1 材料与方法
1.1 伦理声明
1.2 试验材料
1.3 试验设计与饲粮
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 含量 Content | |
|---|---|---|
| 原料 Ingredients | ||
| 玉米 Corn | 61.50 | |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 25.00 | |
| 稻壳粉 Rice hulls | 7.00 | |
| 小麦麸 Wheat bran | 3.00 | |
| 食盐 NaCl | 0.30 | |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 1.00 | |
| DL-蛋氨酸 DL-Met (98%) | 0.10 | |
| 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 | 1.10 | |
| 石粉 Limestone | 1.00 | |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 | |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | ||
| 代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) | 10.92 | |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 16.02 | |
| 粗纤维 CF | 5.60 | |
| 钙 Ca | 0.72 | |
| 总磷 TP | 0.54 | |
| 赖氨酸 Lys | 0.80 | |
| 蛋氨酸 Met | 0.33 | |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:Zn (as zinc sulfate) 60 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 7 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 80 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 50 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.42 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.3 mg,VA 8 000 IU,VE 20 mg,VD3 700 IU,VK3 2 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 60 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 15 mg,生物素 biotin 0.1 mg。 | |
2)粗蛋白质(凯氏定氮法,GB/T 6432—2018)、粗纤维(滤袋法,GB/T 6434—2022)、钙(高锰酸钾法,GB/T 6436—2018)、总磷(分光光度法,GB/T 6437—2018)和氨基酸(离子交换色谱法,GB/T 15399—2018)为实测值,代谢能依据《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2023年第34版)》计算。CP (Kjeldahl method, GB/T 6432—2018), CF (filter bag method, GB/T 6434—2022), Ca (potassium permanganate method, GB/T 6436—2018), TP (spectrophotometric method, GB/T 6437—2018) and amino acids (ion-exchange chromatography, GB/T 15399—2018) were measured values, while ME was calculated based on the China Feed Composition and Nutritive Value Table (34th edition, 2023). |
1.4 样品采集
1.5 测定指标及方法
1.5.1 生长性能测定
1.5.2 十二指肠中消化酶活性测定
1.5.3 十二指肠组织形态学观察
1.5.4 十二指肠中紧密连接蛋白相关基因表达测定
表2 实时荧光定量PCR所用引物序列Table 2 Primer sequences employed in RT-qPCR |
| 基因名称 | 引物序列 | 产物大小 | NCBI编码 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gene names | Primer sequences (5'—3') | Product size/bp | NCBI No. |
| 闭合蛋白-1 | F:GACCAGGTGAAGAAGATGCGGATG | 107 | XM_013199194.3 |
| Claudin-1 | R:CGAGCCACTCTGTTGCCATACC | ||
| 咬合蛋白 | F:GGTGATTACGGCTACGACTACGG | 97 | XM_066983783.1 |
| Occludin | R:GCGGCGAGGTCCACTTGTAG | ||
| 闭锁小带蛋白-1 | F:CAGATACAGAAGGTGGTGCTTATACG | 89 | XM_048060261.2 |
