动物营养学报 >

2026 , Vol. 38 >Issue 3: 2030 - 2041

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2026.163

研究论文

α-淀粉酶和多糖肉桂醛对荷斯坦阉牛生长性能、肉品质、血清生化指标和养分表观消化率的影响

  • 罗丽 , 1, 2 ,
  • 孙芳 , 1, * ,
  • 辛杭书 3 ,
  • 隋欣芯 2 ,
  • 侯进焘 2 ,
  • 孙晟霖 2 ,
  • 郎梓乔 2 ,
  • 王春微 4 ,
  • 陈凤山 5 ,
  • 卜也 1 ,
  • 许珊珊 1
展开
  • 1 黑龙江省农业科学院畜牧研究所, 哈尔滨 150086
  • 2 黑龙江八一农垦大学动物科学技术学院, 大庆 163319
  • 3 东北农业大学动物科学技术学院, 哈尔滨 150030
  • 4 黑龙江省畜牧总站, 哈尔滨 150069
  • 5 吉林省四平市梨树县畜牧总站, 四平 136500
*孙 芳,研究员,硕士生导师,E-mail:

罗 丽(2001—),女,贵州贞丰人,硕士研究生,从事肉牛营养与管理工艺技术研究。E-mail:

收稿日期: 2025-09-18

  网络出版日期: 2026-03-16

基金资助

国家肉牛产业技术体系(CARS-37)

收起

Effects of α-Amylase and Polysaccharide Cinnamaldehyde on Growth Performance, Meat Quality, Serum Biochemical Indices and Nutrient Apparent Digestibility of Holstein Steers

  • LUO Li , 1, 2 ,
  • SUN Fang , 1, * ,
  • XIN Hangshu 3 ,
  • SUI Xinxin 2 ,
  • HOU Jintao 2 ,
  • SUN Shenglin 2 ,
  • LANG Ziqiao 2 ,
  • WANG Chunwei 4 ,
  • CHEN Fengshan 5 ,
  • BU Ye 1 ,
  • XU Shanshan 1
Expand
  • 1 Institute of Animal Husbandry of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
  • 2 College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
  • 3 College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
  • 4 Heilongjiang Animal Husbandry Station, Harbin 150069, China
  • 5 Animal Husbandry Station of Lishu County, Siping City, Jilin Province, Siping 136500, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-09-18

  Online published: 2026-03-16

Fold

摘要

本试验旨在探究饲粮添加α-淀粉酶(AM)或与多糖肉桂醛(PC)联合添加对荷斯坦阉牛生长性能、肉品质、血清生化指标和养分表观消化率的影响。选择21头16月龄荷斯坦阉牛[体重(614.28±42.61) kg],随机分为3组,每组7个重复,每个重复1头牛。对照组(CK组)饲喂基础饲粮,AM组饲喂基础饲粮+0.6 g/kg干物质(DM)AM,APC组饲喂基础饲粮+0.6 g/kg DM AM+1 g/kg DM PC。试验期75 d,包括15 d预试期和60 d正试期。结果表明:1)各组间生长性能和屠宰性能无显著差异(P>0.05);与CK组相比,AM组和APC组大理石纹评分有升高趋势(P=0.068)。2)与CK组相比,AM组背最长肌蒸煮损失显著降低(P<0.05);APC组背最长肌红度(a*)和黄度(b*)值显著提高(P<0.05),背最长肌肌内脂肪(IMF)和胶原蛋白含量显著提高(P<0.05)。3)与CK组相比,APC组血清肌酐含量极显著提高(P<0.01),血清白蛋白含量有升高趋势(P=0.075)。4)与CK组相比,AM组DM表观消化率极显著提高(P<0.01),粗蛋白质(CP)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05);APC组NDF表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05)。综上所述,荷斯坦阉牛育肥后期饲粮添加AM或与PC联合添加对生长性能和屠宰性能无显著影响;饲粮添加AM可以提高DM、CP和NDF表观消化率,降低背最长肌蒸煮损失;饲粮联合添加AM与PC可以改善肉色,提高背最长肌IMF和胶原蛋白含量,并提高NDF表观消化率。

关键词： 荷斯坦阉牛; 直线育肥; 肌内脂肪; α-淀粉酶; 多糖肉桂醛

本文引用格式

罗丽 , 孙芳 , 辛杭书 , 隋欣芯 , 侯进焘 , 孙晟霖 , 郎梓乔 , 王春微 , 陈凤山 , 卜也 , 许珊珊 . α-淀粉酶和多糖肉桂醛对荷斯坦阉牛生长性能、肉品质、血清生化指标和养分表观消化率的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2026 , 38(3) : 2030 -2041 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.163

Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of α-amylase (AM) or in combination with polysaccharide cinnamaldehyde (PC) on growth performance, meat quality, serum biochemical indices and nutrient apparent digestibility of Holstein steers. Twenty-one 16-month-old Holstein steers with a body weight of (614.28±42.61) kg were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups, with 7 replicates in each group and 1 cattle in each replicate. The control group (CK group) was fed a basal diet, the AM group was fed the basal diet+0.6 g/kg dry matter (DM) AM, and the APC group was fed the basal diet+0.6 g/kg DM AM+1 g/kg DM PC. The experiment lasted for 75 days, including a 15-day pre-experiment and a 60-day formal experiment. The results showed as follows: 1) there were no significant differences in growth performance and slaughter performance among the groups (P>0.05). Compared with the CK group, the marbling score in the AM group and the APC group showed an increasing trend (P=0.068). 2) Compared with the CK group, the cooking loss of longissimus muscle in the AM group was significantly reduced (P<0.05); the redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) values of longissimus muscle in the APC group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the contents of intramuscular fat (IMF) and collagen in longissimus muscle were significantly increased (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the CK group, the serum creatinine content in the APC group was extremely significantly increased (P<0.01), and the serum albumin content showed an increasing trend (P=0.075). 4) Compared with the CK group, the DM apparent digestibility in the AM group was extremely significantly increased (P<0.01), and the apparent digestibilities of crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were significantly increased (P<0.05); the NDF apparent digestibility in the APC group was significantly increased (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of AM or in combination with PC for Holstein steers in later fattening stage have no significant effects on growth performance and slaughter performance; dietary supplementation of AM can increase the apparent digestibilities of DM, CP and NDF, and reduce the cooking loss of longissimus muscle; the combined dietary supplementation of AM and PC can improve the meat color, increase the contents of IMF and collagen in longissimus muscle, and enhance the NDF apparent digestibility.

