1 材料与方法
1.1 伦理声明
1.2 试验设计
1.2.1 微颗粒饲料配制
表1 试验饲料组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutritional level of experimental diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MI | SP | FEP | SO | PP | BSFE | |
| 原料Ingredients | ||||||
| 秘鲁鱼粉(超级) Preu fish meal (super prime) | 40.00 | 40.00 | 40.00 | 40.00 | 40.00 | |
| 酶解鸡肉Fermented chicken meal | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | |
| 南极磷虾粉Antarctic krill meal | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | |
| 大豆浓缩蛋白Soy protein concentrate | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | |
| 血球蛋白粉Blood protein powder | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | |
| 钝顶螺旋藻粉Spirulina platensis powder | 4.00 | |||||
| 发酵蚯蚓膏Fermented earthworm paste | 4.00 | |||||
| 豆奶宝Soycomil | 4.00 | |||||
| 毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris | 4.00 | |||||
| 黑水虻酵素Black soldier fly enzyme | 4.00 | |||||
| 面粉Wheat flour | 11.25 | 11.25 | 11.25 | 11.25 | 11.25 | |
| 三藻胶Alginates | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | |
| 复合油(一级鱼油∶豆油=1∶1) Compound oil (first grade fish oil∶soybean oil=1∶1) | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | |
| 大豆卵磷脂Soybean lecithin | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | |
| 其他原料Other ingredients1) | 3.75 | 3.75 | 3.75 | 3.75 | 3.75 | |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | ||||||
| 水分Moisture | 10.09 | 10.15 | 11.09 | 10.34 | 10.65 | 11.22 |
| 粗蛋白质Crude protein | 52.41 | 52.69 | 52.14 | 52.45 | 52.02 | 52.34 |
| 粗脂肪Crude lipid | 14.80 | 14.03 | 14.25 | 14.04 | 14.58 | 14.74 |
| 粗灰分Crude ash | 14.21 | 11.82 | 11.83 | 12.15 | 12.84 | 12.05 |
1)其他原料包括 Other ingredients included:2%的磷酸二氢钙 2% Ca(H2PO4)2,0.25%的氯化胆碱(50%)0.25% choline chloride (50%),0.3%的维生素C磷酸酯 0.3% vitamin C phosphate,0.2%的维生素预混料0.2% vitamin premix,1%的矿物质预混料 1% mineral premix。维生素预混料和矿物质预混料为每千克饲料提供 Vitamin premix and mineral premix provide per kg of diets:VA 8 000 IU,VB1 4 mg,VB2 3.6 mg,VB5 40 mg,VB6 4 mg,VB12 0.02 mg,VD3 3 000 IU,VE 20 IU,VK3 2 mg,烟酸 niacin 0.01 g,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 0.011 g,叶酸 folic acid 1.0 mg,生物素 biotin 0.15 mg,抗氧化剂 antioxidant 0.1 g,Zn 75 mg,I 0.40 mg,Cu 10 mg,Mn 80 mg,Se 0.30 mg,Fe 80 mg。 |
表2 试验饲料的氨基酸组成(风干基础)Table 2 Amino acid composition of experimental diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MI | SP | FEP | SO | PP | BSFE | ||||||||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 3.68 | 3.60 | 3.31 | 3.58 | 3.03 | 3.51 | |||||||
| 苏氨酸Thr | 2.23 | 2.16 | 1.98 | 2.12 | 1.92 | 2.10 | |||||||
| 缬氨酸Val | 2.35 | 2.54 | 2.35 | 2.48 | 2.18 | 2.46 | |||||||
| 蛋氨酸Met | 1.42 | 1.14 | 1.05 | 1.11 | 1.01 | 1.10 | |||||||
| 苯丙氨酸Phe | 2.29 | 2.37 | 2.18 | 2.36 | 2.13 | 2.31 | |||||||
