XU Youqing , LI Weifeng , DING Zhaokun . Glutamine on Immunity of Aquatic Animals: Effects and Mechanisms[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2012 , 24(3) : 406 -410 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2012.03.003

[1] FLARING U B,ROOYACKERS O E,WERNERMAN J,et al.Glutamine attenuates post-traumatic glutathione depletion in human muscle[J].Clinical Science,2003,104:275-282.
[2] EL-SHEIKH N M,KHALIL F A.L-arginine and L-glutamine as immunonutrients and modulating agents for oxidative stress and toxicity induced by sodium nitrite in rats[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2011,49:758-762.
[3] BABU R,EATON S,DRAKE D P,et al.Glutamine and glutathione counteract the inhibitory effects of mediators of sepsis in neonatal hepatocytes[J].Journal of Pediatric Surgery,2001,36(2):282-286.  
[4] SHANWARE N P,MULLEN A R,DEBERARDINIS R J,et al.Glutamine:pleiotropic roles in tumor growth and stress resistance [J].Journal of Molecular Medicine,2011,89(3):229-236.  
[5] YIN F,JIANG W,GUAN S,et al.Glutamine and animal immune function[J].International Journal of Food,Agriculture and Environment,2010,8(1):135-141.
[6] CREMIN J D,FLEMING S E.Glycolysis is a source of pyruvate for transamination of glutamine amino nitrogen in jejunal epithelial cells[J].American Journal of Physiology,1997,272(3):G575-G588.
[7] LIN C M,ABCOUWER S F,SOUBA W W.Effect of dietary glutamate on chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression[J].Nutrition,1999,15(9):687-696.  
[8] 徐洋,夏俊,方丽华.添加精氨酸和谷氨酰胺的胃肠外营养对肝癌术后患者细胞免疫状态的影响[J].中国生化药物杂志,2011,32(1):63-65.
[9] KUDSK K A,WU Y,FUKATSU K,et al.Glutamine-enriched total parenteral nutrition maintains intestinal interleukin-4 and mucosal immunoglobulin A levels[J].Journal of Parenter Enteral Nutrition,2000,24(5):270-275.  
[10] 温安祥,周定刚.谷氨酰胺对内毒素刺激下中华鳖免疫功能和生产性能的影响[J].动物营养学报,2011, 23(4):662-669.
[11] 朱青,许红,徐奇友,等.谷氨酰胺对幼鲟鱼血清、肝胰脏生化指标及体成分的影响[J].水产学杂志,2010,23(2):16-20.
[12] 叶均安,王冰心,孙红霞,等.谷氨酰胺二肽对日本对虾血清生化指标、肝胰腺细胞凋亡及肠黏膜形态的影响[J].海洋与湖沼, 2009, 40(3):347-352.
[13] ROSENBERG-WISER S,AVTALION R R.The cells involved in the immune response of fish.Ⅲ.Culture requirements of PHA-stimulated carp (Cyprinus carpio) lymphocytes[J].Developmental and Comparative Immunology,1982,6(4):693-702.
[14] 温安祥.谷氨酰胺缓解中华鳖免疫应激反应作用机理的研究 .博士学位论文.雅安:四川农业大学,2008:73-74.
[15] ELIASEN M M,WINKLER W,JORDAN V,et al.Adaptive cellular mechanisms in response to glutamine-starvation[J].Frontiers in Bioscience,2006,11:3199-3211.
[16] CHEN J,ZHOU X,FENG L,et al.Effects of glutamine on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage in intestinal epithelial cells of Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var.Jian)[J].Aquaculture,2009,288:285-289.
[17] KOHEN R,NYSKA A.Oxidation of biological systems:oxidative stress phenomena,antioxidants,redox reactions,and methods for their quantification[J].Toxicologic Pathology,2002,30(6):620-650.  
[18] RAU M A,WHITAKER J,FREEDMAN J H,et al.Differential susceptibility of fish and rat liver cells to oxidative stress and cytotoxicity upon exposure to prooxidants[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology,2004,137(4):335-342.
[19] XU Q,ZHU Q,XU H,et al.Dietary glutamine supplementation improves growth performance and intestinal digestion/absorption ability in young hybrid sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii ♀ × Huso dauricus )[J].Journal of Applied Ichthyology,2011,27(2):721-726.  
[20] SIES H.Glutathione and its role in cellular functions [J].Free Radical Biology and Medicine,1999,27:916-921.
[21] JOHNSON A T,KAUFMANN Y,LUO S,et al.Gut glutathione metabolism and changes with 7,12-DMBA and glutamine[J].Journal of Surgical Research,2003,115(2):242-246.  
