1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels content of diets (air-dry basis) |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | D5 | D10 | D15 | |
| 原料 Ingredients | ||||
| 玉米 Corn | 63.56 | 63.50 | 63.18 | 62.98 |
| 麦麸 Wheat bran | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
| 大豆油 Soybean oil | 0.40 | 0.45 | 0.52 | 0.65 |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 17.00 | 12.00 | 7.00 | 1.80 |
| 玉米干酒精糟及其可溶物 Corn DDGS | 7.20 | 7.00 | 7.00 | 7.00 |
| 红曲米酒糟 MDDGS | 5.00 | 10.00 | 15.00 | |
| 赖氨酸硫酸盐 Lysine·H2SO4 (70%) | 0.24 | 0.41 | 0.63 | 0.84 |
| 色氨酸 Tryptophan | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
| 苏氨酸 Threonine | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.15 |
| 蛋氨酸 Methionine | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.12 |
| 磷酸氢钙 CaPHO4 | 1.66 | 1.67 | 1.68 | 1.72 |
| 石粉 Limestone | 3.38 | 3.38 | 3.38 | 3.35 |
| 颗粒钙 Calcium granules | 3.48 | 3.48 | 3.48 | 3.48 |
| 氯化胆碱 Choline chloride | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
| 植酸酶 Phytase | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| 维生素预混料 Vitamin premix1) | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
| 微量元素预混料 Trace mineral premix2) | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
| 食盐 NaCl | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.19 |
| 小苏打 NaHCO3 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 |
| 防霉剂 Mold inhibitor | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels3) | ||||
| 干物质 DM | 88.10 | 88.36 | 88.65 | 88.97 |
| 代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) | 11.09 | 11.09 | 11.09 | 11.09 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 15.31 | 15.16 | 14.76 | 14.48 |
| 钙 Ca | 3.03 | 3.02 | 3.00 | 3.00 |
| 磷 P | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.41 |
| 钠 Na | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 |
| 氯 Cl | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 |
| 赖氨酸 Lysine | 0.83 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.82 |
| 蛋氨酸 Methionine | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.41 |
| 苏氨酸 Threonine | 0.57 | 0.58 | 0.59 | 0.57 |
| 色氨酸 Tryptophan | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 |
1)维生素预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The vitamin premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 10 000 IU,VD3 2 000 IU,VE 70 mg,VK3 2 mg,VB1 3.2 mg,VB2 7.0 mg,VB3 19.5 mg,VB5 32 mg,VB6 3.2 mg,生物素 biotin 0.60 mg,叶酸 folic acid 2.0 mg,VB12 0.04 mg。 | |
3)干物质、粗蛋白质、钙和磷为实测值,其余营养指标根据原料组成计算得出,原料营养数据来源于《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2024年第35版)》。DM, CP, Ca and P were measured values, while the other nutrients were calculated based on the composition of the ingredients, with the nutritional data for the ingredients sourced from the Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive Values in China (35th edition, 2024). | |
2)微量元素预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The trace mineral premix provided the following per kg of diets:Cu 10 mg,Fe 80 mg,Mn 56 mg,Zn 80 mg,I 0.9 mg,Se 0.3 mg。 |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 代谢试验
1.5 样本采集与指标测定
1.5.1 产蛋性能