Key words： Holstein steers; straight-line fattening; intramuscular fat; α-amylase; polysaccharide cinnamaldehyde

随着消费者生活水平的提高,大理石纹高端牛肉的消费量持续增加,如何降低饲料成本,提高肌内脂肪(intramuscular fat,IMF)含量,一直以来都是国内外科学研发的方向[1-2]。全球约60%的牛肉源自淘汰奶牛和奶公犊,相比之下,中国的这一来源占比约为20%,遍布中国各个地区,并以东北、华北和西北居多[3-4]。研究证明,荷斯坦阉牛通过直线育肥可生产出日本A3级大理石纹牛肉[5],但在育肥后期,为了促进IMF沉积采取的高精料饲养易引发瘤胃等消化道疾病[6]。在荷斯坦公牛饲粮中添加α-淀粉酶(α-amylase,AM)能提高谷物饲料中淀粉的消化率,改善生长性能、提升肉品质[7]。Zhang等[8]研究发现,外源添加0.6 g/kg干物质(DM)AM可提高荷斯坦公牛平均日增重(ADG)和饲料转化效率,但瘤胃快速发酵碳水化合物易影响瘤胃健康[9]。Silva等[10]研究发现,在35%和45%淀粉饲粮中添加AM与精油混合物能提高阉牛ADG和胴体性能,并减少消化道病变。植物精油主要通过破坏细菌细胞壁和细胞器来发挥杀菌作用,但其强刺激性也会灼伤消化道表皮,并表现出细胞毒性和胃肠毒性[11]。多糖肉桂醛(polysaccharide cinnamaldehyde,PC)主要由低聚木糖(xylooligosaccharide,XOS)和肉桂醛(cinnamaldehyde,CIN)缩合而成,其分子结构交联成网状架构从而保护瘤胃,较精油刺激性更小。XOS由2~10个木糖分子以β-1,4-糖苷键结合而成[12],耐酸耐热,可增强畜禽免疫力、改善机体健康并提升畜产品品质[13-14]。田雨晴等[15]研究发现,XOS能降低荷斯坦公犊牛料重比(F/G)和腹泻率。CIN是从植物肉桂中提取出来的,有效成分3-苯基-2-丙烯醛是中药中的一种有效成分,具有抗菌、抗炎和抗氧化等多种功效[16-17],作为动物饲料添加剂使用时可显著改善动物肠道健康和肉品质[18]。此外,Yang等[19]研究发现,在育肥牛饲粮中添加CIN,虽然没有改变其生长性能,但有助于采食量的提高(+13%)并缓解应激影响。基于此提出假设,在荷斯坦阉牛育肥后期高能饲粮中联合添加AM和PC,能通过优化能量代谢和改善瘤胃微生物区系,有效提升其饲粮消化率,并显著促进IMF的沉积。因此,本研究旨在探究AM和PC在荷斯坦阉牛育肥后期的饲喂效果,为优化荷斯坦阉牛直线育肥技术方案提供依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

AM为市购产品,活性为600 U/g(1 U定义为在37 ℃和pH 7.0条件下,通过AM/α-葡萄糖苷酶2步反应,每分钟从1.86 mmol/L亚乙基-G7-对硝基苯基-麦芽七糖苷中释放6 μmol对硝基苯酚所需要的酶量)。PC为市购产品,主要成分包含CIN和XOS(CIN含量≥20%,XOS含量≥10%)。AM和PC添加水平分别根据文献[8]及产品说明书设定。

1.2 试验设计

饲养试验于2024年8月9日至2024年10月22日在黑龙江省农业科学院畜牧研究所肉牛试验基地(哈尔滨)进行,试验方案获得黑龙江省农业科学院畜牧研究所实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号:IHA20250220)。采用单因素完全随机试验设计,选择21头16月龄荷斯坦阉牛[体重(614.28±42.61) kg],随机分为3组,每组7个重复,每个重复1头牛。对照组(CK组)饲喂基础饲粮,AM组饲喂基础饲粮+0.6 g/kg DM AM,APC组饲喂基础饲粮+0.6 g/kg DM AM+1 g/kg DM PC。试验期75 d,包括15 d预试期和60 d正试期。

1.3 基础饲粮和饲养管理

基础饲粮参照《日本饲养标准·肉用牛(2008年版)》[20]进行配制,将AM以及AM与PC组合先与浓缩料中的预混料进行预混合,再制成浓缩料,饲养时将浓缩料与蒸汽压片玉米、稻草混合均匀制成全混合日粮(TMR)饲粮喂给肉牛,基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (DM basis)

原料 Ingredients 含量 Content 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) 含量 Content
蒸汽压片玉米 Steam-flaked corn 50.00 干物质(饲喂基础) DM (as-fed basis) 51.37
全脂膨化大豆 Full-fat extruded soybean 2.50 粗脂肪 EE 3.18
大麦 Barley 10.50 粗蛋白质 CP 10.39
预混料 Premix1) 4.00 中性洗涤纤维 NDF 36.78
啤酒糟 Brewer’s grain 16.50 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF 16.54
稻草 Rice straw 16.50 粗灰分 Ash 6.66
合计 Total 100.00 淀粉 Starch 40.34
总可消化养分 TDN3) 88.06
消化能 DE/(MJ/kg)4) 16.23

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kilogram of the diet:VA 2 500 IU,VD3 3 684 IU,VE 500 IU,Fe 60 mg,Zn 30 mg,Cu 10 mg,Mn 20 mg。

2)总可消化养分和消化能为计算值,其他为实测值。TDN and DE were calculated values, while the others were measured values.