| ZO-1 | R:TGTAATAGCGGATTCAGGAGGAGTC | ||
| 闭锁小带蛋白-2 | F:GGTCTTCGGCTTGGAAGTCA | 172 | XM_066988260.1 |
| ZO-2 | R:GCTTTCCCCGTGACTTCTCA | ||
| β-肌动蛋白 | F:CCCAGCCATGTATGTAGCCATCC | 91 | XM_013174886.1 |
| β-actin | R:AACACCATCACCAGAGTCCATCAC |
1.5.5 十二指肠中氨基酸转蛋白表达测定
表3 蛋白质免疫印迹分析所用抗体信息Table 3 Antibody information used for Western Blot analysis |
| 项目 Items | 名称 Name | 生产商 Manufacture | 货号 Number | 稀释比例 Dilution ratio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
一抗 Primary antibodies | EAAT3 | Abclonal | A2903 | 1∶500 |
| CAT-1 | Abclonal | A6365 | 1∶100 | |
| ATB(0,+) | Abclonal | A10582 | 1∶500 | |
| β-actin | Boster | BM0627 | 1∶5 000 | |
| 二抗 Secondary antibodies | 羊抗兔IgG-HRP | Abclonal | AS014 | 1∶2 000 |
1.5.6 肠道菌群分析
1.6 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 粪肠球菌对籽鹅生长性能的影响
表4 粪肠球菌对籽鹅生长性能的影响Table 4 Effects of Enterococcus faecalis on growth performance of Zi geese |
| 项目 Items | 日龄 Days of age | 对照组 Control group | 试验组 Test group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
体重 BW/g | 37 | 1 295.00±10.68 | 1 316.40±12.26 | 0.225 |
| 57 | 2 521.20±22.15 | 2 737.60±19.71** | <0.001 | |
| 77 | 3 435.40±24.45 | 3 727.40±39.57** | <0.001 | |
平均日增重 ADG/g | 37~57 | 61.31±1.24 | 71.06±0.70** | <0.001 |
| 58~77 | 45.71±1.63 | 49.49±1.88 | 0.168 | |
| 37~77 | 53.51±0.71 | 60.27±1.00** | <0.001 | |
平均日采食量 ADFI/g | 37~57 | 366.67±6.47 | 378.90±7.38 | 0.248 |
| 58~77 | 209.23±6.72 | 211.98±7.11 | 0.786 | |
| 37~77 | 287.95±1.88 | 295.44±6.06 | 0.294 | |
| 料重比 F/G | 37~77 | 5.38±0.08 | 4.90±0.13* | 0.017 |
试验组数据标注“*”表示与对照组差异显著(P<0.05),标注“**”表示与对照组差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。 | |
In the test group, values with “*” indicated a significant difference (P<0.05), and “**” indicated an extremely significant difference compared with the control group (P<0.01). The same as below. |
2.2 粪肠球菌对籽鹅十二指肠中消化酶活性的影响
表5 粪肠球菌对籽鹅十二指肠中消化酶活性的影响Table 5 Effects of Enterococcus faecalis on duodenal digestive enzyme activities of Zi geese |
| 项目 Items | 日龄 Days of age | 对照组 Control group | 试验组 Test group | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
α-淀粉酶 α-AL/(μg/mg prot) | 37 | 2.52±0.14 | 2.55±0.18 | 0.894 | |
| 57 | 3.16±0.27 | 4.27±0.31* | 0.025 | ||
| 77 | 5.02±0.31 | 6.19±0.38* | 0.040 | ||
脂肪酶 LPS/(U/g prot) | 37 | 13.86±0.45 | 14.38±0.30 | 0.364 | |
| 57 | 16.81±0.61 | 18.88±0.51* | 0.027 | ||
| 77 | 20.62±0.58 | 23.27±0.67* | 0.014 | ||
胰蛋白酶 Try/(U/g prot) | 37 | 1.99±0.14 | 2.28±0.13 | 0.190 | |
| 57 | 2.70±0.18 | 3.31±0.15* | 0.028 | ||
| 77 | 3.84±0.18 | 4.94±0.29* | 0.011 | ||
