动物营养学报 >

2026 , Vol. 38 >Issue 7: 4854 - 4866

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2026.389

综述

迷迭香及其提取物主要活性成分的生物学功能及其在畜禽生产中的应用

  • 杨曦 , 1 ,
  • 李秋艳 2 ,
  • 汤志毅 , 3, * ,
  • 伍树松 1
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  • 1 湖南农业大学动物科学技术学院, 长沙 410128
  • 2 中国农业大学生物学院, 北京 100083
  • 3 湖南生物机电职业技术学院, 长沙 410128
* 汤志毅,畜牧师,硕士生导师,E-mail:

杨 曦(2000—),男,重庆人,硕士研究生,从事分子营养与单胃动物营养研究。E-mail:

Office editor: 武海龙

收稿日期: 2025-12-08

  网络出版日期: 2026-07-13

基金资助

国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-36)

收起

Biological Function of Main Active Components of Rosemary and Its Extract and Their Applications in Livestock and Poultry Production

  • YANG Xi , 1 ,
  • LI Qiuyan 2 ,
  • TANG Zhiyi , 3, * ,
  • WU Shusong 1
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  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
  • 2 College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 3 Hunan Biological Electromechanical Vocational Technical College, Changsha 410128, China
* animal husbandry specialist, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-12-08

  Online published: 2026-07-13

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摘要

在饲料禁抗背景下,植物提取物作为新型绿色饲料添加剂受到前所未有的关注。迷迭香(Rosmarinus officinalis L.)富含酚酸类、黄酮类、萜类和脂类等多种活性成分,其主要活性成分迷迭香酸、鼠尾草酸、齐墩果酸、熊果酸等在抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌、改善肠道健康等方面的生物学作用已有诸多报道。本文基于近年来有关迷迭香及其提取物主要活性成分的研究报道,综述了其主要生物学功能,并围绕其改善畜禽生长性能、免疫功能、抗氧化能力和肉品质的作用及机制展开论述,以期为迷迭香在畜禽生产中的合理应用提供参考。

关键词： 迷迭香提取物; 活性成分; 生物学功能; 饲料添加剂; 畜禽生产

本文引用格式

杨曦 , 李秋艳 , 汤志毅 , 伍树松 . 迷迭香及其提取物主要活性成分的生物学功能及其在畜禽生产中的应用[J]. 动物营养学报, 2026 , 38(7) : 4854 -4866 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.389

Abstract

Against the background of the ban on antibiotics in feed, plant extracts as a new type of green feed additive have attracted unprecedented attention. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is rich in a variety of active components, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids and lipids. Its main active components-such as rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid-have been extensively reported to exert biological effects including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial activities and improvement of intestinal health. Based on recent research reports on the main active components of rosemary, this paper reviews their primary biological functions, and discusses in detail the effects and underlying mechanisms of rosemary in improving growth performance, immune function, antioxidant capacity and meat quality in livestock and poultry, with a view to providing a reference for the rational application of rosemary in animal production.

Key words： rosemary extract; active component; biological function; feed additive; livestock and poultry production

迷迭香含有多种生物活性成分,其主要成分包括酚酸类(如迷迭香酸、鼠尾草酸)、二萜类(如鼠尾草酚)、三萜类(如齐墩果酸和熊果酸)以及黄酮类等[1-2]。这些活性成分因结构特征不同而功能各异,其中,酚酸类通常具有邻位二羟基结构,能够高效清除自由基并抑制脂质氧化;二萜类因具备较强脂溶性,易嵌入生物膜并发挥抗炎、抗菌及线粒体保护作用;三萜类则在免疫调节、细胞增殖及抗肿瘤方面显示出独特的生理活性[3-6]。各类活性成分在体内往往呈现多靶点协同效应,共同参与氧化还原调控、炎症反应抑制及细胞稳态维持等过程[7-9]。在畜禽生产体系中,氧化应激、肠道屏障受损和免疫稳态失调是影响动物生长性能和健康水平的重要因素[10-12]。研究表明,迷迭香提取物具有抵御外界应激的能力,从而促进畜禽生长、提升免疫功能并改善肉品质[13-16]。随着饲料禁抗政策的全面推进,开发安全、高效、可替代抗生素的天然功能添加剂成为研究重点[17]。迷迭香提取物凭借其多成分、多机制的生物学优势,已成为近年来动物营养研究的热点之一。
本文综述了迷迭香及其提取物主要活性成分的结构特性及其生物学功能,并重点阐述了其在畜禽生长性能、免疫功能、抗氧化能力和肉品质改善中的作用机制与研究进展,以期为迷迭香在动物生产中的科学应用提供参考。