3)总可消化养分(%)=非纤维碳水化合物+粗蛋白质+(粗脂肪-1)×2.25+中性洗涤纤维-7,非纤维碳水化合物(%)=100-(粗蛋白质+粗脂肪+粗灰分+中性洗涤纤维)。TDN(%)=NFC+CP+(EE-1)×2.25+NDF-7,NFC(%)=100-(CP+EE+Ash+NDF).

4)消化能(MJ/kg)=0.044 09×总可消化养分×4.184。DE(MJ/kg)=0.044 09×TDN×4.184.

试验牛采用露天散栏饲养,每天饲喂2次(06:00和17:00各1次),试验期间自由采食和饮水,定期清粪。

1.4 指标测定

1.4.1 生长性能

分别于正试期第1天和第60天晨饲前,测定试验牛体重,计算ADG;试验期间利用采食量监测设备(WL-CD-N03SC,北京惠企通达物联科技有限公司)记录每头牛每天的采食量,计算干物质采食量(DMI)和F/G。计算公式如下:
ADG=(末重-初重)/试验天数;
F/G=DMI/ADG。

1.4.2 屠宰性能

饲养试验结束后,将试验牛运送至屠宰厂(内蒙古科尔沁牛业股份有限公司),并按照国家标准《畜禽屠宰操作规程 牛》(GB/T 19477—2018)[21]进行屠宰。屠宰前禁饲24 h、禁水3 h,测定并记录宰前活重、胴体重、第6~7肋肌间脂肪厚度、眼肌面积、皮下脂肪厚度和内脏脂肪重量。屠宰性能相关指标计算公式如下:
屠宰率(%)=100×胴体重/宰前活重;
内脏脂肪占比(%)=100×内脏脂肪重量/宰前活重。
根据日本评级标准(5分制)对第6~7肋间眼肌进行大理石纹评分。

1.4.3 肉品质

于第12~13肋,向腰椎延伸8~10 cm处采集背最长肌样品,排酸48 h后,根据《畜禽肉质的测定》(NY/T 1333—2007)[22]测定pH、加压失水率、蒸煮损失、肉色和剪切力。采用肉类成分快速分析仪(FoodScan Lab,FOSS,丹麦)对肌肉样品水分、粗蛋白质(CP)、胶原蛋白和IMF含量进行测定。

1.4.4 血清生化指标

正试期第60天,采用尾根采血法对试验牛进行采血(10 mL),采用离心机(CF-1524R,北京诺博莱德科技有限公司)离心10 min(2 000×g)以制备血清,随后采用全自动生化分析仪(Vetube-30,深圳迈瑞动物医疗科技股份有限公司)测定血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLB)、总胆固醇(TC)、尿素氮(UN)、葡萄糖(GLU)、肌酐(CREA)含量以及谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、肌酸激酶(CK)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性。

1.4.5 养分表观消化率

正试期间,每隔10 d采集TMR样品200 g,-20 ℃冻存。在试验结束前5 d,每天00:00、06:00、12:00和18:00对每头试验牛进行直肠取粪(湿重≥300 g),加入粪样鲜重1/4的10%酒石酸溶液进行固氮,-20 ℃冻存。试验结束后,将同一头牛的粪便混合,保存备用。然后,将所有样品(TMR及粪样)在65 ℃条件下烘干,粉碎过1 mm筛,分别测定其DM(GB/T 6435—2014)、粗脂肪(EE,GB/T 6433—2006)、CP(GB/T 6432—2018)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF,GB/T 20806—2022)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF,NY/T 1459—2022)、粗灰分(Ash,GB/T 6438—2007)、酸不溶灰分(AIA,GB/T 23742—2009)和淀粉(GB/T 20194—2018)含量。养分表观消化率计算公式如下:
某养分表观消化率(%)=100-100×[(粪便中该养分含量/饲粮中该养分含量)×(饲粮中AIA含量/粪便中AIA含量)]。

1.5 数据统计和分析

试验数据采用Excel 2021进行初步整理,然后采用SAS 9.4软件中的Proc Mixed模型对荷斯坦阉牛末重进行分析,其余指标均采用SPSS 23.0软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),并采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较;结果数据采用平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示,以P<0.01为差异极显著、0.01≤P<0.05为差异显著、0.05≤P<0.10为差异有显著趋势判断标准。

2 结果

2.1 饲粮添加AM和PC对荷斯坦阉牛生长性能的影响

由表2可知,与CK组相比,饲粮添加AM和PC对荷斯坦阉牛末重、DMI、ADG和F/G均无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表2 饲粮添加AM和PC对荷斯坦阉牛生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary AM and PC supplementation on growth performance of Holstein steers

项目
Items		 组别 Groups 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
CK AM APC
初重 Initial BW/kg 622.57 618.00 602.29 16.518 0.669
末重 Final BW/kg 674.86 671.14 662.29 18.773 0.791
干物质采食量 DMI/(kg/d) 9.77 9.78 9.23 0.332 0.268
平均日增重 ADG/(kg/d) 0.87 0.89 1.00 0.091 0.567
料重比 F/G 11.66 12.19 9.53 1.075 0.236

同行数据肩标不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同小写字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different capital letter superscripts indicated extremely significant difference (P<0.01), and with different small letter superscripts indicated significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same small letter or no letter superscripts indicated no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮添加AM和PC对荷斯坦阉牛屠宰性能的影响