| 异亮氨酸Ile | 2.37 | 2.27 | 2.07 | 2.20 | 2.10 | 2.18 | |||||||
| 亮氨酸Leu | 3.90 | 3.84 | 3.46 | 3.77 | 3.30 | 3.70 | |||||||
| 组氨酸His | 1.06 | 1.31 | 1.20 | 1.29 | 1.01 | 1.27 | |||||||
| 精氨酸Arg | 3.31 | 3.30 | 3.08 | 3.28 | 2.87 | 3.22 | |||||||
| 天冬氨酸Asp | 4.96 | 4.92 | 4.50 | 4.87 | 4.52 | 4.77 | |||||||
| 丝氨酸Ser | 2.16 | 2.11 | 1.94 | 2.10 | 1.88 | 2.07 | |||||||
| 甘氨酸Gly | 2.75 | 3.47 | 3.22 | 3.48 | 2.63 | 3.39 | |||||||
| 丙氨酸Ala | 3.26 | 3.66 | 3.34 | 3.36 | 3.06 | 4.06 | |||||||
| 谷氨酸Glu | 7.77 | 7.99 | 7.39 | 7.94 | 7.38 | 7.83 | |||||||
| 酪氨酸Tyr | 1.72 | 1.42 | 1.37 | 1.42 | 1.45 | 1.44 | |||||||
| ∑EAA | 22.61 | 22.53 | 20.68 | 22.19 | 19.55 | 21.85 | |||||||
| ∑NEAA | 22.62 | 23.57 | 21.76 | 23.17 | 20.92 | 23.56 | |||||||
| ∑TAA | 45.23 | 46.10 | 42.44 | 45.36 | 40.47 | 45.41 | |||||||
EAA:必需氨基酸 essential amino acids;NEAA:非必需氨基酸 non-essential amino acids;TAA:总氨基酸 total amino acids。 |
表3 试验饲料脂肪酸组成(占总脂肪酸的比例)Table 3 Fatty acid composition of experimental diets (percentage of total fatty acids) % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MI | SP | FEP | SO | PP | BSFE | |
| C14∶0 | 9.87 | 4.51 | 3.30 | 6.83 | 3.10 | 3.31 |
| C16∶0 | 29.78 | 22.76 | 17.99 | 23.32 | 19.46 | 18.06 |
| C18∶0 | 0.40 | 6.61 | 5.98 | 6.60 | 6.22 | 5.36 |
| C20∶0 | 0.50 | 0.55 | 0.61 | 0.44 | 0.49 | 0.46 |
| C22∶0 | 1.85 | 0.50 | 0.45 | 0.40 | 0.42 | 0.43 |
| C16∶1n-9 | 9.61 | 4.03 | 3.01 | 1.89 | 3.59 | 3.13 |
| C18∶1n-9 | 16.01 | 30.42 | 29.38 | 32.47 | 22.63 | 26.93 |
| C20∶1n-9 | 0.88 | 1.08 | 0.88 | 0.33 | 0.96 | 0.73 |
| C18∶2n-6 | 5.38 | 21.21 | 23.75 | 24.01 | 24.27 | 25.10 |
| C18∶3n-3 | 0.79 | 2.12 | 3.76 | 0.44 | 3.36 | 3.72 |
| C20∶4n-6 | 0.57 | ND | ND | 0.70 | ND | ND |
| C20∶5n-3 (EPA) | 8.26 | 1.86 | 3.03 | 1.11 | 5.39 | 5.01 |
| C22∶6n-3 (DHA) | 8.55 | ND | 3.34 | 1.11 | 6.68 | 3.96 |
| ∑SFA | 42.40 | 34.93 | 28.34 | 37.59 | 29.27 | 27.62 |
| ∑MUFA | 26.49 | 35.53 | 33.26 | 34.69 | 27.18 | 30.78 |
| ∑PUFA | 23.56 | 25.18 | 33.88 | 27.37 | 39.71 | 37.79 |
| n-3 | 17.60 | 3.98 | 10.13 | 2.66 | 15.43 | 12.69 |
| n-6 | 5.95 | 21.21 | 23.75 | 24.71 | 24.27 | 25.10 |
| n-3/n-6 | 2.96 | 0.19 | 0.43 | 0.11 | 0.64 | 0.51 |
EPA:二十碳五烯酸 eicosapentaenoic acid;DHA:二十二碳六烯酸 docosahexaenoic acid;SFA:饱和脂肪酸 saturated fatty acids;MUFA:单不饱和脂肪酸 monounsaturated fatty acids;PUFA:多不饱和脂肪酸 polyunsaturated fatty acid;n-3:n-3多不饱和脂肪酸 n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid;n-6:n-6多不饱和脂肪酸 n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid。ND代表未检测出。ND standed for fatty acid content that cannot be measured. |
1.2.2 动物试验
1.3 样品采集
1.4 指标测定与方法
1.4.1 微颗粒饲料的物理性质检测
1.4.2 生长性能和形体指标分析
1.4.3 营养成分检测
1.4.4 肝脏和肠道消化酶和免疫酶活性测定
1.4.5 肝脏生化指标测定
1.4.6 肝脏免疫与抗氧化指标测定
1.4.7 肝脏和肠道组织结构观察
