研究论文

饲粮添加中草药混合物对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质和输卵管健康的影响

  • 罗建单 ,
  • 丁雪梅 ,
  • 白世平 ,
  • 曾秋凤 ,
  • 刘艳 ,
  • 张克英 ,
  • 王建萍 , *
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  • 四川农业大学动物营养研究所, 动物抗病营养教育部重点实验室,农业农村部动物抗病营养与饲料重点实验室,动物抗病营养四川省重点实验室, 成都 611130
*王建萍,教授,博士生导师,E-mail:

罗建单(2001—),女,四川泸定人,硕士研究生,研究方向为禽的营养。E-mail:

收稿日期: 2025-08-07

  网络出版日期: 2026-03-16

基金资助

国家自然科学基金(32472931)

Effects of Dietary Mixed Chinese Herbs on Performance, Egg Quality and Oviduct Health of Laying Hens

  • LUO Jiandan ,
  • DING Xuemei ,
  • BAI Shiping ,
  • ZENG Qiufeng ,
  • LIU Yan ,
  • ZHANG Keying ,
  • WANG Jianping , *
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  • Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-08-07

  Online published: 2026-03-16

摘要

本试验旨在探究饲粮添加中草药混合物对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质和输卵管健康的影响。采用单因素完全随机试验设计,选取480只45周龄罗曼粉壳蛋鸡[产蛋率为(95.10±3.61)%],随机分为6组,每组8个重复,每个重复10只鸡。对照组(CON组)饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,各试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮的基础上添加1 000 mg/kg不同配伍比例中草药混合物[蒲公英∶艾叶∶白花蛇舌草∶益母草∶金银花配伍比例分别为1∶1∶1∶1∶1(MCH1组)、6∶1∶1∶1∶1(MCH2组)、1∶6∶1∶1∶1(MCH3组)、1∶1∶6∶1∶1(MCH4组)和1∶1∶1∶6∶1(MCH5组)]的饲粮。预试期1周,正试期8周。结果表明:1)与CON组相比,MCH5组第5~8周平均日采食量显著降低(P<0.05);各组间其他生产性能指标均无显著差异(P>0.05)。2)与CON组比较,MCH1组第4周蛋壳强度、蛋壳红度(a*)值和蛋白高度显著提高(P<0.05),MCH5组第4周蛋壳强度显著提高(P<0.05)。3)与CON组相比,饲粮添加中草药混合物显著提高血清雌二醇含量(P<0.05);MCH3组血清白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量均显著降低(P<0.05)。4)与CON组相比,饲粮添加中草药混合物显著提高肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)(P<0.05),显著降低肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量(P<0.05)。5)与CON组相比,各试验组输卵管膨大部TNF-α含量均显著降低(P<0.05);MCH2组峡部IL-1β和TNF-α含量显著降低(P<0.05);MCH1组、MCH2组、MCH3组和MCH4组蛋壳腺IL-6含量显著降低(P<0.05);MCH3组膨大部IL-1β和IL-6、峡部IL-1β以及蛋壳腺TNF-α含量均显著降低(P<0.05)。6)与CON组相比,各试验组输卵管峡部SOD和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均显著提高(P<0.05),并以MCH3组最高;MCH1组、MCH3组和MCH4组蛋壳腺MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05),且以MCH3组最低;各试验组蛋壳腺CAT活性均显著提高(P<0.05)。综上所述,饲粮添加1 000 mg/kg适宜配伍比例的中草药混合物可以提高蛋鸡机体抗氧化能力,降低炎症反应,维持输卵管健康,其中以艾叶为主要成分的MCH3组效果较佳。

本文引用格式

罗建单 , 丁雪梅 , 白世平 , 曾秋凤 , 刘艳 , 张克英 , 王建萍 . 饲粮添加中草药混合物对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质和输卵管健康的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2026 , 38(3) : 1838 -1850 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.148

