1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计及饲粮配制
表1 水培大麦草和全株玉米青贮的常规营养成分含量Table 1 Conventional nutritional constituent contents of hydroponic barley seedling and whole-plant corn silage |
| 项目 Items | 水培大麦苗 Hydroponic barley seedling | 全株玉米青贮 Whole-plant corn silage |
|---|---|---|
| 干物质DM/% FW | 19.91 | 29.91 |
| 粗蛋白质CP/% DM | 14.73 | 7.96 |
| 粗脂肪EE/% DM | 3.16 | 1.92 |
| 粗灰分Ash/% DM | 2.62 | 9.20 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF/% DM | 28.62 | 67.80 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF/% DM | 15.31 | 41.20 |
| 钙Ca/% DM | 0.24 | 1.15 |
| 磷P/% DM | 0.40 | 0.16 |
表2 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (DM basis) |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | CS | HBS | |||
| 原料Ingredients/% | |||||
| 全株玉米青贮Whole-plant corn silage | 15.00 | ||||
| 水培大麦苗Hydroponic barley seedlings | 15.00 | ||||
| 稻草Rice straw | 26.20 | 21.60 | 22.27 | ||
| 苜蓿Alfalfa (17% CP) | 15.00 | 10.10 | 12.75 | ||
| 混合精料Mixed concentrate1) | 58.30 | 52.80 | 49.48 | ||
| 预混料Premix2) | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | ||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | ||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels3) | |||||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 10.09 | 10.09 | 10.21 | ||
| 粗蛋白质CP/(g/kg) | 128.45 | 128.40 | 137.49 | ||
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF/% | 34.93 | 33.26 | 32.53 | ||
| 钙Ca/(g/kg) | 4.68 | 4.56 | 4.61 | ||
| 总磷TP/(g/kg) | 3.14 | 2.90 | 3.65 | ||
1)混合精料为商品精料——正大饲料母羊精料补充料588。The mixed concentrate was a commercial concentrate—Chia Tai Feed ewe concentrate supplement 588. | |
2)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kilogram of diets:VA 10 000 IU,VD 1 000 IU,VE 200 IU,Fe 145 mg,Zn 80 mg,Cu 20 mg,Mn 98 mg,I 2.5 mg,Se 0.35 mg,Co 0.65 mg。 | |
3)代谢能为参照NY/T 816—2021所得计算值,粗蛋白质(GB/T 6432—2018)、中性洗涤纤维(GB/T 20806—2022)、钙(GB/T 6436—2018)和总磷(GB/T 6437—2018)为参照对应国标方法所得实测值。ME was a calculated value based on NY/T 816—2021, while the CP (GB/T 6432—2018), NDF (GB/T 20806—2022), Ca (GB/T 6436—2018) and TP (GB/T 6437—2018) were measured values obtained according to the corresponding national standard methods. |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 样品采集及指标测定
1.4.1 生长性能
1.4.2 羊乳成分
1.4.3 血浆生化、抗氧化和免疫指标
1.4.4 瘤胃微生物
1.5 数据处理与统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 饲喂水培大麦苗与全株玉米青贮对哺乳母羊及其羔羊生长性能的影响
表3 饲喂水培大麦苗与全株玉米青贮对哺乳母羊及其羔羊生长性能的影响Table 3 Effects of feeding hydroponic barley seedling and whole-plant corn silage on growth performance of lactating ewes and their lambs |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | CS | HBS | |||
| 母羊Ewes | |||||
| 初重IBW/kg | 51.26 | 51.51 | 51.44 | 1.692 | 0.998 |
| 末重FBW/kg | 49.95 | 50.30 | 56.56 | 2.094 | 0.365 |
| 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | -43.54b | -40.42b | 17.08a | 3.619 | 0.014 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/kg | 2.08Bb | 2.23Aa | 1.98Bb | 0.025 | <0.001 |
| 羔羊Lambs | |||||
| 初重IBW/kg | 5.95 | 5.86 | 5.65 | 0.205 | 0.839 |
