1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||
| 玉米Corn | 34.00 | ||
| 膨化玉米Extruded corn | 15.51 | ||
| 膨化全脂大豆Extruded full-fat soybean | 8.40 | ||
| 发酵豆粕Fermented soybean meal | 9.00 | ||
| 大豆皮Soybean hull | 5.00 | ||
| 鱼粉Fish meal | 4.00 | ||
| 乳清粉Whey powder | 11.00 | ||
| 喷雾干燥猪血浆蛋白粉 Spray dried pig plasma protein powder | 4.00 | ||
| 豆油Soybean oil | 1.35 | ||
| 蔗糖Sugar | 2.00 | ||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.20 | ||
| 石粉Limestone | 0.76 | ||
| L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl | 0.82 | ||
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.25 | ||
| L-苏氨酸L-Thr | 0.30 | ||
| L-色氨酸L-Trp | 0.06 | ||
| 食盐NaCl | 0.45 | ||
| 氯化胆碱Choline chloride | 0.20 | ||
| 维生素和矿物质预混料 Vitamin and mineral premix1) | 1.70 | ||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | ||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 14.82 | ||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 19.19 | ||
| 钙Ca | 0.85 | ||
| 总磷TP | 0.68 | ||
| 有效磷AP | 0.50 | ||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 1.76 | ||
| 蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸Met+Cys | 0.92 | ||
| 苏氨酸Thr | 1.07 | ||
| 酪氨酸Try | 0.28 |
1)维生素和矿物质预混料为每千克饲粮提供 Vitamin and mineral premix provided the following per kilogram of the diet:VA 2 400 IU,VD3 2 800 IU,VE 200 IU,VK3 5 mg,VB1 3 mg,VB2 10 mg,烟酸 niacin 40 mg,VB6 8 mg,VB12 40 μg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 15 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1 mg,生物素 biotin 0.08 mg,VC 200 mg,Fe (FeSO4) 120 mg,Cu (CuSO4) 16 mg,Mn (MnSO4) 70 mg,Zn (ZnSO4) 120 mg,I (CaI2O6) 0.7 mg,Co (CoCO4) 0.14 mg,Se (Na2SeO3) 0.48 mg。 | |
2)粗蛋白质为实测值[18],其他营养水平为计算值[19]。CP was a measured value[18], while the other nutrient levels were calculated values[19]. |
1.2 样品采集
1.3 液相色谱串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)分析
1.4 Spearman相关性分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 血浆代谢物的PCA
图1 血浆代谢物PCAPC[1]:主成分1 principal component 1;PC[2]:主成分2 principal component 2。 Pos:正离子模式 positive ion mode;Neg:负离子模式 negative ion mode;BBR:BBR组 BBR group;Control:对照组 control group;ETEC:ETEC组 ETEC group;BBR+ETEC:BBR+ETEC组 BBR+ETEC group。下图同 the same as below。 Fig.1 PCA of plasma metabolites |
2.2 血浆代谢物的OPLS-DA
2.3 血浆代谢物OPLS-DA模型的置换检验
2.4 差异代谢物分析
表2 BBR+ETEC组与ETEC组的差异代谢物及其主要参与的代谢通路Table 2 Differential metabolites and their main involved metabolic pathways of BBR+ETEC group vs. ETEC group |
| 差异代谢物 Differential metabolites | 存留时间 RT | 变量投影 重要度 VIP | P值 P-value | 差异倍数 FC | 主要参与的代谢通路 Main involved metabolic pathways |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-苯甲酰基-L-酪氨酸乙酯 N-benzoyl-L-tyrosinate | 270.382 | 3.222 | <0.001 | 181.345↑ | |
| 牛磺鹅去氧胆酸 Taurochenodesoxycholic acid | 293.689 | 1.827 | 0.025 | 2.549↑ | 初级胆汁酸生物合成 |