1.5 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 不同微颗粒饲料的物理性质
表4 不同微颗粒饲料的物理性质Table 4 Physical properties of different microdiets (n=3) |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MI | SP | FEP | SO | PP | BSFE | |
| 溶失率Leaching rate/% | 5.80±0.17a | 8.49±0.35b | 8.44±0.85b | 6.70±0.69ab | 18.17±0.28c | 5.32±0.47a |
| 容重 Volume weight/(g/L) | 426.00±5.03a | 484.67±1.86bc | 434.67±2.33a | 491.67±2.03c | 487.67±6.36bc | 475.00±4.04b |
2.2 微颗粒饲料添加5种新型原料大口黑鲈仔稚鱼生长性能和形体指标的影响
表5 微颗粒饲料添加5种新型原料对大口黑鲈仔稚鱼生长性能和形体指标的影响Table 5 Effects of microdiets supplemented with five new materials on growth performance (n=4) and body indexes (n=24) of largemouth bass larvae and juveniles |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MI | SP | FEP | SO | PP | BSFE | ||||||
| 存活率SR/% | 95.00±2.91b | 86.88±5.90ab | 74.59±10.74ab | 87.09±8.54ab | 66.67±12.20a | 87.09±7.15ab | |||||
| 终末体长FBL/cm | 4.68±0.14c | 3.61±0.08a | 4.13±0.10b | 3.56±0.07a | 4.17±0.08b | 4.80±0.15c | |||||
| 终末体重FBW/g | 1.71±0.10b | 0.96±0.08a | 1.55±0.15b | 1.00±0.05a | 1.55±0.18b | 1.88±0.16b | |||||
| 增重率WGR/% | 2 347.58±140.04b | 1 265.82±97.56a | 2 112.28±208.93b | 1 338.88±70.83a | 2 111.09±254.82b | 2 576.80±180.86b | |||||
| 特定生长率 SGR/(%/d) | 9.52±0.16c | 7.45±0.20a | 8.35±0.38b | 7.60±0.24ab | 7.93±0.36ab | 9.49±0.10c | |||||
| 饲料系数FCR | 0.66±0.04a | 1.73±0.11d | 1.18±0.12bc | 1.45±0.15cd | 1.35±0.11c | 0.92±0.07ab | |||||
| 肥满度 CF/(g/cm3) | 1.77±0.08a | 1.95±0.06abc | 2.10±0.06cd | 2.20±0.78d | 2.06±0.05bcd | 1.84±0.10ab | |||||
| 脏体指数VSI/% | 6.77±0.88a | 10.19±0.46b | 9.46±0.33b | 9.74±0.31b | 7.36±0.24a | 7.51±0.28a | |||||
| 肝体指数HSI/% | 1.11±0.10a | 1.70±0.69b | 1.56±0.09b | 1.73±0.41b | 1.19±0.06a | 1.31±0.09a | |||||
2.3 微颗粒饲料添加5种新型原料对大口黑鲈仔稚鱼体成分的影响
表6 微颗粒饲料添加5种新型原料对大口黑鲈仔稚鱼体成分的影响(湿重基础)Table 6 Effects of microdiets supplemented with five new materials on body composition of largemouth bass larvae and juveniles (wet weight basis, n=4) % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MI | SP | FEP | SO | PP | BSFE | |
| 水分Moisture | 78.54±0.37a | 82.46±0.70c | 80.41±0.34b | 81.52±0.18bc | 80.90±0.20b | 79.33±0.37a |
| 粗蛋白质Crude protein | 13.53±0.29c | 12.04±0.54ab | 11.94±0.26a | 12.14±0.07ab | 12.93±0.13bc | 12.96±0.24bc |
| 粗脂肪Crude lipid | 3.84±0.21d | 1.60±0.10a | 3.80±0.09d | 2.87±0.10c | 2.50±0.07b | 4.08±0.10d |
| 粗灰分Crude ash | 2.89±0.05c | 2.43±0.14a | 2.35±0.05a | 2.34±0.03a | 2.64±0.03b | 2.63±0.02b |
2.4 微颗粒饲料添加5种新型原料对大口黑鲈仔稚鱼肝脏和肠道消化酶和免疫酶活性的影响
表7 微颗粒饲料添加5种新型原料对大口黑鲈仔稚鱼肝脏和肠道消化酶和免疫酶活性的影响Table 7 Effects of microdiets supplemented with five new materials on digestive enzyme and immune enzyme activities in liver and intestine of largemouth bass larvae and juveniles (n=4) U/mg prot |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MI | SP | FEP | SO | PP | BSFE | |||||||