Abstract

This experiment was conducted to explore the effects of dietary mixed Chinese herbs on performance, egg quality and oviduct health of laying hens. Using a single-factor completely randomized experimental design, 480 Lohmann Pink laying hens of 45-week-old with a laying rate of (95.10±3.61)% were selected and randomly divided into 6 groups, with 8 replicates in each group and 10 hens in each replicate. The control group (CON group) was fed with a corn-soybean meal type basal diet, and the experimental groups were fed with the basal diets supplemented with 1 000 mg/kg mixed Chinese herbs with different compatibility proportions, in which the dandelion∶mugwort leaf∶Hedyotis diffusa∶motherwort∶honeysuckle were 1∶1∶1∶1∶1 (MCH1 group), 6∶1∶1∶1∶1 (MCH2 group), 1∶6∶1∶1∶1 (MCH3 group), 1∶1∶6∶1∶1 (MCH4 group), and 1∶1∶1∶6∶1 (MCH5 group), respectively. The experiment lasted for 8 weeks after a one-week adaptation. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with CON group, the average daily feed intake in MCH5 group from weeks 5 to 8 was significantly decreased (P<0.05); there were no significant differences in the other performance indices among the groups (P>0.05). 2) Compared with CON group, the eggshell strength, eggshell redness (a*) value and albumen height in MCH1 group were significantly increased in week 4 (P<0.05), and the eggshell strength in MCH5 group was significantly increased in week 4 (P<0.05). 3) Compared with CON group, dietary mixed Chinese herbs significantly increased the serum estradiol content (P<0.05); the contents of serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in MCH3 group were significantly decreased (P<0.05). 4) Compared with CON group, dietary mixed Chinese herbs significantly increased the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in liver (P<0.05), and significantly reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in liver (P<0.05). 5) Compared with CON group, the TNF-α content in magnum of oviduct in experimental groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05); the contents of IL-1β and TNF-α in isthmus in MCH2 group were significantly decreased (P<0.05); the IL-6 content in uterus in MCH1 group, MCH2 group, MCH3 group and MCH4 group was significantly decreased (P<0.05); the contents of IL-1β and IL-6 in magnum, IL-1β in isthmus as well as TNF-α in uterus in MCH3 group were significantly decreased (P<0.05). 6) Compared with CON group, the activities of SOD and catalase (CAT) in isthmus of oviduct in experimental groups were significantly increased (P<0.05), which was the highest in MCH3 group; the MDA content in uterus in MCH1 group, MCH3 group and MCH4 group was significantly decreased (P<0.05), which was the lowest in MCH3 group; the CAT activity in uterus in experimental groups was significantly increased (P<0.05). In conclusion, an appropriate compatibility proportion of 1 000 mg/kg dietary mixed Chinese herbs can enhance the antioxidant capacity, reduce the inflammatory response, and maintain the oviduct health of laying hens. Among them, the MCH3 group with mugwort leaf as the main component has a better effect.

输卵管为鸡蛋的形成提供环境和营养物质,是蛋鸡生殖系统的重要组成部分。输卵管炎症是蛋鸡集约化养殖中常见的一种生殖系统疾病,多发于产蛋高峰期和后期阶段[1]。该病病因复杂,其中以病原微生物感染为主要诱因,损伤输卵管,导致产蛋性能下降甚至停止产蛋等症状[2]。抗生素是治疗输卵管炎的有效治疗方案,但随着饲料全面禁抗政策的实施,如何有效防控输卵管炎已成为当前蛋鸡养殖业面临的重要挑战[1]
蒲公英、艾叶、白花蛇舌草、益母草和金银花中含有类黄酮、多酚、原花青素、生物碱和萜类化合物等多种活性成分,可以调节机体代谢和免疫机能,提高生产性能和抗氧化能力等[3-7]。研究表明,蒲公英及其提取物可降低血脂、提高机体抗氧化能力、增强机体抗病能力以及提高生长性能等[8-9]。艾叶及其提取物中因含有丰富的黄酮醇、查耳酮、黄酮及黄烷酮等多种活性物质,常用作功能性添加剂以提高畜禽脂质代谢和机体抗病能力[10-11]。白花蛇舌草是我国著名的中草药,越来越多的研究证明其具有抗炎、抗癌、抗氧化和免疫调节作用[12]。益母草被发现含有丰富的生物碱,可通过增强抗氧化能力改善机体健康[13]。此外,经过数千年的中医实践,金银花传统上常用作抗炎草药,可有效治疗由病毒感染引起的免疫力下降[14]。张宇逸等[15]发现,饲粮添加复方益母草粉(益母草、当归、白芍、黄芪、女贞子配伍比例为1∶2∶2∶1∶1)可改善老龄蛋鸡卵巢功能,提高产蛋率以提升生产性能。吕虹雨[16]研究表明,在海兰褐蛋鸡饮水中加入含益母草、川芎等的复方益川口服液能改善鸡蛋蛋形指数、蛋壳厚度及蛋黄颜色。
综上所述,蒲公英、艾叶、白花蛇舌草、益母草和金银花等中草药可以通过增强免疫能力和抗氧化能力改善畜禽生产性能和机体健康。然而,不同配伍组成的中草药混合物(mixed Chinese herbs,MCH)对蛋鸡输卵管健康的影响及内在机制仍不清楚。因此,本试验在蛋鸡饲粮中添加由蒲公英、艾叶、白花蛇舌草、益母草和金银花不同配伍比例组成的中草药混合物,探究其对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质以及输卵管健康的影响,并筛选提高衰老蛋鸡生产性能和维持输卵管健康的适宜中草药配比。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

试验所用中草药混合物由蒲公英、艾叶、白花蛇舌草、益母草和金银花(均为市购)组成,经代谢组学测定(委托上海派森诺生物科技股份有限公司完成),各原料有效成分含量如下:1)蒲公英,黄酮类38.42 mg/g、有机酸161.12 mg/g、木酚素0.08 mg/g、生物碱2.94 mg/g;2)艾叶,黄酮类62.15 mg/g、有机酸60.60 mg/g、木酚素0.28 mg/g、生物碱0.53 mg/g;3)白花蛇舌草,黄酮类35.77 mg/g、有机酸57.64 mg/g、木酚素0.95 mg/g、生物碱0.89 mg/g;4)益母草,黄酮类34.71 mg/g、有机酸36.46 mg/g、木酚素3.48 mg/g、生物碱0.03 mg/g;5)金银花,黄酮类21.38 mg/g、有机酸86.77 mg/g、木酚素0.74 mg/g、生物碱0.14 mg/g。

