1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计和饲粮
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 育雏期Starting period | 生长期Growing period | 育肥期Finishing period | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 猪油Lard | 大豆油Soybean oil | 猪油Lard | 大豆油Soybean oil | 猪油Lard | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 低 Low | 中 Medium | 高 High | 低 Low | 中 Medium | 高 High | 低 Low | 中 Medium | 高 High | 低 Low | 中 Medium | 高 High | 低 Low | 中 Medium | 高 High | 低 Low | 中 Medium | 高 High | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 原料Ingredients | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 玉米Corn | 53.96 | 52.16 | 50.36 | 53.96 | 52.16 | 50.36 | 53.00 | 51.22 | 49.46 | 53.00 | 51.22 | 49.46 | 51.95 | 50.21 | 48.49 | 51.95 | 50.21 | 48.49 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 面粉Flour | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 1.96 | 1.96 | 1.96 | 1.96 | 1.96 | 1.96 | 1.93 | 1.93 | 1.93 | 1.93 | 1.93 | 1.93 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 30.90 | 31.20 | 31.50 | 30.90 | 31.20 | 31.50 | 30.34 | 30.64 | 30.93 | 30.34 | 30.64 | 30.93 | 29.76 | 30.05 | 30.33 | 29.76 | 30.05 | 30.33 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 米糠粕Rice bran meal | 1.12 | 1.12 | 1.12 | 1.12 | 1.12 | 1.12 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.08 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 菌体蛋白 Bacterial protein | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 1.96 | 1.96 | 1.96 | 1.96 | 1.96 | 1.96 | 1.93 | 1.93 | 1.93 | 1.93 | 1.93 | 1.93 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 玉米蛋白粉 Corn protein meal | 2.30 | 2.30 | 2.30 | 2.30 | 2.30 | 2.30 | 2.26 | 2.26 | 2.26 | 2.26 | 2.26 | 2.26 | 2.21 | 2.21 | 2.21 | 2.21 | 2.21 | 2.21 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 蛋氨酸羟基类似物 MHA | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| β-胡萝卜素制剂 β-carotene preparation | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 1.50 | 3.00 | 4.50 | 3.27 | 4.75 | 6.22 | 5.14 | 6.59 | 8.03 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 猪油Lard | 1.50 | 3.00 | 4.50 | 3.27 | 4.75 | 6.22 | 5.14 | 6.59 | 8.03 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 预混料Premix1) | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 5.89 | 5.89 | 5.89 | 5.89 | 5.89 | 5.89 | 5.78 | 5.78 | 5.78 | 5.78 | 5.78 | 5.78 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 12.30 | 12.64 | 12.98 | 12.30 | 12.64 | 12.98 | 12.74 | 13.08 | 13.41 | 12.74 | 13.08 | 13.41 | 13.21 | 13.55 | 13.86 | 13.21 | 13.55 | 13.86 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 21.80 | 21.60 | 21.40 | 21.70 | 21.50 | 21.70 | 21.20 | 21.50 | 21.00 | 21.30 | 21.20 | 21.20 | 20.50 | 20.30 | 20.10 | 20.40 | 20.30 | 20.30 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 粗脂肪EE | 4.20 | 5.50 | 6.80 | 4.50 | 5.50 | 6.80 | 5.70 | 6.80 | 7.80 | 5.60 | 7.10 | 7.90 | 7.60 | 8.50 | 10.00 | 7.50 | 8.80 | 9.80 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 标准化回肠可 消化赖氨酸 SID Lys | 1.38 | 1.38 | 1.39 | 1.38 | 1.38 | 1.39 | 1.35 | 1.36 | 1.36 | 1.35 | 1.36 | 1.36 | 1.33 | 1.33 | 1.33 | 1.33 | 1.33 | 1.33 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 标准化回肠可 消化蛋氨酸 SID Met | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.54 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 钙Ca | 0.90 | 0.88 | 0.83 | 0.86 | 0.78 | 0.80 | 0.91 | 0.87 | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.88 | 0.84 | 0.74 | 0.73 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 总磷TP | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.65 | 0.71 | 0.63 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.65 | 0.67 | 0.71 | 0.65 | 0.64 | 0.69 | 0.67 | 0.65 | 0.70 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1)育雏期预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets during starting period:VA 14 000 IU,VD 4 400 IU,VE 58 mg,VK 3.7 mg,VB1 6 mg,VB2 12.8 mg,VB6 14.5 mg,VB12 0.01 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 20 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 59 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.32 mg,生物素 biotin 0.29 mg,胆碱 choline 1 668 mg,Cu 17 mg,Fe 202 mg,Zn 103 mg,Mn 97 mg,I 0.7 mg,Se 0.44 mg。