1 迷迭香提取物的提取与加工

迷迭香水溶性抗氧化剂的制备通常需先经预处理以破坏细胞结构并促进活性成分释放,随后通过水蒸气蒸馏去除精油,再采用不同方法进行提取与分离[18]。迷迭香脂溶性抗氧化剂(如鼠尾草酸、齐墩果酸和熊果酸等)主要依靠有机溶剂萃取、超临界流体萃取、及超声辅助提取等方法获得[19-22]。有机溶剂萃取工艺成熟且经济,但存在选择性不足与残留风险;超临界流体萃取所得产品质量较高,但设备与运行成本较大;超声辅助提取具有降低温度和缩短时间的优势,显示出良好的应用前景。水溶性抗氧化剂(如迷迭香酸)通常在脂溶性成分分离后的提取液中,经浓缩或结合吸附、层析、酸沉淀及有机溶剂萃取等步骤获得高纯度甚至结晶产物[23]。

2 迷迭香及其提取物的主要活性成分及生物学功能

2.1 迷迭香精油

迷迭香精油是一类通过蒸馏、压榨或浸提等物理方法从其植物组织中提取的具有特定香气和挥发性的天然芳香油,国产迷迭香精油的主要化学成分与国外产品基本一致,均以α-蒎烯、1,8-桉叶素、莰烯、樟脑、龙脑和β-蒎烯等为主要优势组分[24]。各地迷迭香精油成分的略微差异应该是由迷迭香品种以及生长地区的地理、气候条件的不同所引起的。其主要生物学功能包括抗菌、消炎、抗氧化及杀虫作用,可对蚊子、红蜘蛛及多种农作物害虫产生毒杀效果,机制可能涉及抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶活性和引起氧化失衡[25-26]。此外,迷迭香精油分子质量小、易渗透,可抑制酪氨酸酶活性并改善皮肤状态,因此在护肤品中具有抑制色素生成和促进皮肤健康的应用[27]。医药领域中,迷迭香精油还可缓解低血压、神经衰弱及肌肉疼痛[28],并可通过诱导血管舒张、促进外周血流发挥辅助保健作用[29]。饲粮中补充迷迭香精油已被证明可改善动物生长性能,并有助于提升机体的免疫应答和抗氧化水平[30-32]。

2.2 鼠尾草酸

鼠尾草酸属于酚类二萜类化合物,具有抗氧化和抗菌特性。已逐渐广泛应用于食品、营养健康和化妆品行业。鼠尾草酸和迷迭香酚被认为占迷迭香提取物抗氧化特性的90%以上[33],但该结果尚未得到系统验证。与其他酚类二萜相比,鼠尾草酸在涉及温度升高的不同条件下降解得更少。鼠尾草酸耐热性的这一特点意味着其卓越的抗氧化能力[34]。鼠尾草酸促进了核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor E2-related factor 2,Nrf2)向核中的转运,上调抗氧化基因的mRNA表达,进而防止对乙酰氨基酚诱导的肝脏毒性[35]。鼠尾草酸能够抑制缺氧条件下神经元细胞中丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen activated protein kinase,MAPK)[包括c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun amino-terminal kinase,JNK)、细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶(extracellular signals regulate protein kinases,ERK)和p38)]、半胱天冬蛋白酶-3(caspase-3)及环氧化酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)的磷酸化,并剂量依赖性地降低小胶质细胞中白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)和一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)的产生,从而减轻缺氧诱导的急性细胞损伤并保护神经元[36]。综上所述,鼠尾草酸通过激活Nrf2-Kelch样环氧氯丙烷关联蛋白1(Kelch-like epichlorohydrin-associated protein 1,Keap1)抗氧化通路并抑制MAPK介导的炎症反应,在缓解氧化应激和神经炎症方面显示出良好潜力。尽管目前在畜禽中的应用研究仍较少,但上述机制为其作为饲料抗氧化、抗炎添加剂仍然提供了重要理论依据。