糜蛋白酶 Chy/(U/g prot) | 37 | 6.34±0.35 | 6.40±0.41 | 0.902 | |
| 57 | 8.03±0.33 | 9.21±0.36* | 0.039 | ||
| 77 | 10.82±0.48 | 12.90±0.59* | 0.022 | ||
碱性磷酸酶 AKP/(U/g prot) | 37 | 2.15±0.12 | 2.06±0.13 | 0.636 | |
| 57 | 3.35±0.31 | 4.32±0.29* | 0.047 | ||
| 77 | 5.33±0.30 | 6.51±0.38* | 0.037 | ||
2.3 粪肠球菌对籽鹅十二指肠组织形态的影响
图1 各组籽鹅十二指肠组织切片(HE染色)A、B、C分别为对照组籽鹅37、57和77日龄时十二指肠组织形态;D、E、F分别为试验组籽鹅37、57和77日龄时十二指肠组织形态。 Fig.1 Duodenal tissue sections of Zi geese in each group (HE staining) A, B and C represented the duodenal tissue morphology of the control group at 37, 57 and 77 days of age, respectively; D, E and F represented the duodenal tissue morphology of the test group at 37, 57 and 77 days of age, respectively. |
表6 粪肠球菌对籽鹅十二指肠组织形态的影响Table 6 Effects of Enterococcus faecalis on duodenal tissue morphology of Zi geese |
| 项目 Items | 日龄 Days of age | 对照组 Control group | 试验组 Test group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
绒毛高度 Villus height/μm | 37 | 662.85±9.86 | 705.75±12.75 | 0.056 |
| 57 | 954.34±12.31 | 1 064.87±21.08* | 0.011 | |
| 77 | 1 091.70±18.84 | 1 218.19±6.44** | 0.003 | |
隐窝深度 Crypt depth/μm | 37 | 342.21±4.42 | 352.46±6.66 | 0.269 |
| 57 | 377.71±5.40 | 325.82±8.16** | 0.006 | |
| 77 | 402.65±12.22 | 298.37±14.98** | 0.006 | |
绒隐比 Villus height/crypt depth ratio | 37 | 1.93±0.04 | 2.00±0.07 | 0.459 |
| 57 | 2.52±0.06 | 3.27±0.11** | 0.005 | |
| 77 | 2.71±0.08 | 4.10±0.19** | 0.003 |
2.4 粪肠球菌对籽鹅十二指肠中紧密连接蛋白相关基因表达的影响
图2 粪肠球菌对籽鹅十二指肠中紧密连接蛋白相关基因表达的影响CON代表对照组,EE代表试验组。“ns”表示差异不显著(P>0.05),“*”表示差异显著(P<0.05),“**”表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。图3和图4同。 Fig.2 Effects of Enterococcus faecalis on expression of tight junction protein-related genes in duodenum of Zi geese CON represented the control group, and EE represented the test group. “ns” indicated no significant difference (P>0.05), “*” indicated a significant difference (P<0.05), and “**” indicated an extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as Fig.3 and Fig.4. |
2.5 粪肠球菌对籽鹅十二指肠中氨基酸转运蛋白表达的影响
图3 粪肠球菌对籽鹅十二指肠中氨基酸转运蛋白表达的影响EAAT3:兴奋性氨基酸转运蛋白3 excitatory amino acid transporter 3;CAT-1:阳离子氨基酸转运蛋白-1 cationic amino acid transporter-1;ATB(0,+):Na+/Cl-依赖性中性和阳离子氨基酸转运蛋白B(0,+) sodium- and chloride-dependent neutral and cationic amino acid transporter B(0,+);β-actin:β-肌动蛋白。 Fig.3 Effects of Enterococcus faecalis one expression of amino acid transporters in duodenum of Zi geese |
2.6 粪肠球菌对籽鹅肠道菌群的影响
2.6.1 肠道菌群Alpha多样性分析
表7 粪肠球菌对籽鹅肠道菌群Alpha多样性的影响Table 7 Effects of Enterococcus faecalis on intestinal microbiota Alpha diversity of Zi geese |