1.5.2 孵化性能
1.5.3 蛋品质
1.5.4 血液生化指标
1.5.5 养分表观代谢率
1.6 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 红曲米酒糟对贵州黄鸡产蛋性能和孵化性能的影响
表2 红曲米酒糟对贵州黄鸡产蛋性能和孵化性能的影响Table 2 Effects of red yeast rice distillers’ grains on laying performance and hatching performance of Guizhou yellow chickens |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | D5 | D10 | D15 | 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | |||
| 产蛋性能 Laying performance | |||||||||
| 产蛋率 LR/% | 42.44 | 38.81 | 38.74 | 37.39 | 1.906 | 0.639 | 0.493 | 0.527 | |
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/(g/d) | 118.68 | 112.60 | 112.57 | 108.84 | 7.607 | 0.648 | 0.254 | 0.832 | |
| 平均蛋重 EW/g | 51.17 | 52.47 | 52.43 | 53.71 | 0.852 | 0.066 | 0.095 | 0.199 | |
| 料蛋比 F/E | 5.42 | 4.99 | 5.46 | 5.52 | 0.191 | 0.293 | 0.763 | 0.841 | |
| 孵化性能 Hatching performance/% | |||||||||
| 受精率 Fertility | 93.33b | 96.67a | 100.00a | 100.00a | 1.173 | 0.049 | 0.027 | 0.412 | |
| 死胚率 Embryo mortality | 13.06 | 7.90 | 13.33 | 8.89 | 1.234 | 0.295 | 0.513 | 0.881 | |
| 孵化率 Hatchability | 81.11c | 89.89b | 90.68ab | 93.25a | 1.652 | 0.017 | 0.004 | 0.180 | |
同行数据肩标不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
Data in the same row with different capital letter superscripts indicated extremely significant difference (P<0.01), and with different small letter superscripts indicated significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 红曲米酒糟对贵州黄鸡蛋品质的影响
表3 红曲米酒糟对贵州黄鸡蛋品质的影响Table 3 Effects of red yeast rice distillers’ grains on egg quality of Guizhou yellow chickens |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | D5 | D10 | D15 | 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | |||
| 第4周 4th week | |||||||||
| 蛋形指数 ESI | 1.29 | 1.31 | 1.32 | 1.32 | 0.012 | 0.817 | 0.430 | 0.665 | |
| 蛋黄比例 Yolk ratio/% | 28.73b | 30.88a | 29.69a | 29.87a | 0.284 | 0.029 | 0.237 | 0.035 | |
| 蛋白高度 Albumen height/mm | 6.14 | 5.56 | 5.94 | 5.23 | 0.133 | 0.094 | 0.127 | 0.745 | |
| 哈夫单位 Haugh unit | 79.38 | 78.76 | 78.12 | 78.47 | 0.891 | 0.158 | 0.134 | 0.713 | |
| 蛋黄颜色 Yolk color | 7.94b | 7.47b | 8.11b | 9.07a | 0.263 | 0.014 | 0.044 | 0.486 | |
| 蛋壳厚度 EST/mm | 0.296b | 0.319a | 0.302b | 0.299b | 0.003 9 | 0.046 | 0.778 | 0.054 | |
| 蛋壳强度 ESS/(kg/cm2) | 3.42b | 3.96a | 3.83a | 3.73a | 0.082 | 0.040 | 0.407 | 0.020 | |
| 第8周 8th week | |||||||||
| 蛋形指数 ESI | 1.30 | 1.32 | 1.33 | 1.32 | 0.005 | 0.148 | 0.180 | 0.060 | |
| 蛋黄比例 Yolk ratio/% | 29.27b | 30.69a | 30.96a | 31.20a | 0.379 | 0.011 | 0.038 | 0.983 | |
| 蛋白高度 Albumen height/mm | 5.84 | 5.96 | 6.09 | 6.23 | 0.127 | 0.076 | 0.517 | 0.131 | |
| 哈夫单位 Haugh unit | 76.43 | 75.63 | 78.56 | 72.47 | 0.860 | 0.058 | 0.162 | 0.075 | |
| 蛋黄颜色 Yolk color | 7.92 | 7.95 | 7.20 | 8.56 | 0.219 | 0.075 | 0.013 | 0.118 | |
| 蛋壳厚度 EST/mm | 0.319a | 0.318a | 0.310b | 0.297b | 0.003 2 | 0.029 | 0.166 | 0.027 | |
| 蛋壳强度 ESS/(kg/cm2) | 3.77b | 4.32a | 3.93b | 3.93b | 0.109 | 0.014 | 0.847 | 0.044 | |
2.3 红曲米酒糟对贵州黄鸡血液生化指标的影响
表4 红曲米酒糟对贵州黄鸡血液生化指标的影响Table 4 Effects of red yeast rice distillers’ grains on blood biochemical indices of Guizhou yellow chickens |