| 3-甲基尿苷 3-methyluridine | 55.917 | 1.927 | 0.027 | 2.106↑ | |
| 7-酮胆固醇 7-ketocholesterol | 578.426 | 2.414 | 0.003 | 1.781↑ | |
| 赖氨酸Lysine | 31.804 | 1.921 | 0.057 | 1.482↑ | 生物素代谢、赖氨酸降解 |
| 4-吡哆酸4-pyridoxic acid | 137.187 | 1.522 | 0.063 | 1.360↑ | 维生素B6代谢 |
| 氧化吲哚Oxindole | 226.925 | 1.713 | 0.043 | 0.818↓ | |
| N,N-二甲基甲酰胺 N,N-dimethylformamide | 639.390 | 1.666 | 0.038 | 0.745↓ | |
| L-精氨酸L-arginine | 38.228 | 1.656 | 0.063 | 0.692↓ | 精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢、 精氨酸生物合成 |
| L-(-)-苯丙氨酸 L-(-)-phenylalanine | 141.842 | 2.218 | 0.009 | 0.677↓ | 苯丙氨酸代谢、苯丙氨酸、 酪氨酸和色氨酸的生物合成 |
| 乌洛托品Methenamine | 453.544 | 1.673 | 0.020 | 0.649↓ | |
| 7-(2-羟乙基)茶碱 7-(2-hydroxyethyl) theophyline | 35.948 | 2.138 | 0.012 | 0.637↓ | |
| N-苯乙酰甘氨酸 N-phenylacetylglycine | 214.161 | 1.244 | 0.066 | 0.626↓ | 苯丙氨酸代谢 |
| 肌酸Creatine | 35.108 | 1.656 | 0.051 | 0.521↓ | 精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢 |
| 哌啶Piperidine | 46.723 | 1.656 | 0.032 | 0.445↓ |
表3 ETEC组与对照组的差异代谢物及其主要参与的代谢通路Table 3 Differential metabolites and their main involved metabolic pathways of ETEC group vs. control group |
| 差异代谢物 Differential metabolites | 存留时间 RT | 变量投影 重要度 VIP | P值 P-value | 差异倍数 FC | 主要参与的代谢通路 Main involved metabolic pathways | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L-丙氨酰-L-亮氨酸 L-alanyl-L-leucine | 57.818 | 1.588 | 0.045 | 1.580↑ | |||||||
| 对甲苯胺O-toluidine | 207.833 | 1.228 | 0.015 | 1.477↑ | |||||||
| 正辛胺N-octylamine | 190.752 | 1.943 | 0.016 | 1.133↑ | |||||||
| D-吡咯烷-2-羧酸 D-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid | 35.308 | 1.232 | 0.047 | 0.777↓ | |||||||
| 衣康酸Itaconic acid | 28.199 | 1.267 | 0.040 | 0.773↓ | |||||||
| 1-甲基腺苷1-methyladenosine | 147.539 | 1.287 | 0.031 | 0.771↓ | |||||||
| 胞嘧啶Cytosine | 57.9996 | 1.268 | 0.037 | 0.745↓ | |||||||
| D(+)-色氨酸 D(+)-tryptophan | 164.352 | 1.417 | 0.047 | 0.717↓ | 色氨酸代谢 | ||||||
| 3-吲哚丙酸 3-indolepropionic acid | 183.489 | 1.798 | 0.012 | 0.705↓ | |||||||
| 胞苷Cytidine | 57.358 | 1.334 | 0.046 | 0.702↓ | 嘧啶代谢 | ||||||
| D-吲哚-3-乳酸 D-indole-3-lactic acid | 175.486 | 1.365 | 0.040 | 0.698↓ | |||||||
| 丙烯酸Acrylic acid | 175.335 | 1.384 | 0.039 | 0.674↓ | |||||||
| 4-吡哆酸4-pyridoxic acid | 137.187 | 1.375 | 0.009 | 0.669↓ | 维生素B6代谢 | ||||||
| DL-P-羟苯基乳酸 DL-P-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid | 63.003 | 1.849 | 0.002 | 0.608↓ | |||||||
| 十五烷酸Pentadecanoic acid | 471.204 | 1.445 | 0.022 | 0.572↓ | |||||||
| 赖氨酸Lysine | 31.804 | 1.762 | 0.010 | 0.567↓ | 生物素代谢 | ||||||
| 1,7-茶碱1,7-dimethylxanthine | 32.214 | 1.391 | 0.008 | 0.553↓ | |||||||
| L-酪氨酸L-tyrosine | 32.224 | 1.291 | 0.009 | 0.540↓ | 苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和 色氨酸的生物合成 | ||||||
| D-甘露糖D-mannose | 33.015 | 1.267 | 0.009 | 0.535↓ | |||||||
