1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计和青贮制作
1.2 青贮玉米发酵品质测定
1.3 青贮玉米营养成分含量和抗氧化指标测定
1.4 青贮玉米微生物群落16S rDNA全长测序
1.5 青贮玉米微生物代谢物非靶向代谢组学分析
1.5.1 代谢物提取
1.5.2 代谢物识别
1.6 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 青贮玉米营养成分含量和发酵品质
表1 青贮玉米营养成分含量和发酵品质Table 1 Nutrient contents and fermentation quality of corn silage |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C | P | PL | PM | PML | |||
| 干物质 DM/(g/kg FW) | 359c | 371a | 372a | 364b | 367b | 4.1 | 0.002 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP/(g/kg DM) | 53.9 | 57.3 | 57.2 | 56.8 | 56.9 | 2.67 | 0.183 |
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF/(g/kg DM) | 449a | 435bc | 433c | 438b | 389d | 3.3 | 0.031 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF/(g/kg DM) | 218 | 212 | 216 | 214 | 213 | 2.1 | 0.412 |
| 可溶性碳水化合物 WSC/(g/kg DM) | 105c | 123a | 120a | 95d | 117b | 2.2 | 0.022 |
| 淀粉 Starch/(g/kg DM) | 246 | 245 | 250 | 248 | 248 | 3.1 | 0.116 |
| 总单宁 Total tannins/(g/kg DM) | 1.71 | 9.26 | 9.14 | 9.19 | 9.23 | 0.982 | 0.050 |
| 可水解单宁 Hydrolysable tannins/(g/kg DM) | 0.05c | 1.10a | 0.93b | 0.99ab | 0.95b | 0.008 | 0.036 |
| 氨态氮 NH3-N/(g/kg DM) | 64.8a | 45.7b | 38.9c | 40.4bc | 35.6d | 1.08 | <0.001 |
| 非蛋白氮 NPN/(g/kg DM) | 189a | 146b | 132d | 139c | 133d | 2.9 | <0.001 |
| pH | 3.81 | 3.83 | 3.81 | 3.84 | 3.83 | 0.052 | 0.241 |
| 乳酸 Lactate/(g/kg DM) | 72.8a | 71.5a | 65.2b | 72.8a | 56.5c | 1.19 | <0.001 |
| 乙酸 Acetate/(g/kg DM) | 11.2d | 16.9c | 28.9b | 16.6c | 34.4a | 1.02 | <0.001 |
| 丙酸 Propionate/(g/kg DM) | 2.23 | 2.05 | 2.01 | 2.04 | 2.03 | 0.292 | 0.114 |
2.2 青贮玉米抗氧化指标
表2 青贮玉米抗氧化指标Table 2 Antioxidant indices of corn silage |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C | P | PL | PM | PML | |||
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(U/g) | 433d | 556b | 478c | 550b | 567a | 11.6 | 0.001 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶 SOD/(U/g) | 240 | 240 | 236 | 235 | 239 | 6.2 | 0.455 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/(U/g) | 279c | 459a | 323b | 453a | 461a | 12.3 | <0.001 |
| 过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/g) | 12 | 12.4 | 12.1 | 11.8 | 11.5 | 1.36 | 0.243 |
| 总酚 Total phenols/(g/kg DM) | 7.89d | 9.47b | 9.34bc | 10.30a | 9.44b | 0.564 | 0.022 |
| 总黄酮 Total flavones/(g/kg DM) | 2.55c | 9.26b | 9.22b | 11.5a | 11.6a | 0.24 | <0.001 |