| 肝脏Liver | ||||||||||||
| 脂肪酶 Lipase | 11.84 ±0.74 | 10.68 ±0.89 | 12.31 ±0.92 | 12.81 ±0.60 | 12.42 ±1.13 | 12.62 ±0.66 | ||||||
| 淀粉酶 Amylase | 1.19 ±0.17 | 1.26 ±0.18 | 0.96 ±0.10 | 1.39 ±0.23 | 1.31 ±0.21 | 0.90 ±0.17 | ||||||
| 胰蛋白酶 Trypsin | 7 553.86 ±707.67b | 3 164.97 ±137.56a | 3 923.83 ±52.29a | 3 285.89 ±598.17a | 4 054.43 ±454.213a | 6 942.89 ±138.88b | ||||||
| 肠道Intestine | ||||||||||||
| 脂肪酶 Lipase | 16.16 ±1.66 | 14.06 ±1.01 | 17.25 ±1.63 | 17.14 ±1.51 | 18.86 ±2.13 | 17.19 ±1.35 | ||||||
| 淀粉酶 Amylase | 0.71 ±0.03 | 0.84 ±0.18 | 0.52 ±0.08 | 0.84 ±0.13 | 0.73 ±0.09 | 0.55 ±0.10 | ||||||
| Na+/K+-ATP酶 Na+/K+-ATPase | 0.55 ±0.08 | 0.48 ±0.06 | 0.64 ±0.14 | 0.53 ±0.07 | 0.63 ±0.07 | 0.53 ±0.03 | ||||||
| 胰蛋白酶 Trypsin | 7 865.71 ±849.50b | 4 456.51 ±111.27a | 5 840.02 ±295.84ab | 5 034.41 ±1 085.47a | 6 876.71 ±1 330.18ab | 8 342.39 ±513.46b | ||||||
| 碱性磷酸酶 AKP | 2.85 ±0.37a | 3.92 ±0.29bc | 4.66 ±0.34c | 4.38 ±0.22c | 3.97 ±0.41bc | 3.14 ±0.34ab | ||||||
2.5 微颗粒饲料添加5种新型原料对大口黑鲈仔稚鱼肝脏生化指标的影响
表8 微颗粒饲料添加5种新型原料对大口黑鲈仔稚鱼肝脏生化指标的影响Table 8 Effects of microdiets supplemented with five new materials on hepatic biochemical indexes of largemouth bass larvae and juveniles (n=4) |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MI | SP | FEP | SO | PP | BSFE | |
| 总胆固醇T-CHO/(mmol/g prot) | 1.47±0.29 | 1.22±0.23 | 1.52±0.16 | 1.17±0.32 | 1.26±0.47 | 1.82±0.12 |
| 谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/g prot) | 19.10±1.70a | 41.56±3.07c | 31.48±3.80b | 39.38±3.29c | 13.65±0.83a | 18.15±0.83a |
| 谷草转氨酶AST/(U/g prot) | 4.37±0.46a | 7.28±0.53bc | 4.60±0.43ab | 8.64±1.57c | 4.91±0.94ab | 5.03±0.66ab |
| 葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/g prot) | 4.69±0.73a | 9.15±0.21d | 6.80±0.69bc | 8.50±0.88cd | 6.59±0.50b | 3.06±0.11a |
| 甘油三酯TG/(mmol/g prot) | 1.93±0.14b | 1.57±0.17ab | 1.45±0.15a | 1.67±0.09ab | 1.54±0.07a | 1.52±0.06a |
2.6 微颗粒饲料添加5种新型原料对大口黑鲈仔稚鱼肝脏和肠道组织结构的影响
图1 微颗粒饲料添加5种新型原料对大口黑鲈仔稚鱼肝脏组织结构的影响MI:MI组;SP:SP组;FEP:FEP组;SO:SO组;PP:PP组;BSFE:BSFE组。下图同。 Fig.1 Effects of microdiets supplemented with five new materials on hepatic structure of largemouth bass larvae and juveniles MI: MI group; SP: SP group; FEP: FEP group; SO: SO group; PP: PP group; BSFE: BSFE group. The same as below. |
图2 微颗粒饲料添加5种新型原料对大口黑鲈仔稚鱼肠道组织结构的影响VH:绒毛高度;VW:绒毛宽度;MT:肌层厚度。数据柱标注不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下图同。 Fig.2 Effects of microdiets supplemented with five new materials on intestinal structure of largemouth bass larvae and juveniles VH: villus height; VW: villus width; MT: muscularis thickness. Data columns with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.7 微颗粒饲料添加5种新型原料对大口黑鲈仔稚鱼抗应激能力的影响