| 末重FBW/kg | 10.39 | 10.69 | 10.30 | 0.499 | 0.938 |
| 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | 163.10 | 182.73 | 164.07 | 13.973 | 0.811 |
同行数据肩标不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01),肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),肩标相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
Different capital letters on the shoulders of the peer data indicate extremely significant difference (P<0.01), different lowercase letters on the shoulders indicate significant difference (P<0.05), and the same letter or no letter on the shoulders indicate insignificant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 饲喂水培大麦苗与全株玉米青贮对羊乳成分的影响
表4 饲喂水培大麦苗与玉米青贮对羊乳成分的影响Table 4 Effects of hydroponic barley seedling and whole-plant corn silage on composition of goat milk |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | CS | HBS | |||
| 乳糖Lactose/(g/dL) | 4.03b | 3.82b | 4.86a | 0.184 | 0.027 |
| 乳脂Milk fat/% | 3.15 | 3.43 | 4.18 | 0.192 | 0.059 |
| 总固形物Total solids/% | 16.93ABb | 16.20Bb | 18.85Aa | 0.411 | 0.007 |
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 41.51b | 40.27b | 49.84a | 1.635 | 0.014 |
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 22.44 | 20.30 | 35.60 | 3.117 | 0.097 |
| β-球蛋白β-AFP/(g/L) | 5.31 | 4.05 | 5.09 | 0.639 | 0.729 |
| 乳铁蛋白LTF/(g/L) | 163.31 | 171.87 | 218.18 | 22.178 | 0.600 |
| 溶菌酶LZM/(μg/mL) | 210.88 | 132.90 | 232.06 | 49.108 | 0.727 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) | 522.41 | 482.47 | 640.08 | 62.626 | 0.611 |
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mL) | 6.26 | 7.23 | 8.42 | 1.070 | 0.750 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) | 1.93 | 1.96 | 2.03 | 0.034 | 0.559 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 184.85b | 170.32b | 208.08a | 5.906 | 0.011 |
2.3 饲喂水培大麦苗与全株玉米青贮对哺乳母羊及其羔羊血浆生化指标的影响
表5 饲喂水培大麦苗与全株玉米青贮对哺乳母羊及其羔羊血浆生化指标的影响Table 5 Effects of feeding hydroponic barley seedling and whole-plant corn silage on plasma biochemical indices of lactating ewes and their lambs |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | CS | HBS | |||
| 能量代谢Energy metabolism | |||||
| 母羊Ewes | |||||
| 葡萄糖Glu/(mmol/L) | 3.33Bb | 3.22Bb | 4.39Aa | 0.146 | <0.001 |
| 肌酸激酶CK/(U/L) | 0.14ABa | 0.18Aa | 0.11Bb | 0.008 | 0.006 |
| 乳酸脱氢酶LDH/(U/L) | 2 802.83 | 3 034.04 | 2 893.06 | 84.631 | 0.538 |
| 羔羊Lambs | |||||
| 葡萄糖Glu/(mmol/L) | 6.16 | 5.88 | 6.38 | 0.708 | 0.497 |
| 肌酸激酶CK/(U/L) | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.144 | 0.512 |
| 乳酸脱氢酶LDH/(U/L) | 3 953.76 | 4 011.56 | 3 680.15 | 115.197 | 0.482 |
| 蛋白质代谢Protein metabolism | |||||
| 母羊Ewes | |||||
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 72.68b | 70.26b | 80.49a | 1.361 | 0.011 |
| 尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) | 7.94a | 6.85b | 8.58a | 0.212 | 0.027 |
| 羔羊Lambs | |||||
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 62.48ab | 66.69a | 56.32b | 1.626 | 0.021 |
| 尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) | 8.11 | 6.86 | 7.75 | 0.272 | 0.159 |
| 脂质代谢Lipid metabolism | |||||