由表3可知,与CK组相比,饲粮添加AM和PC对荷斯坦阉牛屠宰率、肌间脂肪厚度、眼肌面积、皮下脂肪厚度和内脏脂肪占比均无显著影响(P>0.05)。与CK组相比,AM组和APC组大理石纹评分有升高趋势(P=0.068),分别提高了9.45%和28.01%。
表3 饲粮添加AM和PC对荷斯坦阉牛屠宰性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary AM and PC supplementation on slaughter performance of Holstein steers

项目
Items		 组别 Groups 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
CK AM APC
屠宰率 Slaughter rate/% 57.01 57.51 56.78 0.330 0.333
肌间脂肪厚度 Intermuscular fat thickness/cm 5.10 4.57 4.61 0.254 0.298
眼肌面积 Eye muscle area/cm2 33.83 36.90 36.32 2.208 0.564
皮下脂肪厚度 Subcutaneous fat thickness/cm 2.11 1.79 1.97 0.224 0.619
内脏脂肪占比 Visceral fat percentage/% 3.86 3.60 3.79 0.297 0.831
大理石纹评分 Marbling score 3.07 3.36 3.93 0.231 0.068

2.3 饲粮添加AM和PC对荷斯坦阉牛肉品质的影响

由表4可知,与CK组相比,饲粮添加AM和PC对荷斯坦阉牛背最长肌pH、加压失水率和剪切力均无显著影响(P>0.05)。与CK组相比,AM组背最长肌蒸煮损失显著降低(P<0.05);APC组背最长肌红度(a*)和黄度(b*)值显著提高(P<0.05),背最长肌IMF和胶原蛋白含量显著提高(P<0.05),背最长肌水分(P=0.069)和CP(P=0.050)含量有降低趋势。
表4 饲粮添加AM和PC对荷斯坦阉牛肉品质的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary AM and PC supplementation on meat quality of Holstein steers

项目
Items		 组别 Groups 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
CK AM APC
物理特性 Physical characteristics
pH 5.60 5.61 5.62 0.019 0.802
加压失水率 Pressurized water loss rate/% 22.84 22.16 21.39 0.952 0.724
蒸煮损失 Cooking loss/% 21.33a 18.46b 19.00ab 0.930 0.035
肉色 Meat color 亮度 L* 41.42 41.57 42.73 0.777 0.468
红度 a* 24.34b 25.18ab 26.34a 0.553 0.019
黄度 b* 15.95b 16.92ab 18.02a 0.563 0.026
剪切力 Shear force/N 36.14 33.27 29.98 3.777 0.542
营养成分 Nutrients/%
水分 Moisture 68.73 67.77 66.15 0.375 0.069
粗蛋白质 CP 21.14 20.79 19.98 0.150 0.050
肌内脂肪 IMF 8.32b 9.58ab 12.01a 0.430 0.047
胶原蛋白 Collagen 1.60b 1.69ab 1.88a 0.096 0.033

2.4 饲粮添加AM和PC对荷斯坦阉牛血清生化指标的影响

由表5可知,与CK组相比,APC组荷斯坦阉牛血清肌酐含量极显著提高(P<0.01),血清白蛋白含量有升高趋势(P=0.075)。各组间其他血清生化指标无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表5 饲粮添加AM和PC对荷斯坦阉牛血清生化指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary AM and PC supplementation on serum biochemical indices of Holstein steers

项目
Items		 组别 Groups 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
CK AM APC
总蛋白 TP/(g/L) 73.84 78.86 73.09 2.274 0.222
白蛋白 ALB/(g/L) 36.30 38.91 39.17 0.886 0.075
球蛋白 GLB/(g/L) 37.54 39.94 33.91 1.833 0.108
葡萄糖 GLU/(mmol/L) 4.38 4.62 4.27 0.154 0.289
尿素氮 UN/(mmol/L) 3.34 3.29 3.57 0.273 0.753
总胆固醇 TC/(mmol/L) 2.71 2.86 2.87 0.113 0.557
肌酐 CREA/(μmol/L) 84.50Bb 83.83Bb 121.83Aa 3.905 <0.001
谷丙转氨酶 ALT/(U/L) 26.71 26.86 27.86 1.965 0.909
谷草转氨酶 AST/(U/L) 57.57 56.14 58.86 3.172 0.839
肌酸激酶 CK/(U/L) 119.14 137.57 152.00 12.418 0.209
碱性磷酸酶 ALP/(U/L) 93.43 110.00 114.14 6.883 0.136

2.5 饲粮添加AM和PC对荷斯坦阉牛养分表观消化率的影响

由表6可知,与CK组相比,AM组荷斯坦阉牛DM表观消化率极显著提高(P<0.01),CP和NDF表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05),ADF表观消化率有升高趋势(P=0.053);APC组CP表观消化率提高了20.41%(P>0.05),NDF表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05)。各组间其他养分表观消化率无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表6 饲粮添加AM和PC对荷斯坦阉牛养分表观消化率的影响

Table 6 Effects of dietary AM and PC supplementation on nutrient apparent digestibility of Holstein steers

项目
Items		 组别 Groups 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
CK AM APC
干物质 DM 75.25Bb 83.39Aa 77.14Bb 1.470 0.003
粗脂肪 EE 38.29 45.56 39.48 2.504 0.223
粗蛋白质 CP 45.51b 57.34a 54.80ab 3.199 0.045
中性洗涤纤维 NDF 42.29b 55.04a 54.08a 3.054 0.016
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF 35.92 44.95 36.10 2.194 0.053
淀粉 Starch 94.76 96.19 95.68 0.634 0.789