生长期预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets during growing period:VA 13 700 IU,VD 4 300 IU,VE 58 mg,VK 3.6 mg,VB1 6 mg,VB2 12.5 mg,VB6 14 mg,VB12 0.01 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 20 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 58 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.3 mg,生物素 biotin 0.28 mg,胆碱 choline 1 638 mg,Cu 17 mg,Fe 199 mg,Zn 101 mg,Mn 95 mg,I 0.69 mg,Se 0.43 mg。育肥期预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets during finishing period:VA 13 500 IU,VD 4 200 IU,VE 56 mg,VK 3.5 mg,VB1 5.9 mg,VB2 12.3 mg,VB6 14 mg,VB12 0.01 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 20 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 59 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.3 mg,生物素 biotin 0.28 mg,胆碱 choline 1 606 mg,Cu 17 mg,Fe 195 mg,Zn 99 mg,Mn 93 mg,I 0.67 mg,Se 0.42 mg。 2)粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、钙和总磷为实测值,其余为计算值。CP, EE, Ca and TP were measured values, while the others were calculated values. |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 样品采集与指标测定
1.4.1 生长性能
1.4.2 血清脂质和抗氧化指标
1.4.3 屠宰性能
1.4.4 肉品质
1.4.5 肝脏中β-胡萝卜素和维生素A含量及沉积总量
1.5 数据处理与统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 饲粮油脂来源与添加水平对肉鸡生长性能的影响
表2 饲粮油脂来源与添加水平对肉鸡生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of dietary oil sources and addition levels on growth performance of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 末重 FBW/g | 存活率 Survival rate/% | 料重比 F/G | 欧洲效益指数 EPI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 油脂来源Oil sources | ||||
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 2 829.00 | 95.40 | 1.46 | 440.90 |
| 猪油Lard | 2 834.40 | 94.00 | 1.49 | 427.70 |
| SEM | 23.850 | 1.260 | 0.021 | 11.120 |
| P值P-value | 0.875 | 0.425 | 0.327 | 0.412 |
| 油脂添加水平Oil addition levels | ||||
| 低Low | 2 770.40 | 93.10 | 1.52 | 406.50 |
| 中Medium | 2 856.30 | 95.00 | 1.46 | 441.90 |
| 高High | 2 868.30 | 96.00 | 1.44 | 454.40 |
| SEM | 29.200 | 1.550 | 0.025 | 13.620 |
| P值P-value | 0.059 | 0.180 | 0.099 | 0.059 |
| 交互作用Interaction | ||||
| P值P-value | 0.479 | 0.987 | 0.990 | 0.981 |
同列数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same column, values with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 饲粮油脂来源与添加水平对肉鸡血清脂质和抗氧化指标的影响
表3 饲粮油脂来源与添加水平对肉鸡血清脂质和抗氧化指标的影响Table 3 Effects of dietary oil sources and addition levels on serum lipid and antioxidant indices of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 脂质指标Lipid indices/(mmol/L) | 抗氧化指标Antioxidant indices | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 甘油三酯 TG | 总胆固醇 TC | 低密度脂 蛋白胆固醇 LDL-C | 高密度脂 蛋白胆固醇 HDL-C | 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/ (mmol/L) | 超氧化物 歧化酶 SOD/(U/mL) | 谷胱甘肽 过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/ (U/mL) | ||
| 油脂来源Oil sources | ||||||||
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 0.42 | 6.93 | 1.19 | 1.31 | 0.73a | 65.2 | 1 252b | |
| 猪油Lard | 0.49 | 6.84 | 1.32 | 1.19 | 0.59b | 65.6 | 1 287a | |
| SEM | 0.042 | 0.445 | 0.155 | 0.064 | 0.030 | 1.14 | 10.9 | |
| P值P-value | 0.278 | 0.887 | 0.544 | 0.183 | 0.004 | 0.787 | 0.035 | |
| 油脂添加水平Oil addition levels | ||||||||
