1 材料与方法
1.1 伦理声明
1.2 试验场地
1.3 试验设计
1.4 样品采集
1.4.1 牧草样品
1.4.2 粪便样品
1.5 指标测定
1.5.1 牧草营养成分测定
1.5.2 后肠道菌群16S rDNA基因测序
1.6 统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 不同物候期牧草的营养成分
表1 不同物候期牧草的营养成分(风干基础)Table 1 Nutrient composition of forage grass in different phenological periods (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 幼嫩期 Tender period | 旺盛期 Vigorous period | 枯草期 Withered period |
|---|---|---|---|
| 干物质DM | 94.85±0.07 | 94.48±0.08 | 96.51±0.16 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 7.81±0.58 | 12.69±0.29 | 8.16±1.42 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 16.20±0.33 | 15.05±0.13 | 6.53±0.10 |
| 粗灰分Ash | 11.07±0.01 | 12.62±0.06 | 28.84±0.01 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 40.79±14.27 | 51.11±18.80 | 54.03±16.38 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 22.86±6.59 | 28.98±10.01 | 33.65±10.16 |
| 酸性洗涤木质素ADL | 2.53±0.59 | 7.76±5.83 | 13.07±5.36 |
2.2 不同物候期放牧育成马后肠道菌群OTU数量分析
2.3 不同物候期放牧育成马后肠道菌群多样性分析
2.4 不同物候期放牧育成马后肠道菌群结构比较
表2 门水平相对丰度排名前5物种分析Table 2 Analysis of top 5 species in relative abundance at phylum level |
| 项目 Items | 幼嫩期 Tender period | 旺盛期 Vigorous period | 枯草期 Withered period | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 厚壁菌门Firmicutes/% | 67.69 | 47.06 | 61.08 | 4.926 | 0.230 |
| 拟杆菌门Bacteroidota/% | 16.69 | 21.13 | 19.60 | 2.669 | 0.880 |
| 疣微菌门Verrucomicrobia/% | 9.11ab | 25.34a | 1.33b | 4.029 | 0.031 |
| 变形菌门Proteobacteria/% | 1.57 | 1.87 | 15.14 | 2.755 | 0.059 |
| 放线菌门Actinobacteriota/% | 0.85 | 1.56 | 1.36 | 0.426 | 0.809 |
| 厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门F/B | 4.05 | 2.23 | 3.12 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below. |
表3 科水平相对丰度排名前10物种分析Table 3 Analysis of top 10 species in relative abundance at family level % |
| 项目 Items | 幼嫩期 Tender period | 旺盛期 Vigorous period | 枯草期 Withered period | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 毛螺菌科Lachnospiraceae | 18.31 | 14.53 | 22.94 | 1.858 | 0.186 |
| 未培养瘤胃细菌 Uncultured_rumen_bacterium | 13.34ABb | 26.49Aa | 3.92Bb | 3.349 | 0.009 |
| 理研菌科Rikenellaceae | 6.93 | 9.95 | 8.71 | 1.521 | 0.747 |
| 颤螺旋菌科Oscillospiraceae | 10.45Aa | 4.42Bb | 5.28Bb | 0.961 | 0.008 |
| 厌氧噬菌体科Anaerovoracaceae | 5.83 | 4.67 | 4.12 | 1.207 | 0.865 |
| 莫拉菌科Moraxellaceae | 0.06b | 0.00b | 14.33a | 2.869 | 0.048 |
| P_251_o5 | 4.98 | 3.48 | 6.17 | 1.031 | 0.603 |
| UCG-010 | 5.33a | 3.27ab | 2.10b | 0.543 | 0.034 |
| 瘤胃球菌科Ruminococcaceae | 3.56 | 2.03 | 1.05 | 0.541 | 0.164 |
| 乳杆菌科Lactobacillaceae | 1.27Bb | 1.79Bb | 4.88Aa | 0.563 | 0.006 |
表4 属水平相对丰度排名前7物种分析Table 4 Analysis of top 7 species in relative abundance at genus level % |
| 项目 Items | 幼嫩期 Tender period | 旺盛期 Vigorous period | 枯草期 Withered period | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 未培养瘤胃细菌 Uncultured_rumen_bacterium | 14.62ABb | 27.93Aa | 4.26Bb | 3.401 | 0.006 |
| 理研菌科RC9肠道群 Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group | 6.78 | 9.65 | 8.62 | 1.511 | 0.764 |
| 未分类毛螺菌科 Unclassified_Lachnospiraceae | 6.47 | 6.23 | 8.22 | 0.790 | 0.083 |
| 未分类p_251_o5 Unclassified_p_251_o5 | 4.98 | 3.48 | 6.17 | 1.031 | 0.603 |
| 未分类UCG-010 Unclassified_UCG-010 | 4.90a | 2.87ab | 1.96b | 0.507 | 0.039 |
| NK4A214群NK4A214_group | 5.34 | 2.68 | 3.08 | 0.553 | 0.099 |
| 克里斯滕森菌科R-7群 Christensenellaceae_R-7_group | 2.10b | 1.82b | 5.56a | 0.661 | 0.021 |
2.5 后肠道菌群标志物种筛选
2.6 基因功能预测分析
图5 KEGG代谢通路堆积柱状图(1级)A1、A2、A3、A4、A5分别为幼嫩期的5个样本;B1、B2、B3、B4、B5分别为旺盛期的5个样本;C1、C2、C3、C4、C5分别为枯草期的5个样本。A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5 represented the 5 samples in tender period, respectively; B1, B2, B3, B4 and B5 represented the 5 samples in vigorous period, respectively; C1, C2, C3, C4 and C5 represent the 5 samples in withered period, respectively. Metabolism:代谢;Genetic information processing:遗传信息处理;Environmental information processing:环境信息处理;Cellular processes:细胞过程;Organismal systems:有机系统;Human diseases:人类疾病。下图同 the same as below。 Fig.5 Stacking histogram diagram of KEGG metabolic pathways (level 1) |
图6 KEGG代谢通路条形图(2级)Metabolism of other amino acids:其他氨基酸代谢;Amino acid metabolism:氨基酸代谢;Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins:辅助因子和维生素代谢;Xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism:外源生物降解与代谢;Glycan biosynthesis and metabolism:聚糖生物合成与代谢;Metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides:萜类和聚酮类代谢;Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites:其他次级代谢产物的生物合成;Nucleotide metabolism:核苷酸代谢;Energy metabolism:能量代谢;Lipid metabolism:脂类代谢;Carbohydrate metabolism:碳水化合物代谢;Cell motility:细胞运动;Cellular community-prokaryotes:细胞群落-原核生物;Transport and catabolism:运输与分解代谢;Cell growth and death:细胞生长与死亡;Signaling molecules and interaction:信号分子与相互作用;Signal transduction:信号转导;Membrane transport:膜转运;Replication and repair:复制与修复;Folding, sorting and degradation:折叠、分选与降解;Transcription:转录;Translation:翻译;Cardiovascular diseases:心血管疾病;Immune diseases:免疫疾病;Infectious diseases:感染性疾病;Digestive system:消化系统;Endocrine system:内分泌系统;Immune system:免疫系统;Excretory system:排泄系统;Environmental adaptation:环境适应。 Fig.6 Bar chart of KEGG metabolic pathways (level 2) |

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