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮添加AM和PC对荷斯坦阉牛生长性能的影响

动物对外源AM的反应受饲粮淀粉含量的影响[23]。Ferraretto等[24]研究发现,在淀粉含量为21.2%(以干磨玉米为主要淀粉来源)的饲粮中添加AM对奶牛饲料转化率有一定改善作用,但效果并不显著。Andreazzi等[25]在淀粉含量为32%(以玉米青贮为主要淀粉来源)的荷斯坦奶牛饲粮中添加AM后,饲料效率显著提高。但Rocha等[26]报道,在淀粉含量为45%(以玉米粒为主要淀粉来源)饲粮中使用含AM的混合添加剂,内洛尔公牛机体内与碳水化合物降解相关的酶如丙酮酸激酶表达下调,原因可能是高淀粉饲粮引发了肠道上皮损伤和炎症反应增强,进而抑制了正常代谢功能。Dilorenzo等[27]在精料占比为90%(以蒸汽压片玉米为主要淀粉来源)的育肥饲粮中添加AM,未显著改善肉牛的ADG、DMI和饲料效率,这与本试验的研究结果相一致,表明动物对外源AM的反应还受饲料加工方式的影响。

3.2 饲粮添加AM和PC对荷斯坦阉牛屠宰性能的影响

屠宰率是评定屠宰性能的主要指标[28]。本试验发现,饲粮添加AM和PC对荷斯坦阉牛屠宰率无显著影响。Tricarico等[29]报道,外源添加AM能够提高肉牛的眼肌面积,但不能改变大理石纹评分。大理石纹影响牛肉嫩度、颜色及多汁性,由IMF含量及分布决定,提高其评级是高端牛肉生产的重要目标[2,30]。本试验中,AM组和APC组大理石纹评分较CK组均有所提高,表明在本试验条件下,饲粮添加AM以及AM与PC联合添加能够促进IMF沉积。能量水平是影响育肥后期肉牛大理石纹等级的关键因素,添加AM能够提高淀粉的消化利用率,从而提升机体的有效能量摄入[31-32]。由此推测,AM组和APC组的饲粮能量可能被更多地用于IMF沉积,从而改善了牛肉的大理石纹评分。

3.3 饲粮添加AM和PC对荷斯坦阉牛肉品质的影响

正常牛肉的pH通常介于5.5~5.8[33],本试验中各组荷斯坦阉牛背最长肌在宰后48 h的pH均处于该范围内。蒸煮损失是评价肉类持水能力的重要指标,其值越低,表明系水力越高,肉品多汁性也更好[34]。本研究中,AM组和APC组背最长肌蒸煮损失均低于CK组,其中AM组蒸煮损失最低,表明其持水性最佳。消费者常通过肉色直观判断肉质,a*和b*值分别反映肉色的红度和黄度,数值越大表明肉色越深[35-36]。a*值较高通常与肌红蛋白处于亚铁状态有关,而b*值的变化可能与脂质氧化过程有关[37-38]。尽管醛类化合物对肉色稳定性具有一定作用,但APC组IMF含量最高,这可能是该组a*和b*值均显著升高的主要原因[39]。牛体脂肪组织主要包含皮下脂肪、内脏脂肪、肌间脂肪以及IMF,IMF含量是评价IMF沉积的关键指标[40]。祝贺[41]研究表明,IMF含量与剪切力呈负相关,IMF含量越高,牛肉越嫩;同时,IMF含量也与反映保水性能的加压失水率及蒸煮损失呈负相关,与胶原蛋白中可溶性胶原蛋白含量呈正相关,受饲粮能量利用效率影响[32]。本试验结果表明,饲粮联合添加AM与PC能够显著提高荷斯坦阉牛育肥后期背最长肌IMF含量。

3.4 饲粮添加AM和PC对荷斯坦阉牛血清生化指标的影响

血清生化指标是反映动物机体代谢状态和健康状况的重要依据,本试验中各组血清白蛋白和肌酐含量均处于正常范围内[42-43]。白蛋白作为血清和细胞外液中含量最丰富的蛋白质,在血液中承担多种物质的结合与运输功能,且其含量与IMF含量呈极显著正相关[44]。本研究中,与CK组相比,APC组血清白蛋白含量有升高趋势,可能与多糖类物质的介入及其代谢调节作用有关[45]。肌酐是肌肉组织中肌酸代谢的终产物,由磷酸肌酸通过非酶促降解生成,其血清含量可间接反映机体肌酸代谢强度及能量周转状态[46]。孟子琪等[47]研究表明,为适应生产需求,动物机体可通过上调血清肌酐含量以调节能量平衡。尽管没有数据直接表明肌酐含量与IMF含量的相关性,但Peng等[48]研究发现随着大理石花纹评分的提升,血清肌酐含量相应提高,表明肌酐代谢与脂肪沉积过程存在内在关联。本试验发现,在高淀粉(40.34%)饲粮中联合添加AM与PC后血清肌酐含量极显著提高,反映机体能量代谢过程受到饲粮调控,从而促进IMF的沉积。

3.5 饲粮添加AM和PC对荷斯坦阉牛养分表观消化率的影响

本研究结果显示,AM组和APC组EE、ADF和淀粉表观消化率较CK组有所提升但差异不显著,这与之前的研究结果[49-50]相一致。Weiss等[51]报道,在以粉碎玉米为主要淀粉来源的饲粮中外源添加AM,并未显著提高淀粉表观消化率。Yu等[52]研究表明,蒸汽压片玉米组淀粉表观消化率(95.7%)显著高于粉碎玉米(87.4%)。本试验中饲粮以蒸汽压片玉米作为主要淀粉来源,在此条件下外源添加AM也并未显著提高淀粉表观消化率;但饲粮添加AM显著提高DM、CP和NDF表观消化率,这可能归因于淀粉酶的“交叉喂养”效应,外源AM通过水解淀粉生产产物,为瘤胃中非淀粉降解微生物提供底物,从而促进整体养分的消化利用[53]。本研究中,虽然AM组表现出较高的养分表观消化率,但其生长性能与屠宰性能等关键指标却未见显著改善。徐欣等[54]报道,当肉牛在6月龄以上且饲粮淀粉含量高至40%左右时就可能发生瘤胃代谢紊乱,从而限制生产性能的表现。本试验中,APC组DM、CP和NDF表观消化率低于AM组,推测可能与PC的添加影响了酶解产物与微生物间的互作关系有关[55]。不过,APC组CP和NDF表观消化率仍较CK组分别提高了20.41%和27.88%。
此外,本研究的不足之处在于侧重于评估AM和PC的实际应用效果,其背后的生理学机制并未阐明。为此,后续研究将重点考察二者对荷斯坦阉牛瘤胃组织形态及微生物区系的影响。