1.2 试验设计

本试验采用单因素完全随机设计,选取480只45周龄罗曼粉壳蛋鸡[产蛋率为(95.10±3.61)%],随机分为6组,每组8个重复,每个重复10只鸡。对照组(CON组)饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,各试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮的基础上添加1 000 mg/kg不同配伍比例中草药混合物[蒲公英∶艾叶∶白花蛇舌草∶益母草∶金银花配伍比例分别为1∶1∶1∶1∶1(MCH1组)、6∶1∶1∶1∶1(MCH2组)、1∶6∶1∶1∶1(MCH3组)、1∶1∶6∶1∶1(MCH4组)和1∶1∶1∶6∶1(MCH5组)]的饲粮。基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表1,营养水平参考《鸡饲养标准》(NY/T 33—2004)。预试期1周[期间每天记录产蛋率,统计组间产蛋率无显著差异(P>0.05)后开始试验],正试期8周。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(饲喂基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (as-fed basis)

项目 Items 含量 Content
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn 61.00
豆粕 Soybean meal (43% CP) 26.60
大豆油 Soybean oil 1.50
碳酸钙 CaCO3 8.50
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 1.50
DL-蛋氨酸 DL-Met 0.10
L-苏氨酸 L-Thr 0.03
氯化钠 NaCl 0.40
碳酸氢钠 NaHCO3 0.10
氯化胆碱 Choline chloride (50%) 0.10
维生素和矿物质预混料
Vitamin and mineral premix1)
0.17
合计 Total 100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) 11.40
粗蛋白质 CP 16.10
钙 Ca 3.72
有效磷 AP 0.34
可消化赖氨酸 DLys 0.77
可消化蛋氨酸 DMet 0.34
可消化苏氨酸 DThr 0.56
可消化色氨酸 DTrp 0.17

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 8 000 IU,VD3 2 000 IU,VE 20 IU,VK3 3.2 mg,VB1 2 mg,VB2 6.4 mg,VB6 4 mg,VB12 0.2 mg,D-生物素 D-biotin 11 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 12 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1 mg,烟酰胺 nicotinamide 40 mg,Cu (CuSO4·5H2O) 8 mg,Fe (FeSO4·H2O) 60 mg,Mn (MnSO4·H2O) 60 mg,Zn (ZnSO4·H2O) 80 mg,I (KI) 0.35 mg,Se (Na2SeO3) 0.3 mg。

2)粗蛋白质为实测值,其他营养水平为计算值。CP was a measured value, while the other nutrient levels were calculated values.

1.3 饲养管理

所有动物试验均按照《四川农业大学实验动物饲养与使用准则》开展,并经四川农业大学动物伦理委员会批准(批准号:SICAU-AWC-2024-327)。蛋鸡饲养在环境可控的鸡舍内,保持室温为20~22 ℃,采用光照程序为16 h(光亮)∶8 h(黑暗)。所有试验鸡自由采食和饮水,各组蛋鸡均匀分布在鸡舍内。

1.4 样品采集

于试验第57天,从每个重复中随机选择1只蛋鸡进行屠宰和取样(n=8)。通过颈静脉采血10 mL,4 ℃、1 233×g离心15 min,收集血清分装于1.5 mL EP管中,于-20 ℃保存。试验鸡采血后屠宰,采集肝脏以及输卵管膨大部、峡部和蛋壳腺样品在液氮中快速冷冻后于-80 ℃保存。

1.5 检测指标

1.5.1 饲粮营养水平

饲粮粗蛋白质含量采用凯氏定氮法(GB/T 6432—2018)测定,代谢能以及钙、有效磷和氨基酸含量均参考《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2023年第34版)》计算得出。

1.5.2 生产性能

试验期间,以重复为单位记录产蛋数、蛋重、不合格蛋数以及采食量,计算产蛋率、平均蛋重、不合格蛋率、平均日采食量和料蛋比。

1.5.3 蛋品质

分别于正试期第4和8周收集鸡蛋(24枚/组,3枚/重复),采用蛋壳颜色测定仪(TenovoFood SCQ-1A,北京天翔飞域科技有限公司)测定蛋壳颜色;采用蛋壳强度测定仪(EFR-01,ORKA,以色列)测定蛋壳强度;采用蛋品质自动分析仪(ETP-01,ORKA,以色列)测定哈氏单位、蛋黄颜色、蛋白高度和蛋重;采用千分尺测定蛋壳厚度(取蛋壳中部、钝端和尖端的平均值),计算蛋壳、蛋黄和蛋白相对重量;并分别于正试期第4和8周收集鸡蛋(24枚/组,3枚/重复),储存5 d后采用数字化蛋斑评定仪(Eggs-A,北京天翔飞域科技有限公司)进行暗斑评分。

