±2.59a | 13.55±1.11b | 0.043 7 |
| 肉桂酸 Cinnamic acid | 0.81±0.09a | 0.44±0.05b | 0.022 3 |
| 香草酸 Vanillic acid | 3.17±0.60a | 1.07±0.26b | 0.032 6 |
| 3-氨基水杨酸 3-aminosalicylic acid | 104.90±28.33 | 30.91±8.63 | 0.066 8 |
| 对羟基苯乙酸 p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid | 99.89±30.11 | 26.36±9.71 | 0.080 7 |
2.5 丁酸梭菌对杜洛克公猪精浆代谢组的影响
图6 精浆差异代谢物火山图beta-D-Fucose:β-D-岩藻糖;Isocitric acid:异柠檬酸;Ribulose:核酮糖;Xylulose:木酮糖;2,2-Dimethyladipic acid:2,2-二甲基己二酸;2,2-Dimethylsuccinic acid:2,2-二甲基琥珀酸;Glutaric acid:戊二酸;Glycylproline:甘氨酰脯氨酸;Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid:二高-γ-亚麻酸;Myristic acid:肉豆蔻酸;10-Trans-Heptadecenoic acid:10-反式-十七碳烯酸;CDCA:鹅脱氧胆酸 Chenodeoxycholic acid。 Fig.6 Differential seminal plasma metabolites volcano plot |
表10 丁酸梭菌对杜洛克公猪精浆代谢物的影响Table 10 Effects of Clostridium butyricum on seminal plasma metabolites of Duroc boars |
| 项目 Items | 丁酸梭菌添加量 Clostridium butyricum supplemental levels/(mg/kg) | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 200 | ||
| 异柠檬酸 Isocitric acid | 302.70±21.59b | 364.30±6.99a | 0.034 9 |
| 戊二酸 Glutaric acid | 0.08±0.01b | 0.25±0.04a | 0.009 6 |
| β-D-岩藻糖 β-D-fucose | 0.20±0.02b | 0.28±0.02a | 0.011 5 |
| 核酮糖 Ribulose | 1.17±0.21b | 2.73±0.40a | 0.013 3 |
| 木酮糖 Xylulose | 0.38±0.08b | 1.26±0.17a | 0.003 3 |
| 2,2-二甲基己二酸 2,2-dimethyladipic acid | 0.12±0.01b | 0.15±0.01a | 0.035 8 |
| 2,2-二甲基琥珀酸 2,2-dimethylsuccinic acid | 0.03±0.00b | 0.04±0.00a | 0.039 2 |

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