| 母羊Ewes | |||||
| 总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) | 1.41 | 1.62 | 1.69 | 0.054 | 0.087 |
| 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇HDL-C/(mmol/L) | 0.67 | 0.73 | 0.79 | 0.023 | 0.091 |
| 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇LDL-C/(mmol/L) | 0.42 | 0.56 | 0.51 | 0.024 | 0.054 |
| 甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) | 0.32ABb | 0.26Bb | 0.42Aa | 0.021 | 0.004 |
| 谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) | 11.36 | 11.18 | 12.75 | 0.435 | 0.298 |
| 谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) | 2.76 | 2.97 | 3.32 | 0.142 | 0.291 |
| 羔羊Lambs | |||||
| 总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) | 2.28 | 2.38 | 1.76 | 0.119 | 0.064 |
| 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇HDL-C/(mmol/L) | 0.70b | 0.72b | 0.87a | 0.031 | 0.038 |
| 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇LDL-C/(mmol/L) | 0.79ABa | 1.01Aa | 0.52Bb | 0.068 | 0.006 |
| 甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) | 0.66 | 0.74 | 0.59 | 0.041 | 0.419 |
| 谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) | 12.37 | 10.35 | 10.53 | 0.751 | 0.505 |
| 谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) | 3.71 | 3.04 | 2.59 | 0.274 | 0.256 |
2.4 饲喂水培大麦苗与全株玉米青贮对哺乳母羊及其羔羊血浆抗氧化指标的影响
表6 饲喂水培大麦苗与全株玉米青贮对哺乳母羊及其羔羊血浆抗氧化指标的影响Table 6 Effects of feeding hydroponic barley seedling and whole-plant corn silage on plasma antioxidant indices of lactating ewes and their lambs |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | CS | HBS | |||
| 母羊Ewes | |||||
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) | 146.91b | 145.32b | 163.55a | 3.161 | 0.031 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) | 3.08Bb | 2.71Bb | 4.47Aa | 0.214 | 0.001 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 28.28 | 24.53 | 25.97 | 1.144 | 0.404 |
| 羔羊Lambs | |||||
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) | 167.73 | 171.98 | 154.45 | 4.369 | 0.243 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) | 6.20ABa | 7.32Aa | 4.81Bb | 0.354 | 0.006 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 24.56a | 29.74a | 19.83b | 1.589 | 0.027 |
2.5 饲喂水培大麦苗与全株玉米青贮对哺乳母羊及其羔羊血浆免疫指标的影响
表7 饲喂水培大麦苗与全株玉米青贮对哺乳母羊及其羔羊血浆免疫指标的影响Table 7 Effects of feeding hydroponic barley seedling and whole-plant corn silage on plasma immune indices of lactating ewes and their lambs |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | CS | HBS | |||
| 母羊Ewes | |||||
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β/(ng/L) | 18.86Bb | 18.86Bb | 23.13Aa | 0.667 | 0.007 |
| 白细胞介素-2 IL-2/(ng/L) | 26.54 | 26.87 | 29.96 | 0.838 | 0.203 |
| 干扰素-γ IFN-γ/(ng/mL) | 58.57Bb | 60.28Bb | 72.64Aa | 1.747 | <0.001 |
| CD4+T淋巴细胞CD4+T/(ng/mL) | 156.31Bb | 180.60Ba | 215.32Aa | 7.277 | 0.002 |
| 羔羊Lambs | |||||
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β/(ng/L) | 28.60a | 29.051a | 23.35b | 1.042 | 0.034 |
| 白细胞介素-2 IL-2/(ng/L) | 37.40 | 34.77 | 31.12 | 1.641 | 0.079 |
| 干扰素-γ IFN-γ/(ng/mL) | 82.89ABa | 86.24Aa | 69.02Bb | 2.618 | 0.008 |