1.5.4 血清指标

按照试剂盒(江苏酶免实业有限公司)说明书,测定血清雌二醇(estradiol,E2)(货号:MM-078702)、促卵泡激素(follicle-stimulating hormone,FSH)(货号:MM-051802)、抗缪勒管激素(anti-Müllerian hormone,AMH)(货号:MM-114201)、白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)(货号:MM-3691001)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)(货号:MM-052101)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)(货号:MM-093801)含量。

1.5.5 肝脏抗氧化指标

按照试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所)说明书,测定肝脏丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)(货号:A003-1-2)以及过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)(货号:A007-1-1)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)(货号:A001-1-2)活性和总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC)(货号:A015-2-1)。

1.5.6 输卵管健康

采集输卵管(膨大部、峡部和蛋壳腺)组织,按照试剂盒(江苏酶免实业有限公司)说明书测定促炎因子IL-1β(货号:MM-3691001)、IL-6(货号:MM-052101)和TNF-α(货号:MM-093801)含量,按照试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所)说明书测定MDA(货号:A003-1-2)含量以及CAT(货号:A007-1-1)、SOD(货号:A001-3-2)活性和T-AOC(货号:A015-3-1)。

1.6 数据统计分析

采用SAS 9.4软件的一般线性模型(GLM)程序对试验数据进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),当方差分析显著(P<0.05)时,采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较检验;采用正交对比(orthogonal contrast)比较CON组与所有试验组的数据,结果数据采用平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示,P<0.05表示差异显著。

2 结果

2.1 饲粮添加中草药混合物对蛋鸡生产性能的影响

表2可知,与CON组相比,MCH5组第5~8周平均日采食量显著降低(P<0.05)。各组间其他生产性能指标均无显著差异(P>0.05),同时CON组与试验组之间生产性能无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表2 饲粮添加中草药混合物对蛋鸡生产性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary mixed Chinese herbs on performance of laying hens

项目
Items
组别 Groups 均值
标准误
SEM
PP-value
CON MCH1 MCH2 MCH3 MCH4 MCH5 方差分析
ANOVA
正交对比
Orthogonal
contrast
产蛋率 Laying rate/%
第1~4周
Weeks 1 to 4
93.52 93.30 94.06 93.35 94.74 94.51 0.896 0.791 0.639
第5~8周
Weeks 5 to 8
94.73 94.82 93.65 96.12 92.46 95.36 1.047 0.200 0.821
第1~8周
Weeks 1 to 8
93.79 94.06 93.85 94.73 92.90 94.93 0.836 0.583 0.755
平均蛋重 Average egg weight/g
第1~4周
Weeks 1 to 4
59.69 59.48 59.86 60.87 58.91 60.03 0.429 0.063 0.739
第5~8周
Weeks 5 to 8
61.28 61.46 62.06 62.58 61.15 61.61 0.413 0.154 0.272
第1~8周
Weeks 1 to 8
60.49 60.47 60.96 61.74 60.03 60.82 0.388 0.067 0.429
不合格蛋率 Unqualified egg rate/%
第1~4周
Weeks 1 to 4
0.24 0.22 0.19 0.17 0.27 0.27 0.056 0.752 0.703
第5~8周
Weeks 5 to 8
0.13 0.15 0.11 0.13 0.10 0.09 0.041 0.935 0.661
第1~8周
Weeks 1 to 8
0.19 0.18 0.15 0.15 0.18 0.18 0.040 0.963 0.660
平均日采食量 ADFI/g
第1~4周
Weeks 1 to 4
107.41 108.62 109.74 111.34 107.90 110.39 1.493 0.411 0.140
第5~8周
Weeks 5 to 8
116.92a 117.30a 114.39ab 117.10a 115.40ab 112.86b 1.122 0.044 0.169
第1~8周
Weeks 1 to 8
112.17 112.96 112.07 114.22 111.65 111.62 1.092 0.538 0.650
料蛋比 F/E
第1~4周
Weeks 1 to 4
1.94 1.96 1.98 1.91 2.01 1.95 0.037 0.536 0.581
第5~8周
Weeks 5 to 8
2.01 2.01 1.99 1.91 2.00 1.92 0.033 0.138 0.247
第1~8周
Weeks 1 to 8
1.97 1.98 1.96 1.92 2.01 1.94 0.022 0.060 0.741

同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮添加中草药混合物对蛋鸡蛋品质的影响

表3可知,与CON组比较,饲粮添加中草药混合物显著提高第4周蛋壳强度(P<0.05)。同时,与CON组比较,MCH1组第4周蛋壳强度、蛋壳红度(a*)值和蛋白高度显著提高(P<0.05);MCH2组、MCH3组和MCH4组第4周蛋壳a*值显著降低(P<0.05);MCH5组第4周蛋壳强度显著提高(P<0.05),第8周蛋壳亮度(L*)值显著降低(P<0.05)。
表3 饲粮添加中草药混合物对蛋鸡蛋品质的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary mixed Chinese herbs on egg quality of laying hens