| 指标 Parameters | 组别 Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | D5 | D10 | D15 | 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 抗氧化指标 Antioxidant indices | ||||||||
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 52.40Bb | 55.03Bb | 65.76Aa | 62.23Aa | 1.463 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.130 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶 SOD/(U/mL) | 9.30Bb | 9.48Bb | 10.35Aa | 10.40Aa | 0.145 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.685 |
| 丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mL) | 3.15Aa | 3.44Aa | 2.74Bb | 1.77Cc | 0.190 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.014 |
| 炎症因子 Inflammatory factors/(pg/mL) | ||||||||
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α | 13.46Aa | 11.21Bb | 10.44Cc | 12.12Bb | 0.312 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β | 99.65Aa | 87.09Bb | 86.71Bb | 100.35Aa | 2.105 | 0.005 | 0.894 | 0.001 |
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6 | 4.60Bb | 4.59Bb | 4.43Bb | 5.30Aa | 0.105 | 0.002 | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| 体液免疫指标 Humoral immune indices/(μg/mL) | ||||||||
| 免疫球蛋白Y IgY | 317.79Aa | 291.96Aa | 281.13Bb | 285.50Bb | 9.554 | 0.009 | 0.003 | 0.117 |
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA | 47.46Aa | 46.71Aa | 41.23Bb | 43.64Bb | 0.727 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.060 |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM | 72.59 | 68.47 | 82.00 | 72.69 | 2.553 | 0.307 | 0.543 | 0.608 |
| 养分代谢指标 Nutrient metabolism indices | ||||||||
| 尿酸 UA/(μg/mL) | 328.64Aa | 260.38Bb | 235.10Cc | 300.83Aa | 12.019 | 0.009 | 0.179 | 0.002 |
| 甘油三酯 TG/(mmol/L) | 13.13a | 12.85a | 8.38b | 6.29c | 0.924 | 0.046 | 0.007 | 0.752 |
| 肝脏损伤指标 Liver injury indices/(U/L) | ||||||||
| 谷草转氨酸 AST | 4.25b | 8.13a | 8.32a | 8.47a | 0.554 | 0.014 | 0.029 | 0.009 |
| 谷丙转氨酸 ALT | 6.37 | 6.40 | 6.55 | 6.60 | 0.199 | 0.978 | 0.682 | 0.978 |
2.4 红曲米酒糟对贵州黄鸡养分表观代谢率的影响
表5 红曲米酒糟对贵州黄鸡养分表观代谢率的影响Table 5 Effects of red yeast rice distillers’ grains on nutrient apparent metabolizabilities of Guizhou yellow chickens |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | D5 | D10 | D15 | 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | |||
| 干物质 DM | 78.80Cc | 80.25BCbc | 81.07ABab | 82.70Aa | 0.453 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.885 | |
| 总能 GE | 85.16Cc | 86.61Bb | 87.15ABab | 88.01Aa | 0.325 | 0.003 | <0.001 | 0.491 | |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 54.18b | 56.46ab | 58.25a | 59.24a | 0.724 | 0.048 | 0.007 | 0.594 | |
| 粗脂肪 EE | 87.56 | 87.64 | 86.29 | 88.16 | 0.725 | 0.855 | 0.949 | 0.578 | |
| 钙 Ca | 38.03Cc | 40.67Bb | 46.24Aa | 46.27Aa | 0.597 | 0.009 | 0.002 | 0.455 | |
| 磷 P | 44.10 | 45.18 | 44.42 | 45.28 | 0.857 | 0.963 | 0.748 | 0.956 | |
表6 贵州黄鸡对红曲米酒糟中养分的表观代谢率Table 6 Apparent metabolizabilities of nutrients from red yeast rice distillers’ grains in Guizhou yellow chickens |
| 指标 Item | 干物质 DM | 总能 GE | 粗蛋白质 CP | 粗脂肪 EE | 钙 Ca | 磷 P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 表观代谢率 Apparent metabolizability | 83.22 | 88.26 | 59.81 | 88.24 | 41.69 | 45.44 |

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