2.3 熊果酸和齐墩果酸

熊果酸和齐墩果酸互为同分异构体,均具有抗肿瘤、抗炎、保肝、增强机体免疫等作用。二者的区别在于五环三萜E环的甲基结构,即熊果酸的甲基位于C-20位,齐墩果酸的甲基位于C-19位[37]。熊果酸可能会增加脂质β氧化,并可以抑制内质网(endoplasmic reticulum,ER)应激,以防止肝脏脂质积累、血脂异常和胰岛素抵抗[38-39]。齐墩果酸对四氯化碳(CCl4)诱导的肝脏损伤具有显著保护作用,主要表现为改善血清指标、减轻肝细胞变性和坏死,同时增加糖原储备、恢复肝细胞健康状态[40]。这2种化合物的护肝机制可能与抑制有害物质活化及增强机体防御系统有关[41]。熊果酸还可通过增强免疫功能发挥保护作用,如熊果酸可以通过下调MAPK、IL-6/信号转导及转录激活因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,STAT3)和磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(phosphoinositide 3-kinase,PI3K)3种经典炎症通路,减少巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞的浸润,同时,熊果酸可调节肠道菌群丰度,改善肠屏障功能,从而抑制炎症反应并影响免疫细胞及细胞因子的表达,进而预防和改善小鼠溃疡性结肠炎[42]。

2.4 迷迭香酸

迷迭香酸是一种天然来源的酚酸类化合物,具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗癌、抗病毒和抑菌等多种重要的生物学功能[43]。迷迭香酸结构中含有多个酚羟基,可直接清除羟基自由基(·OH)、超氧阴离子自由基( ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{-}$·)、过氧化氢(H2O2)等活性氧(ROS)[44]。迷迭香酸可以通过线粒体途径诱导类风湿关节炎患者活化T细胞亚群凋亡,此外,迷迭香酸能抑制基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase,MMP)破坏,下调B细胞淋巴瘤-2(B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)的表达,并诱导细胞色素-C(cytochrome-C,Cyt-C)从线粒体释放到细胞质[45]。迷迭香酸的作用方式可能涉及损伤微生物细胞膜完整性,从而导致内外环境失衡,抑制微生物生长甚至引发细胞死亡[46]。此外,迷迭香酸能够抑制细菌DNA聚合酶活性,进而阻碍DNA的正常合成与复制过程,对细菌增殖形成抑制[47]。迷迭香酸通过清除ROS、调控炎症相关凋亡途径以及抑制细菌DNA复制,综合发挥抗炎与抗菌作用,其在调节肠道免疫和缓解炎症性肠病方面的潜力已在啮齿类模型中得到验证,这也为其在畜禽肠道健康调控中的应用提供了理论依据。

3 迷迭香及其提取物对畜禽生长性能的影响

饲粮中添加迷迭香提取物可促进畜禽生长。研究表明,在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加200 mg/kg迷迭香提取物可产生最佳促生长效果,呈剂量依赖显著提高平均日增重(average daily gain,ADG)和平均日采食量(average daily feed intake,ADFI),并改善料重比(feed to gain ratio,F/G)[48]。在断奶仔猪基础饲粮中添加500 mg/kg迷迭香酸可显著缓解产肠毒素大肠杆菌K88(enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli,ETEC K88)诱导的仔猪腹泻,且不影响其正常生长性能[49]。在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加200 mg/kg迷迭香提取物可提高其体重、ADG和ADFI,降低F/G[50]。在禽类上的研究表明,饲粮中添加400 mg/kg迷迭香提取物能有效提高大肠杆菌攻毒黄羽肉鸡的ADG,降低F/G,缓解了大肠杆菌引起的肉鸡腹泻率升高问题,改善了其生长性能[51]。饲粮中添加迷迭香提取物可随剂量提升改善肉鸡体重、ADFI和ADG,并在高剂量下降低死淘率,而对饲料转化率无不良影响[52]。饲粮中添加500 mg/kg迷迭香提取物可显著提高樱桃谷肉鸭体重和ADG,但对ADFI和F/G无显著影响[53]。此外,在犊牛代乳粉中添加适量迷迭香精油能提高其生长性能,表现为ADG和开食料采食量显著提高,饲料转化率得到改善[54];在奶山羊饲粮中添加2.14 g/kg迷迭香提取物可提高其干物质采食量、产奶量、奶料比[55];在肉兔饲粮中添加5%、10%、15%迷迭香提取物对其ADG、ADFI、F/G均无显著影响[56]。

