1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计
1.3 基础饲粮与饲养管理
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 含量Content | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 妊娠后期 Late gestation period | 哺乳期 Lactation period | ||||
| 原料Ingredients | |||||
| 玉米Corn | 67.30 | 63.00 | |||
| 鱼粉Fish meal (68% CP) | 2.00 | 4.00 | |||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 20.00 | 22.00 | |||
| 麦麸Wheat bran | 5.00 | 5.00 | |||
| 二水合磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4·2H2O | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| 碳酸钙CaCO3 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| 食盐NaCl | 0.20 | 0.30 | |||
| 豆油Soybean oil | 2.50 | 2.70 | |||
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | |||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||||
| 净能NE/(MJ/kg) | 10.47 | 10.38 | |||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 16.79 | 18.10 | |||
| 标准回肠可消化赖氨酸 SID Lys | 1.01 | 1.07 | |||
| 标准回肠可消化蛋氨酸 SID Met | 0.25 | 0.28 | |||
| 标准回肠可消化半胱氨酸 SID Cys | 0.27 | 0.28 | |||
| 标准回肠可消化苏氨酸 SID Thr | 0.72 | 0.78 | |||
| 标准回肠可消化色氨酸 SID Try | 0.21 | 0.20 | |||
| 钙Ca | 0.86 | 0.90 | |||
| 总磷TP | 0.61 | 0.70 | |||
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 10 000 IU,VD 1 400 IU,VE 44 mg,VK 3.0 mg,VB2 10.50 mg,VB12 0.04 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 45 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 20 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.2 mg,生物素 biotin 0.20 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 550 mg,Cu (CuSO4) 80 mg,Fe (FeSO4) 100 mg,Zn (ZnSO4) 100 mg,Mn (MnSO4) 50 mg,I (KI) 0.3 mg,Se (Na2O3Se) 0.25 mg。 2)净能和标准回肠可消化氨基酸为计算值,其余为实测值。NE and standardized ileal digestible amino acids were calculated values, while the others were measured values. |
1.4 数据和样品采集
1.4.1 母猪泌乳期采食量与繁殖性能
1.4.2 母猪初乳样品
1.4.3 母猪和仔猪血清与粪便样品
1.5 检测指标与测定方法
1.5.1 饲粮营养水平
1.5.2 母猪繁殖性能和泌乳期ADFI
1.5.3 初乳品质指标
1.5.4 母猪和仔猪血清抗氧化指标
1.5.5 母猪和仔猪血清生化指标
1.5.6 母猪和仔猪粪便菌群
1.5.7 仔猪血清代谢组
1.6 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 妊娠后期与泌乳期饲粮中添加桂叶提取物对母猪繁殖性能的影响
表2 妊娠后期与泌乳期饲粮中添加桂叶提取物对母猪繁殖性能的影响Table 2 Effects of dietary supplementation of cassia leaf extract during late gestation and lactation on reproductive performance of sows |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | A | B | C | |||
| 窝均活仔数Average litter number of live piglets/头 | 12.55 | 13.27 | 12.67 | 11.64 | 0.482 | 0.709 |
| 窝均死胎数 Average litter number of stillborn piglets/头 | 1.00 | 0.45 | 0.27 | 0.45 | 0.124 | 0.182 |
| 窝均弱仔数 Average litter number of weak piglets/头 | 2.27a | 1.09b | 0.75b | 1.00b | 0.184 | 0.012 |
| 初生窝重Litter weight at birth/kg | 14.85 | 18.87 | 17.15 | 15.04 | 0.668 | 0.108 |
| 初生个体均重Individual birth weight/kg | 1.20 | 1.43 | 1.37 | 1.29 | 0.031 | 0.062 |
| 断奶个体均重Individual weight of weaning/kg | 6.46 | 6.75 | 6.61 | 6.60 | 0.107 | 0.836 |