表9 微颗粒饲料添加5种新型原料对大口黑鲈仔稚鱼离水应激前后肝脏免疫与抗氧化指标的影响Table 9 Effects of microdiets supplemented with five new materials on hepatic immune and antioxidant indexes of largemouth bass larvae and juveniles before and after air-exposure stress |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MI | SP | FEP | SO | PP | BSFE | ||||||||
| 应激前Before stress (n=4) | |||||||||||||
| 溶菌酶LZM/(U/mg prot) | 61.11±6.33 | 46.97±0.77A | 55.39±4.82A | 52.18±2.05A | 50.53±3.36A | 50.85±2.78A | |||||||
| 补体3 C3/(μg/mg prot) | 2.65±0.01A | 2.67±0.02A | 2.68±0.02A | 2.68±0.01 | 2.65±0.02A | 2.62±0.03A | |||||||
| 蛋白质羰基 PCO/(nmol/mg prot) | 9.06±1.00 | 5.88±0.61 | 6.77±0.76 | 6.34±0.87 | 5.36±0.96 | 6.02±1.04 | |||||||
| 碱性磷酸酶 AKP/(U/mg prot) | 3.08±0.20Aa | 4.27±0.30ab | 4.33±0.60Aab | 4.94±0.54Ab | 3.54±0.49Aab | 3.08±0.37Aa | |||||||
| 丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mg prot) | 6.63±1.18ab | 13.13±1.25c | 10.93±1.92bc | 9.39±2.03abc | 11.95±2.36c | 4.91±0.51a | |||||||
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(U/mg prot) | 1.70±0.28Aa | 4.59±0.32Ac | 3.44±0.75bc | 2.50±0.39Aab | 2.75±0.42Aab | 1.85±0.12Aa | |||||||
| 过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/mg prot) | 108.21±11.70c | 56.85±5.59a | 67.54±11.08ab | 57.09±7.48a | 63.94±9.85ab | 87.92±6.70bc | |||||||
| 应激后After stress (n=3) | |||||||||||||
| 溶菌酶LZM/(U/mg prot) | 64.21±4.34 | 87.56±18.34B | 81.07±3.51B | 90.41±5.71B | 63.11±1.61B | 59.68±1.03B | |||||||
| 补体3 C3/(μg/mg prot) | 2.93±0.06B | 3.07±0.06B | 2.96±0.04B | 3.00±0.09 | 2.95±0.05B | 2.87±0.05B | |||||||
| 蛋白质羰基 PCO/(nmol/mg prot) | 7.66±1.12 | 6.47±1.39 | 5.37±0.88 | 5.49±1.04 | 5.87±0.86 | 6.70±2.03 | |||||||
| 碱性磷酸酶 AKP/(U/mg prot) | 4.72±0.47B | 7.36±1.66 | 7.10±0.37B | 6.47±0.54B | 6.36±0.64B | 5.60±0.42B | |||||||
| 丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mg prot) | 10.17±2.46ab | 19.06±4.35b | 15.73±0.74ab | 17.87±0.60ab | 18.80±9.62ab | 9.38±2.41a | |||||||
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(U/mg prot) | 4.61±0.10Ba | 7.74±0.11Bb | 5.01±0.90a | 7.39±0.05Bb | 8.61±0.54Bc | 5.30±0.08Ba | |||||||
| 过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/mg prot) | 68.14±13.11 | 54.24±11.87 | 52.97±1.96 | 47.03±10.08 | 54.48±10.18 | 58.22±11.36 | |||||||
同列相同指标数据肩标不同大写字母表示应激前后组内差异显著(P<0.05)。同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示组间差异显著(P<0.05)。 | |
In the same column, values for the same index with different uppercase letter superscripts indicated significant difference before and after stress within a group (P<0.05). In the same row, values with different lowercase letter superscripts indicated significant difference among groups (P<0.05). |

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