4 迷迭香及其提取物对畜禽免疫功能的影响

迷迭香提取物中以迷迭香酸和熊果酸为代表的活性成分,具有突出的抗炎和免疫调节活性,可通过调控炎症相关信号与肠黏膜屏障功能,降低促炎反应、维持机体黏膜免疫稳态(图1)。其通过抑制上游受体识别和信号转导、关键蛋白磷酸化并下调促炎细胞因子基因转录,从多个环节协同抑制核因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)活化,从而发挥免疫功能[57-58]。Toll样受体(Toll-like receptor,TLR)作为先天免疫中重要模式识别受体,通过髓样分化初始反应蛋白88(myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88,MyD88)依赖性级联激活核因子-κB抑制蛋白激酶(inhibitor of NF-κB kinase,IKK)复合体,诱导核因子-κB抑制蛋白α(inhibitor of NF-κB α,IκBα)磷酸化降解,释放NF-κB(p65/p50)二聚体核转位,驱动炎症反应[59]。雷铭康[49]研究发现,饲粮中添加500 mg/kg迷迭香酸能够显著缓解断奶仔猪由ETEC K88攻毒造成的免疫反应;与对照组相比,迷迭香酸组选择性下调TLR2和TLR4的mRNA表达,上调TLR5的mRNA表达,并下调NF-κB的mRNA表达,同时降低IL-1β和肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)等促炎因子并提高白细胞介素-10(interleukin-10,IL-10)等抗炎因子的水平,表明迷迭香酸通过调控TLR-NF-κB信号通路维持断奶仔猪肠道健康,缓解ETEC K88诱导的结肠炎症反应。
图1 迷迭香对畜禽免疫功能的作用机制

Rosmarinic acid:迷迭香酸;Ursolic acid:熊果酸;Rosemary extract:迷迭香提取物;MD-2:髓样分化蛋白-2 myeloid differentiation protein-2;TLR4:Toll样受体4 Toll-like receptor 4;TLR5:Toll样受体5 Toll-like receptor 5;TIRAP:TIR结构域含有的衔接蛋白 TIR domain-containing adaptor protein;MyD88:髓样分化初始反应蛋白88 myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88;IRAK4/1:白细胞介素1受体相关激酶4/1 interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4/1;TAK1:转化生长因子-β活化激酶1 transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1;IKK:IκB激酶 IκB kinase;NF-κB:核因子-κB nuclear factor-κB;ROS:活性氧 reactive oxygen species;MAPK:丝裂原活化蛋白激酶 mitogen-activated protein kinase;MMK4/MM7:丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶4/7 MAPK kinase 4/7;MKK3/MMK6:丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶3/6 MAPK kinase 3/6;MEK1/2:丝裂原活化蛋白激酶/细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶激酶1/2 MAPK/ERK kinase 1/2;P-JNK:磷酸化c-Jun氨基末端激酶 phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase;P-p38:磷酸化p38 phosphorylated p38;P-ERK1/2:磷酸化胞外信号调节蛋白激酶1/2 phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2;IL-6:白细胞介素-6 interleukin-6;IL-6R/gp130:白细胞介素-6受体/糖蛋白130 interleukin-6 receptor/glycoprotein 130;P-JAK:磷酸化Janus激酶 phosphorylated Janus kinase;P-YxxQ motif:YxxQ模体磷酸化位点 phosphorylated YxxQ motif;Tyr705:705位酪氨酸 tyrosine 705;STAT3-D:STAT3二聚体 STAT3 dimer;STAT3:信号转导及转录激活因子3 signal transducer and activator of transcription 3;ZO-1:闭锁小带蛋白-1 zonula occludens-1;Occludin:闭锁蛋白;Macrophage cells:巨噬细胞;B cells:B淋巴细胞;T cells:T淋巴细胞;IgG:免疫球蛋白G immunoglobulin G;IgM:免疫球蛋白M immunoglobulin M;IgA:免疫球蛋白A immunoglobulin A;CD4 T cells/CD8 T cells:CD4 T细胞/CD8 T细胞;TNF-α:肿瘤坏死因子-α tumor necrosis factor-α;IL-1β:白细胞介素-1β interleukin-1β;IL-6:白细胞介素-6 interleukin-6;IL-8:白细胞介素-8 interleukin-8;Cox-2:环氧合酶-2 cyclooxygenase-2;iNOS:诱导型一氧化氮合酶 inducible nitric oxide synthase。