| 断奶时母猪背膘厚 Sow backfat thickness at weaning/mm | 14.45 | 16.91 | 16.25 | 16.42 | 0.368 | 0.102 |
| 母猪平均日采食量ADFI of sows/kg | 5.10 | 5.30 | 5.20 | 5.24 | 0.044 | 0.429 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 妊娠后期与泌乳期饲粮中添加桂叶提取物对母猪初乳品质的影响
表3 妊娠后期与泌乳期饲粮中添加桂叶提取物对母猪初乳品质的影响Table 3 Effects of dietary supplementation of cassia leaf extract during late gestation and lactation on colostrum quality of sows % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | A | B | C | ||||||||||
| 乳脂率Milk fat rate | 5.03 | 6.19 | 4.78 | 5.31 | 0.289 | 0.422 | |||||||
| 乳蛋白率Milk protein rate | 16.17b | 21.69a | 15.68b | 18.80ab | 0.763 | 0.024 | |||||||
| 乳糖率Lactose rate | 3.92 | 4.05 | 4.23 | 3.96 | 0.176 | 0.689 | |||||||
| 非脂固形物含量Non-fat solid content | 24.30b | 30.39a | 24.17b | 27.19ab | 0.797 | 0.019 | |||||||
| 总固形物含量Total solid content | 32.85b | 39.42a | 33.09b | 35.72ab | 0.907 | 0.042 | |||||||
2.3 妊娠后期与泌乳期饲粮中添加桂叶提取物对母猪血清抗氧化指标的影响
表4 妊娠后期与泌乳期饲粮中添加桂叶提取物对母猪血清抗氧化指标的影响Table 4 Effects of dietary supplementation of cassia leaf extract during late gestation and lactation on serum antioxidant indexes of sows |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | A | B | C | |||
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) | 7.62a | 5.65ab | 3.99b | 4.79b | 0.436 | 0.011 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) | 41.22 | 44.20 | 39.53 | 42.58 | 1.132 | 0.574 |
| 还原型谷胱甘肽GSH/(μmol/L) | 28.37 | 27.79 | 28.53 | 31.73 | 0.770 | 0.239 |
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(mmol/L) | 1.43 | 1.42 | 1.40 | 1.40 | 0.007 | 0.386 |
2.4 妊娠后期与泌乳期饲粮中添加桂叶提取物对母猪血清生化指标的影响
表5 妊娠后期与泌乳期饲粮中添加桂叶提取物对母猪血清生化指标的影响Table 5 Effects of dietary supplementation of cassia leaf extract during late gestation and lactation on serum biochemical indexes of sows |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | A | B | C | |||
| 谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) | 43.58 | 59.02 | 53.09 | 38.80 | 3.311 | 0.123 |
| 谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) | 115.00 | 218.33 | 168.17 | 91.43 | 29.560 | 0.448 |
| 碱性磷酸酶ALP/(U/L) | 46.20b | 73.20a | 60.50ab | 53.83ab | 3.347 | 0.030 |
| 葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) | 1.96 | 1.78 | 1.89 | 1.10 | 0.164 | 0.279 |
| 甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) | 0.50 | 0.74 | 0.66 | 0.67 | 0.031 | 0.060 |
2.5 妊娠后期与泌乳期饲粮中添加桂叶提取物对母猪粪便菌群的影响
表6 妊娠后期与泌乳期饲粮中添加桂叶提取物对母猪粪便菌群α多样性的影响Table 6 Effects of dietary supplementation of cassia leaf extract during late gestation and lactation on fecal microbiota α diversity of sows |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | A | B | C | |||
| Chao指数Chao index | 817.93 | 814.35 | 827.57 | 816.55 | 15.354 | 0.991 |
| Pielou_e指数Pielou_e index | 0.76 | 0.72 | 0.73 | 0.76 | 0.008 | 0.195 |
| Shannon指数Shannon index | 7.35 | 6.97 | 7.06 | 7.36 | 0.091 | 0.333 |