| DPPH自由基清除活性 DPPH free radical scavenging activity/% | 39.9e | 47.8d | 49.3bc | 48.6cd | 56.2a | 2.48 | 0.017 |
2.3 青贮玉米微生物群落
图1 青贮玉米微生物群落分析A和B:α多样性分析,数据柱标记不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05);C:基于Bray-Curtis距离的主坐标分析;D:操作分类单元维恩图;E:桑基图展示属水平上微生物群落;F:桑基图展示种水平上微生物群落。A and B: α-diversity analysis, and value columns with different letters mean significant difference (P<0.05); C: PCoA based on Bray-Curtis distance; D: Venn diagram of OTU; E: Sankey diagram displayed microbiota at genus level; F: Sankey diagram displayed microbiota at species levels. Levilactobacillus:促生乳杆菌属;Lentilactobacillus:迟缓乳杆菌属;Lacticaseibacillus:乳酪杆菌属;Acetobacter:醋酸杆菌属;Companilactobacillus:伴生乳杆菌属;Paenibacillus:类芽孢杆菌属;Loigolactobacillus:腐败乳杆菌属;Lactiplantibacillus:植物乳杆菌属;Klebsiella:克雷伯菌属;Faecalibacterium:粪杆菌属;Lentilactobacillus buchneri:布氏迟缓乳杆菌;Levilactobacillus brevis:短促生乳杆菌;Levilactobacillus spicheri:斯比氏促生乳杆菌;Acetobacter oryzifermentans:稻米发酵醋酸杆菌;Lactiplantibacillus pentosus:戊糖植物乳杆菌;Lactiplantibacillus plantarum:植物乳杆菌;Levilactobacillus namurensis:那慕尔促生乳杆菌;Companilactobacillus paralimentarius:类消化伴生乳杆菌;Loigolactobacillus coryniformis:棒状腐败乳杆菌;Others:其他。 Fig.1 Microbiota analysis of corn silage |
2.4 青贮玉米微生物代谢物
图2 青贮玉米微生物代谢物分析A~D:火山图展示上调和下调代谢物;E:维恩图展示组间差异代谢物;F:参与代谢物的KEGG通路注释。A to D: volcano maps showing up-regulated and down-regulated metabolites; E: Venn diagram showing differential metabolites among groups; F: KEGG pathway annotation of participating metabolites. Sig.Up:显著上调 insignificantly up-regulated;Sig.Down:显著下调 significantly down-regulated;InSig:不显著 insignificantly;Filtered:滤过;-log10(P-value):-log10(P值);log2FC:log2差异倍数 log2fold change。 Environmental information processing:环境信息处理;Signal transduction:信号转导;Membrane transport:膜转运;Genetic information processing:遗传信息处理;Translation:翻译;Folding, sorting and degradation:折叠、分选与降解;Metabolism:代谢;Nucleotide metabolism:核苷酸代谢;Metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides:萜类和聚酮类代谢;Metabolism of other amino acids:其他氨基酸代谢;Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins:辅因子和维生素代谢;Lipid metabolism:脂质代谢;Global and overview maps:全局和概览图;Energy metabolism:能量代谢;Carbohydrate metabolism:碳水化合物代谢;Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites:其他次生代谢物生物合成;Amino acid metabolism:氨基酸代谢。 Fig.2 Microbiota metabolite analysis of corn silage |