Fig.1 Mechanism of rosemary on immune function of livestock and poultry

作为Ⅰ型跨膜糖蛋白,TLR4的配体识别依赖共受体髓样分化蛋白-2(myeloid differentiation protein-2,MD-2)形成的受体复合物,该复合物是脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导TLR4构象改变、二聚化并招募TIR结构域含有的衔接蛋白(TIR domain-containing adaptor protein,TIRAP)/MyD88启动下游白细胞介素-1受体相关激酶(interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase,IRAK)-肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子6(TNF receptor associated factor 6,TRAF6)-转化生长因子-β活化激酶1(transforming growth factor-β activated kinase 1,TAK1)-IKK级联的结构基础[60]。Jin等[61]通过分子对接研究发现,迷迭香酸可与TLR4-MD-2复合物的配体结合位点竞争性结合,从受体水平干扰LPS介导的TLR4激活;在偶氮甲烷(azoxymethane,AOM)/葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulfate sodium,DSS)诱导的小鼠结肠炎模型中,经口给予30 mg/kg迷迭香酸可下调结肠组织TLR4 mRNA表达,并降低核因子-κB抑制蛋白(inhibitor of NF-κB,IκB)磷酸化水平,表明TLR4-MyD88-IRAK-TRAF6-TAK1轴及其上游IKK活化受到抑制,IκBα泛素化降解受阻,NF-κB p65核转位相应下降。NF-κB转录活性减弱伴随COX-2、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)和IL-6等经典NF-κB靶基因表达下调,结肠黏膜中前列腺素和NO介导的组织损伤及IL-6依赖的促炎/促瘤信号均被削弱,有助于减轻AOM/DSS诱导的小鼠相关结肠炎反应。
MAPK通过级联磷酸化把外界刺激传递到细胞核、在炎症反应和细胞凋亡调控中发挥重要作用。其经典分支包括p38、JNK及ERK[62]。Ma等[63]在CCl4诱导的急性肝损伤雄性小鼠中观察到,CCl4诱导可显著上调肝脏细胞色素P450 2E1(cytochrome P450 2E1,CYP2E1)表达并诱导ROS、脂质过氧化水平升高,伴随JNK、p38及ERK1/2磷酸化增强和NF-κB p65核转位增加;饲粮中添加熊果酸(25、50 mg/kg)可下调CYP2E1表达,减轻氧化应激,并剂量依赖性抑制JNK/p38(高剂量时同时部分抑制ERK1/2)磷酸化,从而减弱NF-κB转录活性及TNF-α、IL-6、COX-2等炎症介质表达。CCl4在肝细胞内经CYP2E1代谢产生大量ROS[64]。ROS可激活对氧化应激敏感的丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶激酶(MAP3K),经丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶4/7(MKK4/7)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶3/6(MKK3/6)级联导致JNK和p38持续磷酸化,同时通过氧化MAPK磷酸酶的催化半胱氨酸残基抑制其去磷酸化活性,使应激型MAPK维持在高活化状态[65-66]。
IL-6是一种炎症/癌症相关标志物,也是NF-κB和STAT3的常见激活因子[67]。Sheng等[42]在DSS诱导的溃疡性结肠炎小鼠模型中证实,口服200 mg/kg熊果酸可显著降低血清及结肠组织IL-6水平,并伴随IL-6/STAT3信号通路和磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(phosphoinositide 3-kinase,PI3K)信号活化的下降;同时减少结肠黏膜中巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞的浸润,并在一定程度上恢复CD4 T细胞(CD4 T cells)、CD8 T细胞(CD8 T cells)及树突状细胞的相对比例。熊果酸可能通过调控IL-6/IL-6受体复合物形成,抑制糖蛋白130(glycoprotein 130,gp130)二聚及Janus激酶(Janus kinase,JAK)激活,削弱YxxQ模体磷酸化位点(YxxQ motif)介导的STAT3招募与705位酪氨酸(tyrosine 705,Tyr705)磷酸化[68-69]。随之STAT3二聚化及核转位,对C-myc、细胞周期蛋白D1(cyclin D1)、Bcl-2/B细胞淋巴瘤-xl(Bcl-xl)等增殖和抗凋亡相关靶基因的转录调控被减弱[70];与此同时,PI3K/蛋白激酶B(Akt)活性的抑制削弱了髓系细胞的存活、活化及黏附/趋化分子表达,从而降低巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞在结肠黏膜中的积聚[71]。
Zhang等[62]在晚期产蛋母鸡饲粮中添加200 mg/kg迷迭香提取物发现,与对照组相比,添加迷迭香提取物显著降低了血清和空肠黏膜中IL-6含量,并显著提高了空肠黏膜中闭锁小带蛋白-1(zonula occluden-1,ZO-1)和闭锁蛋白(Occludin)的mRNA表达水平。既往机制研究表明,肠道菌群代谢物琥珀酸可通过激活其受体琥珀酸受体1(SUCNR1)上调叉头框蛋白M1(FoxM1)表达,并诱导IL-6表达,继而启动IL-6/STAT3信号并抑制紧密连接相关基因Occludin转录,最终导致肠屏障功能受损[72]。迷迭香提取物可提高家禽中血清IL-2水平,并同步升高免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)水平,提示其可能通过促进辅助性T细胞1(Th1)相关IL-2信号,增强T细胞活化并带动淋巴细胞抗体产生,从而强化体液免疫防御能力[52,73-74]。在反刍动物中,迷迭香相关添加物对体液免疫具有一定支持作用:如犊牛补饲迷迭香精油可提高血清IgG水平,可能与抗氧化成分对免疫细胞的保护及对B淋巴细胞活化及抗体生成的促进有关[54];而在羔羊研究中,迷迭香叶粉可提高血清IgA水平,表明其可能依托抗氧化活性支持体液免疫[75],这与前述单胃动物和啮齿类模式动物所揭示的抗炎免疫调控机制在功能上具有一致性,但仍需进一步机制验证。