| DL-苏氨酸DL-threonine | 31.949 | 1.640 | 0.007 | 0.530↓ | |||||||
| 1,6-脱水-D-吡喃葡萄糖 1,6-anhydro-D-glucopyranose | 32.259 | 2.062 | <0.001 | 0.503↓ | |||||||
| 甘氨熊去氧胆酸 Glycoursodeoxycholic acid | 348.171 | 1.468 | 0.028 | 0.390↓ | |||||||
| 3-甲基尿苷3-methyluridine | 55.917 | 1.615 | 0.018 | 0.386↓ | |||||||
| 萘啶酸Nalidixic acid | 225.779 | 1.811 | <0.001 | 0.337↓ | |||||||
| 邻羟基苯丙酸 O-hydroxyphenylpropanoic acid | 153.653 | 2.119 | 0.011 | 0.334↓ | |||||||
| 牛磺鹅去氧胆酸 Taurochenodesoxycholic acid | 293.689 | 2.105 | 0.043 | 0.165↓ | 初级胆汁酸生物合成 |
2.5 差异代谢物KEGG通路分析
图5 正离子模式下特征性血浆差异代谢物的代谢通路KEGG富集分析Lysine degradation:赖氨酸降解;Purine metabolism:嘌呤代谢;Phenylalanine metabolism:苯丙氨酸代谢;Biotin metabolism:生物素代谢;Metabolism of cysteine and methionine:半胱氨酸和甲硫氨酸代谢;Vitamin B6 metabolism:维生素B6代谢;Arginine and proline metabolism:精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢;Arginine biosynthesis:精氨酸生物合成;Tryptophan metabolism:色氨酸代谢;Tyrosine metabolism:酪氨酸代谢;Biosynthesis of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan:苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸的生物合成。 Fig.5 KEGG enrichment analysis for metabolic pathway of characteristic plasma differential metabolites under positive ion mode |
图6 负离子模式下特征性血浆差异代谢物的代谢通路KEGG富集分析Phenylalanine metabolism:苯丙氨酸代谢;Biosynthesis of primary bile acids:初级胆汁酸的生物合成;Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism:氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢;Purine metabolism:嘌呤代谢;Biosynthesis of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan:苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸的生物合成;Caffeine metabolism:咖啡因代谢;Tyrosine metabolism:酪氨酸代谢。 Fig.6 KEGG enrichment analysis for metabolic pathway of characteristic plasma differential metabolites under negative ion mode |
2.6 仔猪血浆差异代谢物与生长性能的Spearman相关性分析
图7 仔猪血浆差异代谢物与生长性能的Spearman相关性分析Correlation heatmap:相关性热图;N-phenylacetylglycine:N-苯乙酰甘氨酸;L-tyrosine:L-酪氨酸;Taurochenodesoxycholic acid:牛磺鹅去氧胆酸;Lysine:赖氨酸;4-pyridoxic acid:4-吡哆酸;D(+)-tryptophan:D(+)-色氨酸;BW18:第18天体重 body weight on day 18;D1-18 ADG:第1~18天平均日增重 average daily gain during days 1 to 18;D15-18 ADFI:第15~18天平均日采食量 average daily feed intake during days 15 to 18;D15-18 ADG:第15~18天平均日增重 average daily gain during days 15 to 18;D1-18 diarrhea:第1~18天腹泻率 diarrhea rate during days 1 to 18;D15-18 diarrhea:第15~18天腹泻率 diarrhea rate during days 15 to 18;D1-18 F/G:第1~18天料重比 feed to gain ratio during days 1 to 18;D15-18 F/G:第15~18天料重比 feed to gain ratio during days 15 to 18;*:显著相关(P<0.05) significant correlation (P<0.05);**:极显著相关(P<0.01) extremely significant correlation (P<0.01)。 Fig.7 Spearman correlation analysis between plasma differential metabolites and growth performance of piglets |

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