4 结论

在本试验条件下,饲粮添加0.6 g/kg DM AM或0.6 g/kg DM AM+1 g/kg DM PC对荷斯坦阉牛生长性能和屠宰性能无显著影响;饲粮添加0.6 g/kg DM AM可以提高DM、CP和NDF表观消化率,降低背最长肌蒸煮损失;饲粮添加0.6 g/kg DM AM+1 g/kg DM PC可以改善肉色,提高背最长肌IMF和胶原蛋白含量,并提高NDF表观消化率。

参考文献

原文顺序 | 文献年度倒序 | 文中引用次数倒序
[1]
曹建民, 吕文发, 郭爱珍, 等. 2024年度肉牛牦牛产业与技术发展报告[J]. 中国畜牧杂志, 2025, 61(3):399-402.

CAO J M, LYU W F, GUO A Z, et al. Technology development report of beef cattle and yak industry in 2024[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2025, 61(3):399-402. (in Chinese)

[2]
GREENWOOD P L. Review:an overview of beef production from pasture and feedlot globally,as demand for beef and the need for sustainable practices increase[J]. Animal, 2021, 15(Suppl.1):100295.

[3]
李泽民. 多组学解析荷斯坦阉牛育肥效果及其肌内脂肪沉积的调控机理[D].博士学位论文. 兰州: 甘肃农业大学, 2023.

LI Z M. Multi-omics analysis reveals the regulation mechanism of fattening and intramuscle fat deposition in Holstein steer[D].Ph.D. Thesis. Lanzhou: Gansu Agricultural University, 2023. (in Chinese)

[4]
郎玉苗, 沙坤, 李海鹏, 等. 中国培育品种牛肉品质特性比较分析[J]. 肉类研究, 2013, 27(5):31-35.

LANG Y M, SHA K, LI H P, et al. Comparative analysis of quality characteristics of beef from Chinese cultivated breeds[J]. Meat Research, 2013, 27(5):31-35. (in Chinese)

[5]
岳萌萌, 卜也, 刘利, 等. 早期去势对荷斯坦公犊生长性能、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2022, 34(3):1632-1641.

DOI

YUE M M, BU Y, LIU L, et al. Effects of early castration on growth performance,slaughter performance and meat quality of Holstein calves[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2022, 34(3):1632-1641. (in Chinese)

[6]
GAO Q, LIU H, WANG Z, et al. Recent advances in feed and nutrition of beef cattle in China-a review[J]. Animal Bioscience, 2023, 36(4):529-539.

DOI

[7]
SIMON A L, COPETTI P M, LAGO R V P, et al. Inclusion of exogenous enzymes in feedlot cattle diets:impacts on physiology,rumen fermentation,digestibility and fatty acid profile in rumen and meat[J]. Biotechnology Reports, 2024, 41:e00824.

DOI

[8]
ZHANG X M, XUE F, XU K L, et al. Effects of α-amylase and coated α-amylase supplementation on growth performance,nutrient digestion,and rumen fermentation in Holstein bulls[J]. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2024, 10:1330616.

DOI

[9]
ASCHENBACH J R, ZEBELI Q, PATRA A K, et al. Symposium review:the importance of the ruminal epithelial barrier for a healthy and productive cow[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2019, 102(2):1866-1882.

DOI

[10]
SILVA T I S, SOUZA J M, ACEDO T S, et al. Feedlot performance,rumen and cecum morphometrics of Nellore cattle fed increasing levels of diet starch containing a blend of essential oils and amylase or monensin[J]. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2023, 10:1090097.

DOI

[11]
STEVANOVIČ Z D, BOŠNJAK-NEUMÜLLER J, PAJIČ-LIJAKOVIČ I, et al. Essential oils as feed additives-future perspectives[J]. Molecules, 2018, 23(7):1717.

DOI

[12]
HUANG R, ZHANG R, YAO S Q, et al. Glutamic acid assisted hydrolysis strategy for preparing prebiotic xylooligosaccharides[J]. Frontiers in Nutrition, 2022, 9:1030685.

DOI

[13]
岳双明, 杜建国, 罗亚东, 等. 饲粮添加低聚木糖和壳寡糖对肉兔生长性能、屠宰性能和肠道发育的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2025, 37(1):550-559.

DOI

YUE S M, DU J G, LUO Y D, et al. Effects of dietary xylo-oligosaccharides and chito-oligosaccharides on growth performance,slaughter performance and intestinal development of meat rabbits[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025, 37(1):550-559. (in Chinese)

[14]
马文锋, 谢治江, 胡乃志, 等. 低聚木糖的生理功能及其在畜牧生产中的应用进展[J]. 动物营养学报, 2024, 36(11):6808-6816.

DOI

MA W F, XIE Z J, HU N Z, et al. Research progress on physiological functions of xylooligosaccharide and its application in livestock production[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024, 36(11):6808-6816. (in Chinese)

DOI

[15]
田雨晴, 张一平, 吴春会, 等. 低聚木糖和牛磺酸对犊牛生长性能、腹泻率和营养物质表观消化率的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2024, 36(1):374-386.

DOI

TIAN Y Q, ZHANG Y P, WU C H, et al. Effects of xylo-oligosaccharides and taurine on growth performance,diarrhea rate and nutrient apparent digestibility of calves[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024, 36(1):374-386. (in Chinese)

[16]
IBI A A, KYUKA C K. Sources,extraction and biological activities of cinnamaldehyde[J]. Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, 2022, 8(4):263-282.