| 低Low | 0.50 | 7.87 | 1.56 | 1.27 | 0.71 | 64.0b | 1 263 | |
| 中Medium | 0.45 | 6.58 | 1.11 | 1.26 | 0.68 | 68.7a | 1 282 | |
| 高High | 0.41 | 6.12 | 1.10 | 1.22 | 0.60 | 63.6b | 1 263 | |
| SEM | 0.051 | 0.545 | 0.189 | 0.079 | 0.036 | 1.40 | 13.4 | |
| P值P-value | 0.422 | 0.104 | 0.168 | 0.902 | 0.155 | 0.033 | 0.511 | |
| 交互作用Interaction | ||||||||
| P值P-value | 0.783 | 0.438 | 0.449 | 0.110 | 0.456 | 0.577 | 0.035 | |
2.3 饲粮油脂来源与添加水平对肉鸡肝脏β-胡萝卜素和维生素A沉积的影响
表4 饲粮油脂来源与添加水平对肉鸡肝脏β-胡萝卜素和维生素A沉积的影响Table 4 Effects of dietary oil sources and addition levels on liver deposition of β-carotene and vitamin A of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 含量Content/(μg/g) | 沉积总量Total deposition amount/μg | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β-胡萝卜素 β-carotene | 维生素A Vitamin A | β-胡萝卜素 β-carotene | 维生素A Vitamin A | ||
| 油脂来源Oil sources | |||||
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 0.44 | 190.14 | 25.08b | 10 774.7 | |
| 猪油Lard | 0.62 | 184.08 | 36.70a | 10 921.7 | |
| SEM | 0.070 | 8.557 | 3.813 | 375.60 | |
| P值P-value | 0.096 | 0.623 | 0.045 | 0.786 | |
| 油脂添加水平Oil addition levels | |||||
| 低Low | 0.38 | 144.70b | 24.52 | 9 115.7b | |
| 中Medium | 0.52 | 208.80a | 30.15 | 11 937.6a | |
| 高High | 0.69 | 207.80a | 38.00 | 11 491.3a | |
| SEM | 0.085 | 10.480 | 4.670 | 460.00 | |
| P值P-value | 0.065 | <0.001 | 0.151 | 0.001 | |
| 交互作用Interaction | |||||
| P值P-value | 0.466 | 0.469 | 0.238 | 0.142 | |
2.4 饲粮油脂来源与添加水平对肉鸡屠宰性能的影响
表5 饲粮油脂来源与添加水平对肉鸡屠宰性能的影响Table 5 Effects of dietary oil sources and addition levels on slaughter performance of broilers % |
| 项目 Items | 屠宰率 Dressing percentage | 全净膛率 Eviscerated percentage | 半净膛率 Half- eviscerated percentage | 胸肌率 Breast muscle percentage | 腿肌率 Leg muscle percentage | 翅膀率 Wing percentage | 腹脂率 Abdominal fat percentage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 油脂来源Oil sources | |||||||
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 89.54 | 72.15 | 82.90 | 29.80 | 30.25 | 10.29 | 1.30 |
| 猪油Lard | 91.60 | 70.13 | 80.89 | 31.80 | 27.85 | 9.91 | 1.41 |
| SEM | 0.790 | 1.330 | 1.324 | 1.064 | 1.684 | 0.506 | 0.123 |
| P值P-value | 0.082 | 0.297 | 0.297 | 0.240 | 0.327 | 0.602 | 0.545 |
| 油脂添加水平Oil addition levels | |||||||
| 低Low | 90.74 | 70.12 | 81.03 | 31.36 | 26.18 | 10.87 | 1.46 |
| 中Medium | 90.98 | 71.31 | 81.98 | 30.55 | 31.19 | 9.00 | 1.40 |
| 高High | 89.99 | 71.99 | 82.66 | 30.25 | 29.78 | 10.44 | 1.21 |
| SEM | 0.967 | 1.629 | 1.621 | 1.304 | 2.062 | 0.620 | 0.151 |
| P值P-value | 0.754 | 0.718 | 0.778 | 0.824 | 0.235 | 0.110 | 0.478 |
| 交互作用Interaction | |||||||
| P值P-value | 0.372 | 0.677 | 0.709 | 0.861 | 0.599 | 0.381 | 0.645 |
2.5 饲粮油脂来源与添加水平对肉鸡胸肌肉品质的影响
表6 饲粮油脂来源与添加水平对肉鸡胸肌肉品质的影响Table 6 Effects of dietary oil sources and addition levels on breast muscle quality of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 滴水损失Drop loss/% | 肉色Meat color | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24 h | 48 h | 亮度L* | 红度a* | 黄度b* | ||
| 油脂来源Oil sources | ||||||
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 2.54 | 3.50 | 47.25 | -0.25 | 7.41 | |
| 猪油Lard | 2.43 | 3.19 | 46.95 | -0.34 | 7.23 | |
| SEM | 0.441 | 0.564 | 0.593 | 0.151 | 0.608 | |
| P值P-value | 0.874 | 0.695 | 0.731 | 0.687 | 0.831 | |
| 油脂添加水平Oil addition levels | ||||||
| 低Low | 2.56 | 3.94 | 47.24 | -0.30 | 7.95 | |
| 中Medium | 2.76 | 3.49 | 46.50 | -0.20 | 6.80 | |
| 高High | 2.14 | 2.60 | 47.56 | -0.39 | 7.21 | |
| SEM | 0.540 | 0.690 | 0.726 | 0.185 | 0.745 | |
| P值P-value | 0.711 | 0.398 | 0.579 | 0.764 | 0.553 | |
| 交互作用Interaction | ||||||
| P值P-value | 0.828 | 0.279 | 0.629 | 0.298 | 0.545 | |

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