[22] ALTEHELD B,EVANS M E,GU L H,et al.Alanylglutamine dipeptide and growth hormone maintain PepT1-mediated transport in oxidatively stressed caco-2 cells[J].The Journal of Nutrition,2005,135(1):19-26.
[23] 徐奇友,王常安,许红,等.饲料中添加谷氨酰胺二肽对哲罗鱼仔鱼肠道抗氧化活性及消化吸收能力的影响[J].中国水产科学,2010,17(2):351-356.
[24] 徐奇友,王常安,许红,等.丙氨酰-谷氨酰胺对哲罗鱼仔鱼生长和抗氧化能力的影响[J].动物营养学报,2009,21(6):1012-1017.
[25] 朱选,曹俊明,赵红霞,等.饲料中添加谷胱甘肽对草鱼组织中谷胱甘肽沉积和抗氧化能力的影响[J].中国水产科学,2008,15(1):160-166.
[26] WILSON R P,FOWLKES P L.Activity of glutamine synthetase in channel catfish tissues determined by an improved tissue assay method[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology,1976,54(3):365-368.
[27] MATS J M,PREZ-GMEZ C,DE CASTRO I N,et al.Glutamine and its relationship with intracellular redox status,oxidative stress and cell proliferation/death[J].The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology,2002,34(5):439-458.  
[28] 杨奇慧,周歧存,谭北平,等.谷氨酰胺对杂交罗非鱼生长、饲料利用及抗病力的影响[J].中国水产科学,2008,15(6):1016-1023.
[29] PIVA T J,MCEVOY B E.Oxidation of glutamine in HeLa cells:role and control of truncated TCA cycles in tumour mitochondria[J].Journal of Cellular Biochemistry,1998,68(2):213-225.  
[30] HADDAD J J,HARB H L.L-γ-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine (glutathione;GSH) and GSH-related enzymes in the regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines:a signaling transcriptional scenario for redox(y) immunologic sensor(s)? [J].Molecular Immuno1ogy,2005,42(9):987-1014.  
[31] HOUDIJK A P,VISSER J J,RIJNSBURGER E R,et al.Dietary glutamine supplementation reduces plasma nitrate levels in rats[J].Clinical Nutrition,1998,17(1):11-14.  
[32] LIU P,HOCK C E,NAGELE R,et al.Formation of nitric oxide,superoxide,and peroxynitrite in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats[J].American Journal of Physiology,1997,272(5):H2327-H2336.
[33] GANTER M T,WARE L B,HOWARD M,et al.Extracellular heat shock protein 72 is a marker of the stress protein response in acute lung injury[J].American Journal of Physiology Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology,2006,291(3):L354-L361.
[34] OEHLER R,PUSCH E,ZELLNER M,et al.Cell type-specific variations in the induction of hsp70 in human leukocytes by feverlike whole body hyperthermia[J].Cell Stress and Chaperones,2001,6(4):306-315.  
[35] WEISS Y G,BROMBERG Z,RAJ N,et al.Enhanced heat shock protein 70 expression alters proteasomal degradation of IkappaB kinase in experimental acute respiratory distress syndrome[J].Critical Care Medicine,2007,35(9):2128-2138.  
[36] WANG J,CHEN L,LI P,et al.Gene expression is altered in piglet small intestine by weaning and dietary glutamine supplementation[J].The Journal of Nutrition,2008,138:1025-1032.
[37] SINGLETON K D,SERKOVA N,BANERJEE A, et al.Glutamine attenuates endotoxin-induced lung metabolic dysfunction:potential role of enhanced heat shock protein 70[J].Nutrition,2005,21:214-223.
[38] SINGLETON K D,SERKOVA N,BECKEY V E,et al.Glutamine attenuates lung injury and improves survival after sepsis:role of enhanced heat shock protein expression[J].Critical Care Medicine,2005,33:1206-1213.
[39] MORRISON A L,DINGES M,SINGLETON K D,et al.Glutamine's protection against cellular injury is dependent on heat shock factor-1[J].American Journal Physiology Cell Physiology,2006,290:C1625-C1632.
[40] ELIASEN M M,BRABEC M,GERNER C,et al.Reduced stress tolerance of glutamine-deprived human monocytic cells is associated with selective down-regulation of Hsp 70 by decreased mRNA stability[J].Journal of Molecular Medicine,2006,84(2):147-158.  
[41] CURI R,NEWSHOLME P,PROCOPIO J,et al.Glutamine,gene expression,and cell function[J].Frontiers in Bioscience,2007,12:344-357.