[17]
SHARIFI-RAD J, DEY A, KOIRALA N, et al. Cinnamomum species:bridging phytochemistry knowledge,pharmacological properties and toxicological safety for health benefits[J]. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2021, 12:600139.

DOI

[18]
YANG C W, DIARRA M S, CHOI J H, et al. Effects of encapsulated cinnamaldehyde on growth performance,intestinal digestive and absorptive functions,meat quality and gut microbiota in broiler chickens[J]. Translational Animal Science, 2021, 5(3):txab099.

[19]
YANG W Z, AMETAJ B N, BENCHAAR C, et al. Cinnamaldehyde in feedlot cattle diets:intake,growth performance,carcass characteristics,and blood metabolites[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2010, 88(3):1082-1092.

DOI

[20]
独立行政法人, 农业·食品产业技术综合研究机构. 日本饲养标准·肉用牛(2008年版)[M].曹兵海,译. 北京: 中国农业大学出版社, 2009.

Independent Administrative Legal Entity, Comprehensive Research Institute of Agriculture and Food Industry Technology. Japanese breeding standards for beef cattle (2008 edition)[M].CAO B H,translated. Beijing: China Agricultural University Press, 2009. (in Chinese)

[21]
中华人民共和国国家市场监督管理总局, 中国国家标准化管理委员会. 畜禽屠宰操作规程牛:GB/T19477—2018[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2018.

State Administration for Market Regulation, Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China. Operatingprocedureoflivestockandpoultryslaughtering-cattle:GB/T19477—2018[S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2018. (in Chinese)

[22]
中华人民共和国农业部. 畜禽肉质的测定:NY/T1333—2007[S]. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2007.

Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China. Determinationoflivestockandpoultrymeatquality:NY/T1333—2007[S]. Beijing: China Agricultural Press, 2007. (in Chinese)

[23]
MCGRATH J, DUVAL S M, TAMASSIA L F M, et al. Nutritional strategies in ruminants:a lifetime approach[J]. Research in Veterinary Science, 2018, 116:28-39.

DOI

[24]
FERRARETTO L F, SHAVER R D, ESPINEIRA M, et al. Influence of a reduced-starch diet with or without exogenous amylase on lactation performance by dairy cows[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2011, 94(3):1490-1499.

DOI PMID

[25]
ANDREAZZI A S R, PEREIRA M N, REIS R B, et al. Effect of exogenous amylase on lactation performance of dairy cows fed a high-starch diet[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2018, 101(8):7199-7207.

DOI PMID

[26]
ROCHA L C, DE ALMEIDA ASSUNÇÃO A S, MARTINS R A, et al. Feedlot diets containing different starch levels and additives change the cecal proteome involved in cattle’s energy metabolism and inflammatory response[J]. Scientific Reports, 2022, 12(1):5691.

DOI

[27]
DILORENZO N, SMITH D R, QUINN M J. Effects of grain processing and supplementation with exogenous amylase on nutrient digestibility in feedlot diets[J]. Livestock Science, 2011, 137(1/2/3):178-184.

DOI

[28]
张美琦, 李妍, 李树静, 等. 饲粮能量水平对荷斯坦阉牛生产性能、血液指标、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(1):203-212.

DOI

ZHANG M Q, LI Y, LI S J, et al. Effects of dietary energy levels on production performance,blood index,slaughter performance and meat quality of Holstein steers[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(1):203-212. (in Chinese)

[29]
TRICARICO J M, ABNEY M D, GALYEAN M L, et al. Effects of a dietary Aspergillus oryzae extract containing α-amylase activity on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing beef cattle[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2007, 85(3):802-811.

DOI

[30]
NGUYEN D V, NGUYEN O C, MALAU-ADULI A E O. Main regulatory factors of marbling level in beef cattle[J]. Veterinary and Animal Science, 2021, 14:100219.

DOI

[31]
柏峻, 赵二龙, 李美发, 等. 育肥后期锦江牛能量代谢规律及需要量的研究[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2019, 46(3):732-739.

DOI

BAI J, ZHAO E L, LI M F, et al. Energy metabolism and requirement of Jinjiang cattle in the latter stage of fattening[J]. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2019, 46(3):732-739. (in Chinese)

[32]
张晓明. α-淀粉酶对公牛生产性能和肉品质的调控及机制[D].博士学位论文. 晋中: 山西农业大学, 2023.

ZHANG X M. Effects of α-amylase on production performance and meat quality in bulls and its regulation mechanisms[D].Ph.D. Thesis. Jinzhong: Shanxi Agricultural University, 2023. (in Chinese)

[33]
SILVA J A, PATARATA L, MARTINS C. Influence of ultimate pH on bovine meat tenderness during ageing[J]. Meat Science, 1999, 52(4):453-459.

PMID

[34]
郭同军, 臧长江, 王连群, 等. 去势对西门塔尔牛不同部位牛肉品质的影响[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2016, 43(1):210-218.

DOI

GUO T J, ZANG C J, WANG L Q, et al. Influence of castration on meat quality in different parts of Simmental cattle[J]. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2016, 43(1):210-218. (in Chinese)

[35]
CARPENTER C E, CORNFORTH D P, WHITTIER D. Consumer preferences for beef color and packaging did not affect eating satisfaction[J]. Meat Science, 2001, 57(4):359-363.

PMID

[36]
白云鹏. 牛至精油对平凉红牛产肉力及血液生理指标的影响研究[D].硕士学位论文. 兰州: 甘肃农业大学, 2020.

BAI Y P. Effects of oregano essential oil on meat production and blood physiological indexes of Pingliang red cattle[D].Master’s Thesis. Lanzhou: Gansu Agricultural University, 2020. (in Chinese)

[37]
许兰娇, 包淋斌, 赵向辉, 等. 大豆素对湘中黑牛育肥牛胴体性能和肉品质的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2016, 28(1):191-197.