项目
Items
组别 Groups 均值
标准误
SEM
PP-value
CON MCH1 MCH2 MCH3 MCH4 MCH5 方差分析
ANOVA
正交对比
Orthogonal
contrast
第4周 Week 4
蛋壳强度
Eggshell strength/
(kg/cm3)
4.59cd 5.31a 4.92bc 4.91bc 4.47d 5.01ab 0.127 0.001 0.020


蛋壳颜色
Eggshell
color
亮度 L* 74.65 73.56 76.23 72.56 72.64 73.19 1.003 0.102 0.343
红度 a* 6.34b 7.18a 5.54c 5.41c 5.22c 5.71bc 0.249 <0.001 0.057
黄度 b* 14.53abc 14.87ab 13.39bc 13.91abc 13.14c 15.09a 0.488 0.034 0.385
蛋壳厚度
Eggshell thickness/mm
0.35 0.36 0.35 0.36 0.34 0.36 0.007 0.106 0.660
蛋壳相对重量
Eggshell relative
weight/%
10.17 10.42 10.54 10.65 10.22 10.76 0.179 0.148 0.087
蛋白高度
Albumen height/%
6.79b 7.45a 7.05ab 6.58b 7.13ab 6.68b 0.189 0.022 0.388
蛋白相对重量
Albumen relative
weight/%
61.09 60.67 61.76 61.62 61.64 60.79 0.420 0.297 0.679
哈氏单位
Haugh unit
82.78ab 86.29a 83.70ab 80.30b 85.08a 83.01ab 1.131 0.013 0.498
蛋黄颜色
Yolk color
4.81 4.63 4.75 4.54 4.67 4.96 0.122 0.217 0.465
蛋黄相对重量
Yolk relative
weight/%
28.39 28.75 27.70 27.56 28.93 28.45 0.390 0.096 0.800
暗斑评分
Dark spot score
97.34 97.07 97.89 97.94 98.38 96.96 0.386 0.082 0.486
第8周 Week 8
蛋壳强度
Eggshell strength/
(kg/cm3)
5.23 5.23 4.77 5.09 4.97 5.30 0.150 0.059 0.101
蛋壳颜色
Eggshell
color
亮度 L* 80.32a 80.32a 79.61a 80.81a 80.42a 80.14b 0.770 <0.001 0.106
红度 a* 5.64 5.64 5.79 5.67 5.00 4.88 0.320 0.158 0.292
黄度 b* 14.79 14.79 15.59 15.21 15.15 14.16 0.630 0.390 0.973
蛋壳厚度
Eggshell thickness/mm
0.37 0.37 0.35 0.37 0.36 0.36 <0.001 0.135 0.246
蛋壳相对重量
Eggshell relative
weight/%
10.66 10.66 10.57 10.81 10.56 10.83 0.140 0.367 0.977
蛋白高度
Albumen height/%
7.20a 7.20a 7.20a 6.84ab 6.68ab 6.87ab 0.190 0.015 0.431
蛋白相对重量
Albumen relative
weight/%
60.32 60.32 59.56 59.37 60.16 59.81 0.390 0.103 0.433
哈氏单位
Haugh unit
84.27 84.27 84.00 82.52 81.96 82.32 1.150 0.099 0.452
蛋黄颜色
Yolk color
4.29ab 4.29ab 4.08ab 4.50a 4.38ab 4.46a 0.150 0.013 0.308
蛋黄相对重量
Yolk relative
weight/%
29.03 29.03 29.86 29.82 29.28 29.35 0.350 0.144 0.377
暗斑评分
Dark spot score
67.23 67.23 68.62 73.88 69.37 69.82 2.190 0.376 0.199

2.3 饲粮添加中草药混合物对蛋鸡血清指标的影响

2.3.1 饲粮添加中草药混合物对蛋鸡血清生殖激素含量的影响

表4可知,与CON组相比,饲粮添加中草药混合物显著提高蛋鸡血清E2含量(P<0.05),显著降低血清AMH含量(P<0.05)。同时,与CON组相比,除MCH3组外,其他试验组血清E2含量均显著提高(P<0.05);MCH2组、MCH3组和MCH4组血清AMH含量显著降低(P<0.05);MCH3组血清FSH含量显著降低(P<0.05),MCH5组血清FSH含量显著提高(P<0.05)。
表4 饲粮添加中草药混合物对蛋鸡血清生殖激素含量的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary mixed Chinese herbs on serum reproductive hormone contents of laying hens