5 迷迭香及其提取物对畜禽抗氧化能力的影响

氧化应激是动物生长性能下降的一大病理机制,其核心在于ROS过量导致抗氧化系统失衡[76-77]。丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)可反映脂质过氧化程度及细胞损伤;超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)催化超氧阴离子歧化,是评估机体清除ROS的重要酶;谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)参与谷胱甘肽还原循环;总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC)则衡量体内清除氧自由基的总体能力[77]。补充迷迭香提取物可改善断奶仔猪的抗氧化状态。迷迭香提取物提高了肉兔血清SOD、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)和GSH-Px活性,并降低了MDA含量;此外,迷迭香提取物还提高了肉兔肝脏SOD、GSH-Px活性和T-AOC,并降低了MDA含量[56]。饲喂添加迷迭香提取物的饲粮可提高断奶仔猪血清T-AOC,但对MDA含量和SOD活性没有显著差异[78]。在育肥猪饲粮中添加迷迭香酸显著提高了血清SOD、GSH-Px、CAT和脂质过氧化物酶(lipid peroxide,LPO)活性及T-AOC,并显著降低了MDA含量,对过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性未产生明显作用;此外,在肝脏中抗氧化指标与血清中基本一致,显著提高了SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活性和T-AOC,并降低MDA含量和LPO活性[79]。在京海黄鸡饲粮中添加200 mg/kg迷迭香提取物显著降低了血清MDA含量,显著提高了血清T-AOC[80]。联合添加迷迭香提取物和葫芦巴提取物能提高哺乳母猪断奶后血清SOD活性和T-AOC,有效降低MDA含量[81]。联合添加迷迭香和纳豆芽孢杆菌提高了肉仔鸡血清GSH-Px活性,降低了MDA含量[82]。迷迭香中脂溶性及混合型提取物的抗氧化活性优于水溶性提取物,这主要归因于其酚类和酸类成分的结构特性。迷迭香酸、鼠尾草酚和鼠尾草酸的邻位二羟基易发生氧化并转化为半醌或醌式形式,而这些氧化产物的稳定程度在很大程度上影响其抗氧化反应。此外,酚类中的酯键也进一步增强了分子稳定性,从而提升抗氧化能力[83]。迷迭香提取物中的酚类结构部分具有能直接清除细胞ROS的能力。研究发现,雄性美利奴羔羊饲喂添加迷迭香提取物的饲粮可显著提高血清SOD活性,但对GSH-Px和CAT活性无显著影响[84]。

