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Diarrhea is a global challenge in the pig farming industry, especially when it comes to piglet diarrhea caused by porcine enteric viruses. The relationship between nutrition and animal health is extremely close, and nutritional intervention has become a crucial measure in preventing and controlling enteric virus infections. The theoretical foundation of nutritional intervention lies in understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of the virus and the regulatory role of nutrition in the virus, its infection, and the animal recovery process. This article, while briefly describing the main characteristics of porcine enteric viruses, focuses on summarizing research progress in the pathogenic mechanisms of the virus and the regulatory effects of nutrition on aspects such as immune, cell fate and intestinal microbiota. The aim is to provide a reference for a deeper understanding and research on the relationship between nutrition and porcine enteric viruses, and to develop nutritional technologies for intestinal health and disease resistance.
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Dietary fiber, as the most important food source of the intestinal microbiota, maintains the balance and homeostasis of the microbiota. Its metabolites, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), play a very important role in improving energy metabolism, intestinal barrier function, immune system, inflammatory response and intestinal hormone secretion. However, the structural characteristics of dietary fiber and the composition and fermentation characteristics of fiber in different feed materials are quite different, which also leads to great variability in the application of fibrous feed materials in animal production. Therefore, the structure and fermentation characteristics of dietary fiber were discussed in this paper, and the digestive process of dietary fiber components in animal intestines, the regulation mechanism of fermentation products on animal intestinal health, and the application status of dietary fiber in single-stomach animals were reviewed, aiming to provide reference for re-examining the fiber structure and its transport mechanism, and explore the potential nutritional value of dietary fiber and formulating the application measures of fiber nutrition in monogastric animals.
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Wujin pig is an excellent local pig breed in China. It is a high-quality material for “Xuanwei” ham. Its meat has unique flavor and high nutritional value. The domestic research on Wujin pig focuses more on meat quality, but lacks systematic research on Wujin pig germplasm characteristics and nutrition, which limits the development of Wujin pig breeding industry to a certain extent. In this paper, the germplasm characteristics and nutrition research progress of Wujin pig were reviewed, in order to provide the basis for the protection of Wujin pig germplasm resources and scientific breeding.
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Oxidative stress in the process of pig production leads to a decline in the quality and nutritional value of pork after slaughter, which will affect the health and purchase desire of consumers. Maintaining the stable state of the body’s oxidation-reduction is crucial for improving the quality of pork. Adding exogenous antioxidants to the diet can improve the oxidative stress of pigs and become an effective method to improve meat quality. In this paper, the effects of oxidative stress on pork quality were reviewed, and the current application status of natural and synthetic antioxidants such as phenols, polysaccharide, saponin, iridoid terpenes and phenylethanol glycosides used in diets were reviewed; then the effects of dietary antioxidants on pork quality and their mechanisms were revealed and summarized, and the future application direction of antioxidants in animal husbandry was discussed, in order to provide reference for the selection and application of high quality and efficient antioxidants.
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Amino acids are essential nutrients for pigs and are also one of the rarest and most expensive components in feed ingredients, playing a decisive role in healthy growth of animals and feed ingredients costs. The anti-nutritional factors, fiber, and protein structure in feed can all affect the digestibility of amino acids, and different processing techniques can eliminate or weaken the effects of these factors to improve the digestibility of amino acids in pigs feed. This article mainly reviews the effects of processing techniques such as grinding, extrusion, pelleting, enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation, fermented with bacteria and enzyme, and heating on the amino acids digestibility of pig feed.
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Polyphenols, as plant secondary metabolites, have good antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Studies have shown that polyphenols can enhance the intestinal barrier function, interact with intestinal microorganisms, and regulate antioxidant properties to achieve a protective effect on the organism, and have a broad application prospect as green feed additives in pig production. This paper reviews the definition and classification of plant polyphenols, the role and mechanism of regulating animal intestinal health and their application in swine production to provide a reference for their future application in green and healthy farming in swine production.
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Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi. Improper storage of food and feed can easily lead to mycotoxin contamination. Pigs may suffer from vomiting, diarrhea, reduced immunity and stunted growth after consuming feed contaminated with mycotoxins. As the main target organ of mycotoxins, the intestine is deeply endangered by them. This article summarizes the effects of mycotoxins on the digestion and absorption of nutrients and intestinal barrier function in pig intestines, and further reviews the alleviating effects of nutritional regulatory substances such as amino acids and plant extracts on mycotoxin toxicity, in order to provide reference for the prevention and control of mycotoxins.