项目
Items
组别 Groups 均值
标准误
SEM
PP-value
CON MCH1 MCH2 MCH3 MCH4 MCH5 方差分析
ANOVA
正交对比
Orthogonal
contrast
雌二醇
E2/(pmol/L)
61.66b 70.98a 68.26a 62.12b 69.15a 67.38a 1.534 <0.001 0.001
促卵泡激素
FSH/(mIU/mL)
21.41bc 20.99bc 19.54cd 18.22d 22.55b 25.57a 0.698 <0.001 0.959
抗缪勒管激素
AMH/(pg/mL)
3 679.87a 3 622.97a 3 317.72b 2 992.21c 3 345.74b 3 584.43a 70.722 <0.001 0.001

2.3.2 饲粮添加中草药混合物对蛋鸡血清炎症因子含量的影响

表5可知,与CON组相比,饲粮添加中草药混合物显著降低蛋鸡血清IL-1β含量(P<0.05)。同时,与CON组相比,MCH2组和MCH3组血清IL-1β和IL-6含量显著降低(P<0.05);MCH3组血清TNF-α含量显著降低(P<0.05);MCH5组血清IL-6和TNF-α含量显著提高(P<0.05)。
表5 饲粮添加中草药混合物对蛋鸡血清炎症因子含量的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary mixed Chinese herbs on serum inflammatory factor contents of laying hensn

项目
Items
组别 Groups 均值
标准误
SEM
PP-value
CON MCH1 MCH2 MCH3 MCH4 MCH5 方差分析
ANOVA
正交对比
Orthogonal
contrast
白细胞介素-1β
IL-1β
69.82ab 68.31b 59.91c 56.49c 67.35b 74.45a 1.676 <0.001 0.024
白细胞介素-6
IL-6
33.43b 34.79ab 29.27c 25.96d 34.41ab 36.10a 0.620 <0.001 0.079
肿瘤坏死因子-α
TNF-α
745.72bc 772.12b 708.51c 636.32d 764.19b 835.86a 15.911 <0.001 0.887

2.4 饲粮添加中草药混合物对蛋鸡肝脏抗氧化指标的影响

表6可知,与CON组相比,饲粮添加中草药混合物显著提高蛋鸡肝脏SOD活性和T-AOC(P<0.05),显著降低肝脏MDA含量(P<0.05)。同时,与CON组相比,各试验组肝脏SOD活性均显著提高(P<0.05),肝脏MDA含量均显著降低(P<0.05)。
表6 饲粮添加中草药混合物对蛋鸡肝脏抗氧化指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of dietary mixed Chinese herbs on liver antioxidant indices of laying hens

项目
Items
组别 Groups 均值
标准误
SEM
PP-value
CON MCH1 MCH2 MCH3 MCH4 MCH5 方差分析
ANOVA
正交对比
Orthogonal
contrast
超氧化物歧化酶
SOD/(U/mg prot)
649.24c 694.02b 680.11b 687.17b 730.09a 699.84b 6.894 <0.001 <0.001
丙二醛
MDA/(nmol/
mg prot)
1.18a 0.99b 0.99b 0.93b 0.86b 0.71bc 0.050 <0.001 <0.001
过氧化氢酶
CAT/(U/mg prot)
137.14ab 125.01b 134.68ab 122.64b 148.94a 120.83b 5.708 0.009 0.301
总抗氧化能力
T-AOC/
(mmol/g prot)
45.58c 48.29bc 55.69a 50.32b 51.26b 51.37b 1.364 <0.001 0.001

2.5 饲粮添加中草药混合物对蛋鸡输卵管健康的影响

2.5.1 饲粮添加中草药混合物对蛋鸡输卵管炎症因子含量的影响

表7可知,与CON组相比,饲粮添加中草药混合物显著降低蛋鸡输卵管膨大部TNF-α、峡部IL-1β以及蛋壳腺IL-6和TNF-α含量(P<0.05)。同时,与CON组相比,MCH3组膨大部IL-1β和IL-6含量显著降低(P<0.05),各试验组膨大部TNF-α含量均显著降低(P<0.05);MCH2组和MCH3组峡部IL-1β含量显著降低(P<0.05),MCH2组峡部TNF-α含量显著降低(P<0.05);MCH1组、MCH2组、MCH3组和MCH4组蛋壳腺IL-6含量显著降低(P<0.05),MCH3组蛋壳腺TNF-α含量显著降低(P<0.05)。
表7 饲粮添加中草药混合物对蛋鸡输卵管炎症因子含量的影响

Table 7 Effects of dietary mixed Chinese herbs on oviduct inflammatory factor contents of laying hensn