DOI

XU L J, BAO L B, ZHAO X H, et al. Effects of daidzein on carcass performance and meat quality of fattening Xiangzhong black cattle[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2016, 28(1):191-197. (in Chinese)

[38]
AMARAL A B, SILVA M V, LANNES S C S. Lipid oxidation in meat:mechanisms and protective factors—a review[J]. Food Science and Technology, 2018,38 (Suppl.1):1-15.

[39]
陈骋. 脂质氧化和抗氧化因子对牦牛肉肌红蛋白稳定性及高铁肌红蛋白还原能力的影响[D].博士学位论文. 兰州: 甘肃农业大学, 2016.

CHEN C. Effects of lipid oxidation and antioxidant factors on color stability and metmyoglobin reducing ability of yak muscle[D].Ph.D. Thesis. Lanzhou: Gansu Agricultural University, 2016. (in Chinese)

[40]
LIU S M, YANG Y Y, LUO H L, et al. Fat deposition and partitioning for meat production in cattle and sheep[J]. Animal Nutrition, 2024, 17:376-386.

DOI

[41]
祝贺. 不同等级牛肉品质特点和感官分析[D].硕士学位论文. 泰安: 山东农业大学, 2012.

ZHU H. Quality traits and sensory evaluation of beef in China[D].Master’s Thesis. Tai’an: Shandong Agricultural University, 2012. (in Chinese)

[42]
SONG H J, LI W T, LI Y F, et al. Genome-wide association study of 17 serum biochemical indicators in a chicken F2 resource population[J]. BMC Genomics, 2023, 24(1):98.

DOI

[43]
HUSSEIN H A, THURMANN J P, STAUFENBIEL R. 24-h variations of blood serum metabolites in high yielding dairy cows and calves[J]. BMC Veterinary Research, 2020, 16(1):327.

DOI PMID

[44]
YU J Y, LIU G S, ZHANG J J, et al. Correlation among serum biochemical indices and slaughter traits,texture characteristics and water-holding capacity of Tan sheep[J]. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 2021, 20(1):1781-1790.

DOI

[45]
JIANG C X, DONG Q M, XIN X P, et al. Effect of Chinese herbs on serum biochemical parameters,immunity indices,antioxidant capacity and metabolomics in early weaned yak calves[J]. Animals, 2022, 12(17):2228.

DOI

[46]
岳萌萌, 卜也, 刘利, 等. 胍基乙酸的理化性质、代谢途径及其在牛羊生产中应用的研究进展[J]. 黑龙江畜牧兽医, 2022(11):21-25.

YUE M M, BU Y, LIU L, et al. Research progress on physicochemical properties and metabolic pathways of guanidine acetic acid and its application in cattle and sheep production[J]. Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 2022(11):21-25. (in Chinese)

[47]
孟子琪, 齐景伟, 宋懿峰, 等. 北方冬季不同温度对萨能奶山羊泌乳性能、血液生理生化指标及代谢的影响[J]. 中国畜牧杂志, 2025, 61(10):416-425.

MENG Z Q, QI J W, SONG Y F, et al. The effects of different temperatures in northern winter on lactation performance,blood physiological and biochemical indicators,and metabolism of Saanen dairy goats[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2025, 61(10):416-425. (in Chinese)

[48]
PENG D Q, SMITH S B, LEE H G. Vitamin a regulates intramuscular adipose tissue and muscle development:promoting high-quality beef production[J]. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 2021, 12(1):34.

DOI

[49]
NOZIÈRE P, STEINBERG W, SILBERBERG M, et al. Amylase addition increases starch ruminal digestion in first-lactation cows fed high and low starch diets[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2014, 97(4):2319-2328.

DOI PMID

[50]
GENCOGLU H, SHAVER R D, STEINBERG W, et al. Effect of feeding a reduced-starch diet with or without amylase addition on lactation performance in dairy cows[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2010, 93(2):723-732.

DOI PMID

[51]
WEISS W P, STEINBERG W, ENGSTROM M A. Milk production and nutrient digestibility by dairy cows when fed exogenous amylase with coarsely ground dry corn[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2011, 94(5):2492-2499.

DOI PMID

[52]
YU P, HUBER J T, SANTOS F A, et al. Effects of ground,steam-flaked,and steam-rolled corn grains on performance of lactating cows[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 1998, 81(3):777-783.

DOI

[53]
MCCARTHY M M, ENGSTROM M A, AZEM E, et al. The effect of an exogenous amylase on performance and total-tract digestibility in lactating dairy cows fed a high-byproduct diet[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2013, 96(5):3075-3084.

DOI PMID

[54]
徐欣, 李晓波, 左福元, 等. 饲粮淀粉水平对生长期肉牛肌内脂肪细胞增殖和分化的影响及其机制[J]. 动物营养学报, 2020, 32(2):540-547.

DOI

XU X, LI X B, ZUO F Y, et al. Effects of dietary starch level on proliferation and differentiation in intramuscular adipocytes of growing cattle and its mechanism[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2020, 32(2):540-547. (in Chinese)

[55]
李颖丽, 王典, 刘宏凯, 等. 外源α-淀粉酶对荷斯坦奶牛生产性能的影响[J]. 饲料研究, 2025, 48(7):16-20.

LI Y L, WANG D, LIU H K, et al. Effect of exogenous α-amylase on production performance of Holstein dairy cows[J]. Feed Research, 2025, 48(7):16-20. (in Chinese)

Options
文章导航

/

〈 〉

    联系我们

  • 地址：北京市海淀区圆明园西路2号
    　　　中国农业大学动科动医大楼153室
  • 邮编：100193
  • 电话：010－62817823
  • 网址：http://www.chinajan.com
  • E-mail：cjan@chinajan.com
京公网安备 11010802041926号    京ICP备17050989号-2