| CD4+T淋巴细胞CD4+T/(ng/mL) | 250.50a | 259.43a | 190.09b | 12.496 | 0.036 |
2.6 饲喂水培大麦苗与全株玉米青贮对哺乳母羊瘤胃微生物的影响
2.6.1 瘤胃微生物操作分类单元(OTU)分析
2.6.2 瘤胃微生物α多样性分析
表8 饲喂水培大麦苗和全株玉米青贮对哺乳母羊瘤胃微生物α多样性的影响Table 8 Effects of feeding hydroponic barley seedlings and whole-plant corn silage on rumen microbiota α diversity of lactating ewes |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | CS | HBS | |||
| 观测到的OTU数Observed OTU number | 1 356.33 | 1 278.25 | 1 155.80 | 212.953 | 0.449 |
| ACE指数ACE index | 1 371.74 | 1 295.04 | 1 164.35 | 216.662 | 0.431 |
| Chao1指数Chao1 index | 1 362.54 | 1 286.15 | 1 157.94 | 214.743 | 0.435 |
| Simpson指数Simpson index | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.003 | 0.118 |
| Shannon指数Shannon index | 8.81 | 8.74 | 7.98 | 0.201 | 0.146 |
| PD whole tree指数PD whole tree index | 91.95 | 89.95 | 98.06 | 3.559 | 0.635 |
| Good’s覆盖度Good’s coverage | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.000 | 0.965 |
2.6.3 瘤胃微生物物种组成分析
图4 饲喂水培大麦苗和全株玉米青贮对哺乳母羊瘤胃微生物门(A)、科(B)、属(C)水平上物种组成的影响Unknown:未知;Others:其他;Fibrobacterota:纤维杆菌门;unclassified_Bacteria:未鉴定的细菌门;Verrucomicrobiota:疣微菌门;Cyanobacteria:蓝藻菌门;Actinobacteriota:放线菌门;Patescibacteria:髌骨细菌门;Desulfobacterota:脱硫杆菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Bacteroidota:拟杆菌门;Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Desulfovibrionaceae:脱硫弧菌科;Ruminococcaceae:瘤胃球菌科;Succinivibrionaceae:琥珀酸弧菌科;F082:F082科;Oscillospiraceae:颤螺旋菌科;Rikenellaceae:理研菌科;Acidaminococcaceae:氨基酸球菌科;Selenomonadaceae:月形单胞菌科;Lachnospiraceae:毛螺菌科;Prevotellaceae:普雷沃氏菌科;Butyrivibrio:丁酸弧菌属;Desulfovibrio:脱硫弧菌属;Veillonellaceae_UCG-001:韦荣球菌科UCG-001;unclassified_F082:F082科未分类属;NK4A214_group:NK4A214群;uncultured_rumen_bacterium:未培养瘤胃细菌属;unclassified_Selenomonadaceae:月形单胞菌科未分类属;Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group:理研菌科RC9肠道群;Succiniclasticum:琥珀酸菌属;Prevotella普雷沃氏菌属。 Fig.4 Effects of feeding hydroponic barley seedling and whole-plant corn silage on rumen microbial composition at phylum (A), family (B) and genus (C) levels of lactating ewes |
2.6.4 瘤胃差异微生物分析
图5 基于LEfSe分析的LDA得分分布柱状图(A)与进化分枝图(B)p_Actinobacteriota:p_放线菌门;c_Actinobacteria:c_放线菌纲;f_Bifidobacteriaccae:f_双歧杆菌科;o_Bifidobacteriales:o_双歧杆菌目;s_uncultured_rumen_bacterium:s_未培养瘤胃细菌种;g_unclassified_Bifidobacteriaccae:g_双歧杆菌科未分类属;f_unclassified_Firmicutes:厚壁菌门未分类科;s_unclassified_Firmicutes:s_厚壁菌门未分类种;g_unclassified_Firmicutes:g_厚壁菌门未分类属;o_unclassified_Firmicutes:o_厚壁菌门未分类目;c_unclassified_Firmicutes:c_厚壁菌门未分类纲;o_Coriobacteriales:o_红蝽菌目;c_Coriobacteriia:红蝽菌纲;g_Pseudobutyrivibrio:g_伪丁酸弧菌属;s_unclassified_Pseudobutyrivibrio:s_伪丁酸弧菌属未分类种;g_Succinivibrionaceae_UGG-002:g_琥珀酸弧菌科_UGG-002;f_Ruminococcaceae:f_瘤胃球菌科;p_Patescibacteria:p_髌骨细菌门;g_unclassified_Lachnospiraceae:g_毛螺菌科未分类属;o_Clostridia_UCG-014:o_梭菌纲UCG-014目;s_unclassified_UCG-001:s_UCG-001属未分类种;g_UCG-001:g_UCG-001属;s_unclassified_Ruminobacter:s_瘤胃杆菌属未分类属;g_Ruminobacter:g_瘤胃杆菌属。 Fig.5 LDA score distribution histogram (A) and cladogram (B) based on LEfSe analysis |

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