项目
Items
组别 Groups 均值
标准误
SEM
PP-value
CON MCH1 MCH2 MCH3 MCH4 MCH5 方差分析
ANOVA
正交对比
Orthogonal
contrast
膨大部 Magnum
白细胞介素-1β
IL-1β
50.26ab 47.69b 49.01b 43.52c 47.99b 51.68a 0.852 <0.001 0.013
白细胞介素-6
IL-6
23.55abc 22.57c 22.85bc 21.34d 23.92ab 24.17a 0.362 <0.001 0.108
肿瘤坏死因子-α
TNF-α
565.26a 522.21c 539.66b 502.48d 509.27cd 524.81bc 5.158 <0.001 <0.001
峡部 Isthmus
白细胞介素-1β
IL-1β
61.19a 58.42ab 56.01b 55.45b 58.59ab 57.96ab 1.215 0.031 0.003
白细胞介素-6
IL-6
26.98 27.19 26.67 25.85 27.31 26.44 0.387 0.112 0.512
肿瘤坏死因子-α
TNF-α
659.44a 673.28a 630.92b 658.82a 654.84ab 675.37a 8.707 0.016 0.936
蛋壳腺 Uterus
白细胞介素-1β
IL-1β
59.42 59.82 58.07 59.82 60.50 57.14 1.053 0.239 0.770
白细胞介素-6
IL-6
27.33a 26.02b 26.09b 24.93c 24.20c 26.89ab 0.371 <0.001 <0.001
肿瘤坏死因子-α
TNF-α
479.38a 429.34ab 476.00a 396.30b 468.62a 448.57a 16.135 0.007 0.035

2.5.2 饲粮添加中草药混合物对蛋鸡输卵管抗氧化指标的影响

表8可知,与CON组相比,饲粮添加中草药混合物显著提高蛋鸡输卵管峡部SOD和CAT以及蛋壳腺CAT活性(P<0.05),显著降低蛋壳腺MDA含量(P<0.05)。同时,与CON组相比,各试验组峡部SOD和CAT活性均显著提高(P<0.05),并以MCH3组最高;MCH1组峡部MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05),峡部T-AOC显著提高(P<0.05);MCH1组蛋壳腺SOD活性显著提高(P<0.05),MCH3组蛋壳腺SOD活性无显著差异(P>0.05);MCH1组、MCH3组和MCH4组蛋壳腺MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05),且以MCH3组最低;各试验组蛋壳腺CAT活性均显著提高(P<0.05);MCH4组蛋壳腺T-AOC显著提高(P<0.05)。
表8 饲粮添加中草药混合物对蛋鸡输卵管抗氧化指标的影响

Table 8 Effects of dietary mixed Chinese herbs on oviduct antioxidant indices of laying hens

项目
Items
组别 Groups 均值
标准误
SEM
PP-value
CON MCH1 MCH2 MCH3 MCH4 MCH5 方差分析
ANOVA
正交对比
Orthogonal
contrast
峡部 Isthmus
超氧化物歧化酶
SOD/(U/mg prot)
17.21e 25.27c 34.56b 56.99a 25.48c 21.45d 0.951 <0.001 <0.001
丙二醛
MDA/(nmol/mg
prot)
3.76b 2.44c 5.45a 5.39a 3.94b 3.79b 0.210 <0.001 0.050
过氧化氢酶
CAT/(U/mg
prot)
9.31e 30.45c 39.26b 59.87a 31.86c 21.62d 1.530 <0.001 <0.001
总抗氧化能力
T-AOC/(mmol/g
prot)
0.03b 0.04a 0.01c 0.03b 0.02bc 0.02b 0.003 <0.001 0.520
蛋壳腺 Uterus
超氧化物歧化酶
SOD/(U/mg prot)
27.64b 32.77a 22.00c 28.33b 21.86c 19.00d 0.609 <0.001 <0.001
丙二醛
MDA/(nmol/mg
prot)
2.94a 2.22bc 2.64a 1.71c 2.23bc 3.22a 0.194 <0.001 0.019
过氧化氢酶
CAT/(U/mg
prot)
11.46c 15.46b 25.98a 25.59a 24.18a 25.29a 1.161 <0.001 <0.001
总抗氧化能力
T-AOC/(mmol/g
prot)
0.06b 0.05b 0.05b 0.07b 0.11a 0.06b 0.009 0.001 0.242

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮添加中草药混合物对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响

中草药富含萜烯类、类黄酮类、酚酸、脂肪酸和生物碱等生物活性成分,可以增强机体免疫能力[17],促进养分消化吸收[18]。因此,在饲粮中添加中草药混合物可能在保护家禽输卵管方面发挥积极作用。Xu等[19]研究发现,在水中添加双黄连(金银花、黄芩根和连翘配伍比例为1∶1∶2)可提高蛋重和产蛋率,同时降低蛋鸡料蛋比。但Liu等[20]研究发现,饲粮添加不同剂量的金银花提取物对蛋鸡产蛋性能无显著影响。本研究同样发现,饲粮添加中草药混合物对蛋鸡第1~8周生产性能无显著影响。由此可见,不同中草药及其提取物对蛋鸡生产性能的影响存在差异,这种影响可能与蛋鸡周龄、基础产蛋率以及中草药种类等多种因素有关。
作为衡量蛋鸡养殖效益的另一核心维度,鸡蛋品质直接影响消费者选择,蛋壳颜色、蛋壳强度、蛋黄颜色和哈氏单位等是描述蛋品质的关键指标[21]。研究表明,饲粮添加姜粉(10 g/kg)可通过积极影响母鸡的抗氧化状态和肠道形态来改善蛋品质[22]。饲粮添加茶多酚(600 mg/kg)也可显著改善鸡蛋的蛋品质[23]。本试验中,饲粮添加中草药混合物可以一定程度上提高蛋壳强度,但对多数蛋品质指标无显著影响,这可能是由中草药成分的复配效应、添加剂量、蛋鸡生理阶段及试验环境等多种因素共同作用的结果。