| Simpson指数Simpson index | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.97 | 0.004 | 0.394 |
图2 妊娠后期与泌乳期饲粮中添加桂叶提取物对母猪粪便菌群组成的影响Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Euryarchaeota:广古菌门;Bacteroidota:拟杆菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Spirochaetota:螺旋体门;Verrucomicrobiota:疣微菌门;Actinobacteriota:放线菌门;Desulfobacterota:热脱硫杆菌门;Cyanobacteria:蓝藻菌门;Fibrobacterota:纤维杆菌门;Methanobrevibacter:甲烷短杆菌属;Escherichia-Shigella:埃希氏-志贺氏菌属;Lactobacillus:乳杆菌属;Christensenellaceae_R-7_group:克里斯滕森氏菌科R-7群;Treponema:密螺旋体属;Streptococcus:链球菌属;Terrisporobacter:土孢杆菌属;Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group:普雷沃氏菌科NK3B31群;NK4A214_group:NK4A214群;Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1:狭义梭菌属1;Others:其他。 Fig.2 Effects of dietary supplementation of cassia leaf extract during late gestation and lactation on fecal microbiota composition of sows Value columns with no letter or the same letter mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different letters mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as Fig.4. |
2.6 母猪妊娠后期与泌乳期饲粮中添加桂叶提取物对仔猪血清抗氧化指标的影响
表7 母猪妊娠后期与泌乳期饲粮中添加桂叶提取物对仔猪血清抗氧化指标的影响Table 7 Effects of dietary supplementation of cassia leaf extract during late gestation and lactation of sows on serum antioxidant indexes of piglets |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | A | B | C | |||
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) | 5.28a | 2.39b | 5.27a | 4.15ab | 0.358 | 0.018 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) | 25.13b | 30.76a | 27.81ab | 31.53a | 0.857 | 0.031 |
| 还原型谷胱甘肽GSH/(μmol/L) | 29.25 | 28.68 | 31.75 | 29.66 | 0.696 | 0.432 |
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(mmol/L) | 1.40 | 1.41 | 1.42 | 1.41 | 0.007 | 0.757 |
2.7 母猪妊娠后期与泌乳期饲粮中添加桂叶提取物对仔猪血清生化指标的影响
表8 母猪妊娠后期与泌乳期饲粮中添加桂叶提取物对仔猪血清生化指标的影响Table 8 Effects of dietary supplementation of cassia leaf extract during late gestation and lactation of sows on serum biochemical indexes of piglets |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | A | B | C | |||
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 57.81 | 55.21 | 58.52 | 58.94 | 0.952 | 0.540 |
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 51.09 | 48.35 | 52.28 | 52.37 | 0.804 | 0.311 |
| 碱性磷酸酶ALP/(U/L) | 615.00b | 858.71a | 860.00a | 780.18ab | 32.780 | 0.025 |
| 葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) | 7.46 | 7.80 | 7.84 | 7.89 | 0.170 | 0.805 |
| 总胆汁酸TBA/(μmol/L) | 45.12 | 24.29 | 36.34 | 38.70 | 3.069 | 0.110 |
2.8 母猪妊娠后期与泌乳期饲粮中添加桂叶提取物对仔猪粪便菌群的影响
图3 基于ASV水平的仔猪粪便菌群维恩图Fig.3 Venn diagram of piglet fecal microbiota based on ASV level |
表9 母猪妊娠后期与泌乳期饲粮中添加桂叶提取物对仔猪粪便菌群α多样性的影响Table 9 Effects of dietary supplementation of cassia leaf extract during late gestation and lactation of sows on fecal microbiota α diversity of piglets |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | A | B | C | |||