6 迷迭香及其提取物对畜禽肉品质的影响

迷迭香通过抗氧化作用作用于肉类组织,抑制脂质和蛋白质氧化,从而改善肉品质。迷迭香提取物可通过其酚酸、二萜等活性成分发挥抗氧化作用,降低肉中脂质和蛋白质氧化,从而总体上改善肉品质及其贮藏稳定性;多项研究报道其可对肉色、pH、嫩度相关指标以及脂肪酸组成等产生积极影响[85]。肌肉亮度(lightness,L*)值越低,肉色越不显苍白,且表面渗水较少,说明肉质更佳;而红度(redness,a*)值越高、黄度(yellowness,b*)值越低,则代表肉色更优[86]。饲喂迷迭香提取物饲粮的育肥猪,肌肉中多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA)含量提高,PUFA/饱和脂肪酸(saturated fatty acid,SFA)比例升高[87]。研究表明,在京海黄鸡饲粮中添加0.015%的迷迭香精油有助于提升肌肉生成,增加腿肌和胸肌比例;减少脂肪沉积,同时增强肌肉的保水性和蛋白质水平。此外,迷迭香精油还能改善肉色,降低剪切力和pH,从而进一步提升肉品质[88]。研究报道,添加迷迭香提取物、纳豆芽孢杆菌以及橙皮苷、迷迭香酸及其复合均能在不同程度上改善肉鸡胸肌品质,均显著降低了肉色b*值、蒸煮损失和剪切力,改善了肉色和嫩度[82,89]。复合提取物体系往往能实现更广谱的抗氧化和抑菌作用[90],其机制可能是通过协同上调宿主抗氧化信号通路(如Keap1-Nrf2信号通路)与增强抗氧化酶活性,降低肌肉内氧化应激[91]。迷迭香在肉产品加工和储存过程中也发挥着防腐作用。迷迭香叶粉添加到火鸡肉丸中能够明显抑制肉中的不良氧化和水解反应,同时降低pH和水活度,并抑制大肠菌群、嗜冷菌和梭菌的生长,从而有效提高冷藏货架期[92]。使用含迷迭香提取物的壳聚糖涂层/膜对冷藏牛肉进行包膜处理时,添加4%或8%迷迭香提取物的膜能有效抑制嗜温菌、嗜冷菌以及葡萄球菌属的生长,从而延缓变质过程[93]。在肉羊中,饲喂迷迭香残渣可使肉的嫩度改善,肉的弹性和硬度降低,质地更柔和[94]。

7 小结

在饲料禁抗背景下,迷迭香及其提取物因含迷迭香酸、熊果酸等多种活性成分,具备多靶点调控潜力。相关研究在仔猪、家禽及反刍动物中总体显示其有助于改善生长性能和健康状态,如降低腹泻率、F/G等。迷迭香活性成分可能通过抑制TLR-NF-κB、MAPK及IL-6/STAT3等炎症信号通路并改善肠黏膜屏障,发挥免疫抗炎作用;同时提升机体抗氧化能力,并通过抑制脂质或蛋白质氧化等途径改善肉品质和贮藏稳定性。但目前证据仍以表型与相关性指标为主,而成分协同关系、剂量-效应窗口与关键靶点的因果验证不足,后续需在统一制剂与剂量体系下开展机制验证与生产条件评估,以支撑其规范化应用。

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