3.2 饲粮添加中草药混合物对蛋鸡血清生殖激素含量的影响

蛋鸡的繁殖性能受到下丘脑-垂体-性腺(HPG)轴通过促黄体激素(luteinizing hormone,LH)、FSH和E2等激素的严格调节[24]。研究发现,丹参通过其抗氧化活性减轻环磷酰胺(CTX)引起的氧化应激损伤,逆转CTX诱导的卵巢血管闭塞,缓解卵巢组织纤维化[25]。中草药(主要成分为类黄酮和氨基酸类似物)可以通过调节生殖激素LH、FSH和E2水平改善卵巢健康[26]。本试验结果表明,饲粮添加中草药混合物显著提高蛋鸡血清E2含量,对血清FSH和AMH含量影响不一。AMH作为卵巢储备的重要标志物,其含量变化与E2和FSH协同波动,提示中草药混合物可能通过调控HPG轴激素分泌,对改善产蛋后期蛋鸡卵巢功能、延缓卵巢衰退具有潜在积极作用。

3.3 饲粮添加中草药混合物对蛋鸡输卵管健康的影响

随着蛋鸡日龄的增加,其肝脏、卵巢和输卵管等器官中的活性氧不断累积,氧化应激愈发严重[27-28],可能导致蛋鸡卵巢和输卵管功能衰退、产蛋率下降。研究表明,金银花提取物中的绿原酸(0.02%)可以降低脂质氧化产物MDA含量,并提高抗氧化酶CAT和SOD活性[29-30]。本试验中,与CON组相比,饲粮添加中草药混合物显著提高蛋鸡输卵管峡部SOD和CAT以及蛋壳腺CAT活性,显著降低蛋壳腺MDA含量;且MCH4组蛋壳腺T-AOC显著提高,这表明中草药混合物可通过增强抗氧化酶活性、减少氧化产物积累,有效缓解峡部和蛋壳腺的氧化损伤,这可能与中草药中富含黄酮类、多酚类和多糖类等活性成分有关。不过,与CON组相比,MCH2组和MCH3组峡部MDA含量显著提高,MCH2组峡部T-AOC显著降低,同时MCH2组、MCH4组和MCH5组蛋壳腺SOD活性显著降低。这一现象可能与中草药成分的复杂性有关,高剂量或特定配比的混合物可能打破机体原有的氧化-抗氧化平衡,导致部分组织抗氧化功能受到抑制。
氧化损伤与炎症反应紧密相连,氧化产物的积累会引发炎症反应,并进一步加剧氧化损伤,加速生殖道的衰老,导致产蛋率下降和蛋壳质量变差。炎症反应与炎症细胞的浸润和随后的促炎介质如IL-1β、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、TNF-α等的释放有关[31]。中草药中的有效成分多酚和类黄酮可以通过提高生殖器官抗氧化和抗炎能力,进而改善输卵管健康,提升生产性能[32]。研究表明,用蒲公英治疗可显著减少小鼠炎症细胞数量[33]。Yang等[34]研究发现,蒲公英中的有机酸可减轻炎症细胞的浸润,保护机体健康。同时,Liu等[20]研究发现,饲粮添加金银花和金银花提取物(1 000 mg/kg)降低了蛋鸡输卵管膨大部促炎因子IL-1β、IFN-γ和TNF-α含量以及峡部和蛋壳腺TNF-α mRNA表达量,提高了这3个部位IL-6 mRNA表达量。本研究中,与CON组相比,各试验组膨大部TNF-α含量均显著降低,提示中草药混合物可能通过抑制TNF-α介导的炎症级联反应,减轻膨大部的炎症损伤。进一步分析不同试验组的特异性效应可知,MCH1组、MCH2组、MCH3组和MCH4组蛋壳腺IL-6含量均显著降低;同时,MCH3组不仅膨大部IL-1β和IL-6含量显著降低,峡部IL-1β和蛋壳腺TNF-α含量同样显著降低,炎症抑制效应最为显著。结合MCH3组蛋鸡血清炎症因子含量的结果,表明该组的中草药混合物配伍比例效果较佳。这种炎症抑制效应可能与中草药中的有效活性成分有关,其能通过降低氧化物质的积累,进而减少炎症反应的发生,从而保护输卵管健康,其具体作用机制可能与抑制核因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路的激活有关,有待进一步探究。

4 结论

饲粮添加1 000 mg/kg适宜配伍比例的中草药混合物可以提高蛋鸡机体抗氧化能力,降低炎症反应,维持输卵管健康,其中以艾叶为主要成分的MCH3组(蒲公英∶艾叶∶白花蛇舌草∶益母草∶金银花=1∶6∶1∶1∶1)效果较佳。
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