| Chao指数Chao index | 430.84 | 395.99 | 446.33 | 458.29 | 21.075 | 0.848 |
| Pielou_e指数Pielou_e index | 0.64ab | 0.61b | 0.70a | 0.70a | 0.012 | 0.023 |
| Shannon指数Shannon index | 5.46ab | 5.10b | 6.05a | 6.04a | 0.124 | 0.011 |
| Simpson指数Simpson index | 0.93ab | 0.89b | 0.96a | 0.95a | 0.008 | 0.008 |
图4 母猪妊娠后期与泌乳期饲粮中添加桂叶提取物对仔猪粪便菌群组成的影响Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Bacteroidota:拟杆菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Euryarchaeota:广古菌门;Synergistota:互养菌门;Verrucomicrobiota:疣微菌门;Actinobacteriota:放线菌门;Fusobacteriota:梭杆菌门;Desulfobacterota:热脱硫杆菌门;Spirochaetota:螺旋体门;Escherichia-Shigella:埃希氏-志贺氏菌属;Methanobrevibacter:甲烷短杆菌属;Prevotella:普雷沃氏菌属;Bacteroides:拟杆菌属;Cloacibacillus:阴沟杆菌属;Ruminococcus:瘤胃球菌属;Christensenellaceae_R-7_group:克里斯滕森氏菌科R-7群;Collinsella:柯林斯菌属;Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group:理研菌科RC9肠道群;Phascolarctobacterium:考拉杆菌属;Others:其他。 Fig.4 Effects of dietary supplementation of cassia leaf extract during late gestation and lactation of sows on fecal microbiota composition of piglets |
2.9 母猪妊娠后期与泌乳期饲粮中添加桂叶提取物对仔猪血清代谢物的影响
表10 仔猪血清中差异代谢物数量Table 10 Serum differential metabolite numbers of piglets |
| 项目 Items | CON组vs. A组 CON group vs. A group | CON组vs. B组 CON group vs. B group | CON组vs. C组 CON group vs. C group |
|---|---|---|---|
| 阳离子模式Positive ion mode | 178 | 95 | 81 |
| 阴离子模式Negative ion mode | 90 | 44 | 41 |
表11 通过超高效液相色谱-电喷雾-串联质谱在正、负离子模式下识别的仔猪血清代谢物Table 11 Piglet serum metabolites identified by UPLC-(+) ESI-MS/MS in positive and negative ion modes |
| 代谢物 Metabolites | A组vs. CON组 A group vs. CON group | C组vs. CON组 C group vs. CON group | 相关通路 Related pathway | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 差异倍数 FC | 变化 Change | 差异倍数 FC | 变化 Change | |||
| 负离子模式Negative ion mode | ||||||
| 硫酸脱氢表雄酮 Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate | 0.61 | ↓ | 胆汁酸代谢(P=0.017) | |||
| 多巴胺Dopamine | 1.38 | ↑ | 胆汁酸代谢(P=0.017) | |||
| 正离子模式Positive ion mode | ||||||
| 2-羟基戊二酸 2-hydroxyglutarate | 0.72 | ↓ | 丁酸盐代谢(P=0.021) | |||
| L-谷氨酸 L-glutamic acid | 1.35 | ↑ | 谷胱甘肽代谢(P=0.006),丙氨酸、 天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢(P=0.021), 二羟基丙酸与二羧酸代谢(P=0.034), 氮代谢(P=0.034) | |||
| 1.21 | ↑ | 牛磺酸与亚牛磺酸代谢(P=0.021)、 谷胱甘肽代谢(P=0.021)、 丁酸盐代谢(P=0.021) | ||||
| L-谷氨酰胺 L-glutamine | 1.25 | ↑ | 丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸 代谢(P=0.021),二羟基丙酸与 二羧酸代谢(P=0.034), 氮代谢(P=0.034) | |||
| L-天冬酰胺L-asparagine | 1.21 | ↑ | 丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸 代谢(P=0.021) | |||
| 牛磺酸Taurine | 1.39 | ↑ | 牛磺酸与亚牛磺酸代谢 (P=0.021) | |||
| 亚精胺Spermidine | 1.48 | ↑ | 谷胱甘肽代谢(P=0.006) | |||
| 1.67 | ↑ | 谷胱甘肽代谢(P=0.021) | ||||
↑:上调 up-regulated;↓:下调 down-regulated。 |

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