| 项目 Items | 日龄 Days of age | 对照组 Control group | 试验组 Test group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Chao1指数 Chao1 index | 37 | 659.69±75.58 | 796.87±41.62 | 0.151 |
| 57 | 424.13±118.76 | 265.92±58.51 | 0.298 | |
| 77 | 605.39±221.06 | 342.87±93.69 | 0.306 | |
Shannon指数 Shannon index | 37 | 6.40±0.19 | 7.07±0.18* | 0.035 |
| 57 | 6.02±0.71 | 4.72±0.53 | 0.221 | |
| 77 | 5.89±0.88 | 5.72±0.77 | 0.886 | |
Simpson指数 Simpson index | 37 | 0.94±0.01 | 0.96±0.01 | 0.128 |
| 57 | 0.94±0.02 | 0.83±0.07 | 0.277 | |
| 77 | 0.90±0.05 | 0.91±0.04 | 0.899 |
2.6.2 肠道菌群Beta多样性分析
2.6.3 肠道菌群物种组成分析
表8 肠道菌群中优势菌门的相对丰度Table 8 Relative abundance of dominant phyla in intestinal microbiota% |
| 项目 Items | 日龄 Days of age | 对照组 Control group | 试验组 Test group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
厚壁菌门 Firmicutes | 37 | 36.97±5.20 | 52.71±6.69 | 0.101 |
| 57 | 22.56±2.71 | 45.11±5.55* | 0.019 | |
| 77 | 36.55±1.50 | 66.39±7.31* | 0.016 | |
拟杆菌门 Bacteroidetes | 37 | 0.65±0.35 | 0.39±0.06 | 0.504 |
| 57 | 1.67±0.42 | 2.52±0.69 | 0.337 | |
| 77 | 0.99±0.41 | 1.75±0.72 | 0.417 | |
放线菌门 Actinobacteria | 37 | 53.79±4.36 | 38.88±7.05 | 0.118 |
| 57 | 20.86±2.43 | 20.91±4.91 | 0.993 | |
| 77 | 27.14±2.00 | 16.22±8.31 | 0.271 | |
变形菌门 Proteobacteria | 37 | 8.13±3.89 | 7.39±1.53 | 0.863 |
| 57 | 35.33±7.69 | 19.43±2.40 | 0.096 | |
| 77 | 26.37±9.14 | 13.66±1.96 | 0.246 |
表9 肠道菌群中优势菌属的相对丰度Table 9 Relative abundance of dominant genera in intestinal microbiota |
| 项目 Items | 日龄 Days of age | 对照组 Control group | 试验组 Test group | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
棒杆菌属 Corynebacterium | 37 | 45.03±4.17 | 30.13±5.71 | 0.068 | |
| 57 | 5.25±2.17 | 5.28±2.69 | 0.993 | ||
| 77 | 5.55±2.88 | 0.65±0.35 | 0.167 | ||
螺杆菌属 Helicobacter | 37 | 0.15±0.08 | 0.39±0.35 | 0.528 | |
| 57 | 16.52±8.61 | 0.33±0.27 | 0.133 | ||
| 77 | 30.01±24.34 | 21.28±16.07 | 0.780 | ||
乳杆菌属 Lactobacillus | 37 | 0.74±0.69 | 0.83±0.62 | 0.927 | |
| 57 | 1.47±1.22 | 3.96±2.83 | 0.443 | ||
| 77 | 8.59±5.10 | 12.04±6.44 | 0.697 | ||
链球菌属 Streptococcus | 37 | 4.39±2.42 | 2.40±0.57 | 0.447 | |
| 57 | 1.67±0.51 | 4.00±1.71 | 0.230 | ||
| 77 | 2.27±1.34 | 0.53±0.32 | 0.276 | ||
肠球菌属 Enterococcus | 37 | 1.09±0.14 | 2.59±1.05 | 0.227 | |
| 57 | 0.83±0.20 | 6.25±4.22 | 0.269 | ||
| 77 | 0.45±0.12 | 1.29±1.17 | 0.546 | ||
芽孢杆菌科芽孢杆菌属 Bacillaceae_Bacillus | 37 | 0.47±0.39 | 1.25±0.45 | 0.237 | |
| 57 | 1.70±0.33 | 0.84±0.42 | 0.149 | ||
| 77 | 0.12±0.08 | 2.69±0.06** | <0.001 | ||

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