图3 青贮玉米微生物差异代谢物(前30)Kinetin:激动素;1-Methyl-2-[(3S)-1-(2-methylbenzyl)-3-pyrrolidinyl]-1H-benzimidazole:1-甲基-2-[(3S)-1-(2-甲基苄基)-3-吡咯烷基]-1H-苯并咪唑;5-chloro-2,8-dimethyl-4-[(3-nitro-2-pyridyl)oxy]quinoline:5-氯-2,8-二甲基-4-[(3-硝基-2-吡啶基)氧基]喹啉;3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-one:3-(3,4-二甲氧基苯基)-1-(2-羟基-4,6-二甲氧基苯基)丙-1-酮;Oxymatrine:氧化苦参碱;1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione:1-(9-乙基-9H-咔唑-3-基)-2,5-二氢-1H-吡咯-2,5-二酮;Zeatin-7-N-glucoside:玉米素-7-N-葡萄糖苷;Catechin:儿茶素;Carbendazim:多菌灵;Adenosine 3'5'-cyclic monophosphate:腺甘3',5'-环磷酸腺苷;4,7,8-trimethoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline:4,7,8-三甲氧基呋喃并[2,3-b]喹啉;(-)-Epigallocatechin:(-)-表没食子儿茶素;Xanthotoxol:花椒毒素醇;Phloretin:根皮素;1-(2,4-difluorobenzoyl)-4-piperidinecarboxylic acid:1-(2,4-二氟苯甲酰基)-4-哌啶羧酸;(+)-Isolariciresinol:(+)-异落叶松脂醇;Valepotriate:缬草三酯;Isomucronulatol-7-O-glucoside:异黏霉醇-7-O-葡萄糖苷;Formononetin:芒柄花黄素;N-Desmethylvenlafaxine:N-去甲文拉法辛;Sec-O-Glucosylhamaudol:亥茅酚苷;Ingenol:巨大戟醇;Methyl gallate:没食子酸甲酯;4-((5-(4-Nitrophenyl)oxazol-2-yl)amino)benzonitrile:4-((5-(4-硝基苯基)恶唑-2-基)氨基)苄腈;Meisoindigo:甲异靛;Cyclic AMP:环腺苷酸;Hastatoside:戟叶马鞭草苷;Cytosine:胞嘧啶;6-Methylquinoline:6-甲基喹啉;Phe-Phe:苯丙氨酰-苯丙氨酸;L-Tryptophan:L-色氨酸;ANK:锚蛋白 ankyrin;S-(-)-Carbidopa:S-(-)-卡比多巴;Quinolinic acid:喹啉酸;D-(+)-Camphor:D-(+)-樟脑;Ellagic acid:鞣酸;Amphetamine:苯丙胺;Indole-3-acrylic acid:吲哚-3-丙烯酸;Alliin:蒜氨酸;L-5-Hydroxytryptophan:L-5-羟色氨酸;Ne-(1-Carboxymethyl)-L-lysine:Ne-(1-羧甲基)-L-赖氨酸;Diaminopimelic acid:二氨基庚二酸;D-Raffinose:D-棉子糖;Cortisone:可的松;2-(2-amino-3-methylbutanamido)-3-phenylpropanoic acid:2-(2-氨基-3-甲基丁酰胺基)-3-苯基丙酸;Tyrosylalanine:酪氨酰丙氨酸;Gomisin D:戈米辛D;Ala-Val:丙氨酰-缬氨酸;3-(dimethylamino)-2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]acrylonitrile:3-(二甲基氨基)-2-[3-(三氟甲基)苯基]丙烯腈;Norbutorphanol:去甲丁啡诺;Santacruzamate A:圣克鲁斯氨酯A;gamma-Glutamylleucine:γ-谷氨酰亮氨酸;Desmethylclozapine:去甲氯氮平;N-Feruloyl putrescine:N-阿魏酰腐胺;Ala-Leu:丙氨酰-亮氨酸;Ala-Ile:丙氨酰-异亮氨酸;N1-(2-methyl-3-nitrophenyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxamide:N1-(2-甲基-3-硝基苯基)环己烷-1-甲酰胺;Aspartylphenylalanine:天冬氨酰苯丙氨酸;6-Hydroxymelatonin:6-羟基褪黑素;2-[(3S)-1-Benzyl-3-pyrrolidinyl]-1,3-benzothiazole:2-[(3S)-1-苄基-3-吡咯烷基]-1,3-苯并噻唑;Tulipanin:郁金香苷;Mangiferin:芒果苷;N-[2-chloro-6-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide:N-[2-氯-6-(三氟甲氧基)苯基]-2,2-二甲基丙酰胺;Adenosine:腺苷;beta-Nicotyrine:β-二烯烟碱;DL-Tryptophan:DL-色氨酸;Lithospermoside:紫草素苷;Riboflavin:核黄素;Arachidonic acid:花生四烯酸;20-Hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid:20-羟基-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-二十碳四烯酸;3-Hydroxykynurenine:3-羟基犬尿氨酸;(±)8(9)-EET:(±)8(9)-环氧二十碳三烯酸 (±)8(9)-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid;Cinobufagin:华蟾蜍精;Agmatine:胍基丁胺;N7-Methylguanosine:N7-甲基鸟苷;Methyl isoquinoline-3-carboxylate:甲基异喹啉-3-羧酸;5-Hydroxytryptophan:5-羟色氨酸;Guanosine:鸟苷;Vitamin B2:维生素B2;Pyrogallol:焦性没食子酸;3-O-p-coumaroyl shikimic acid O-hexoside:3-O-p-香豆酰莽草酸O-己糖苷;D-(+)-Maltose:D-(+)-麦芽糖;Neocryptotanshinone:新隐丹参酮;L-Iditol:L-艾杜糖醇;Prostaglandin E2:前列腺素E2;Norfenefrine:去甲苯福林;Demethoxycurcumin:去甲氧基姜黄素;Lactitol:乳糖醇;Leonurine hydrochloride:盐酸益母草碱;Pyridoxal 5-phosphate monohydrate:吡哆醛5-磷酸一水合物;L-Cystine:L-胱氨酸;Nicotinamide:烟酰胺;Phenprobamate:苯丙氨酯;Benzoylpaeoniflorin:苯甲酰芍药苷。 Fig.3 Differential microbiota metabolites of corn silage (top 30) |
2.5 青贮玉米微生物标志属与代谢物之间相关性
图4 青贮玉米微生物标志属与代谢物之间相关性分析Lactiplantibacillus:植物乳杆菌属;Paenibacillus:类芽孢杆菌属;Lentilactobacillus:迟缓乳杆菌属;Acetobacter:醋酸杆菌属;Pelomonas:泥单胞菌属;Gluconobacter:葡糖杆菌属;Sphingomonas:鞘氨醇单胞菌属;Brevundimonas:短波单胞菌属;Ureibacillus:脲芽孢杆菌属;Levilactobacillus:促生乳杆菌属;Citrobacter:柠檬酸杆菌属;Enterobacter:肠杆菌属;Sediminibacterium:沉积杆菌属;Yokenella:约克纳菌属;Asaia:亚细亚菌属;Klebsiella:克雷伯菌属;Secundilactobacillus:次乳杆菌属;Companilactobacillus:伴生乳杆菌属;Acinetobacter:不动杆菌属;Anaerostipes:厌氧棍状菌属;Phytobacter:植物杆菌属;Rosenbergiella:罗森伯格菌属;N6-Methyladenine:N6-甲基腺嘌呤;3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid:3-羟基苯乙酸;Isopropyl myristate:异丙酰肉豆蔻酸酯;SPH:鞘氨醇 sphingosine;Scutellarein:野黄芩素;3-Hydroxydecanoic acid:3-羟基癸酸;Paederoside:鸡屎藤苷;2-Methoxyestrone:2-甲氧基雌甾酮;9-(3-O-Methylpentofuranosyl)-1,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one:9-(3-O-甲基戊呋喃糖基)-1,9-二氢-6H-嘌呤-6-酮;Rhein:大黄酸;Ginkgolide B:银杏内酯B;NNK:尼古丁衍生亚硝胺酮 nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone;Ganoderic acid C2:灵芝酸C2;N-Acetyl-DL-valine:N-乙酰-DL-缬氨酸;5,7,3',4',5'-Pentahydroxyflavone:5,7,3',4',5'-五羟基黄酮;Malvidin:锦葵色素;(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-(propan-2-yloxy)oxane-3,4,5-triol:(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-2-(羟甲基)-6-(异丙氧基)氧杂环己烷-3,4,5-三醇;2-(cyclopropylcarbonyl)-3-(4-fluoroanilino)acrylonitrile:2-(环丙基羰基)-3-(4-氟苯胺基)丙烯腈;N-(3-Indolylacetyl)-L-alanine:N-(3-吲哚乙酰基)-L-丙氨酸。 +表示显著相关(P<0.05),++表示极显著相关(P<0.01)。+ indicated significant correlation (P<0.05), and ++ indicated extremely significant correlation (P<0.01). Fig.4 Correlation analysis between microbial marker genera and metabolites of corn silage |

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