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Bioactive peptides are a class of amino acid sequence polypeptide fragments with special biological functions, mainly through antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, immune and antioxidant functions to improve body health. Intestinal tract is the main organ for animals to digest and absorb nutrients, and a good intestinal environment is very important for maintaining body health. Bioactive peptides can maintain intestinal homeostasis and improve intestinal health by improving intestinal morphology and mucosal function, enhancing intestinal immune and antioxidant function, and regulating intestinal flora and its metabolites, etc. In this paper, the functional properties of common bioactive peptides and their regulatory mechanisms on intestinal health of livestock and poultry were reviewed, with a view to providing references for their application in livestock production and the development of novel bioactive peptides.
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The gut microbiota constitutes a crucial component of the animal intestinal system, playing a pivotal role in both intestinal growth and immune function maturation. Moreover, dysbiosis of intestinal flora is related to a variety of intestinal diseases. Diet is a key factor in determining the composition and function of gut microbiota, and intermittent fasting (IF) is a new type of feeding pattern in which fasting and eating cycles occur over a period of time. In recent years, many researches have indicated that IF maybe generates a positive impact on animal intestinal health such as intestinal microbial composition, intestinal microbial metabolites, intestinal barrier function and inflammatory response, et al. This review summarized the effects of IF on animal intestinal health, aiming to provide a reference for exploring measures to improve animal health.
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Selenomethionine (Se-Met) is the main form of selenium obtained by animals from plant feed materials, and it has a variety of biological functions such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-virus. It plays a positive role in improving the performance of livestock and poultry, improving the quality of animal products, and alleviating the stress in these animals. In this paper, by analyzing domestic and international literatures in recent years, the main biological functions of selenomethionine such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-virus, and its mechanism of action, and its application in livestock and poultry production, in order to provide theoretical reference for the efficient application of selenomethionine in livestock and poultry production.
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Honokiol is a natural medicinal extract with various physiological functions, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antimicrobial properties. It is the main active component responsible for the pharmacological effects of magnolia officinalis. Animal experiments had shown potential benefits in improving productivity, reproductive performance, and resistance to cadmium toxicity. Therefore, honokiol, as a novel feed additive, holds promising prospects. This review summarizes the absorption and metabolism, physiological functions, mechanisms of action of honokiol within the body, and its applications in animal production. Aims to provide insights into the potential use of honokiol as a green feed additive in livestock and poultry production.
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China is a major player in feed production, ranking first in the world. However, key protein ingredients such as soybeans heavily rely on imports. Therefore, it is particularly crucial to research and develop high-quality protein materials that can replace soybean meal. China has an abundant supply of cotton resources. The byproduct of cotton processing, cottonseed meal, is rich in proteins and amino acids. Further processed cottonseed protein, with its high crude protein content, rich nutrition, and wide availability, can partially replace soybean meal and reduce feed costs. This article summarizes the classification, processing techniques, nutritional values, available energy, and amino acid digestibility of cottonseed protein, which can provide references for the further development and efficient use of cottonseed protein.
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Distiller’s grains, a kind of ethanol production industry by-products, which contain abundant nutrients, such as high crude protein content, complete amino acids and rich bioactive substances, and can be used as an excellent unconventional feed resource. However, fresh distiller’s grains were easy to deteriorate and difficult to preserve, and contain higher content of anti-nutritional factors, such as crude fiber, resulting in the application of fresh distiller’s grains in monogastric animals is limited. Microbial fermentation can effectively reduce the content of crude fiber, increase the content of crude protein and the utilization rate of phosphorus, and improve the utilization efficiency of distiller’s grains. Therefore, the microbial fermentation of distiller’s grains into high quality biological feed is not only beneficial to promote its feed utilization, but also to save conventional feed resources such as corn and soybean meal and reduce breeding costs. This paper reviews the resources, nutritional characteristics and composition of distiller’s grains, the production process of fermented distiller’s grains and the application of fermented distiller’s grains in swine and chicken production, to provide reference for the application of fermented distiller’s grains as feed in swine and chicken production.
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Chinese livestock and poultry breeding industry is facing huge challenges such as high protein feed costs and shortage of domestic protein feed resources, thus finding new unconventional protein feed resources is an important task for the current breeding industry. Duckweed is a floating plant with high yield, wide source and high protein content. Duckweed has many biological functions such as promoting growth, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial, which had broad application prospects in animal husbandry production. This paper summarized the general situation, biological functions of duckweed and its application effects in livestock and poultry production, which aimed to provide the reference for the in-depth research, application and promotion of duckweed in livestock and poultry production.
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The aim of this experiment was to determine the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of rapeseed cake fed to growing-finishing pigs, and to establish prediction equations for DE and ME based on the effective chemical content of rapeseed cake. A total of 22 healthy castrated male pigs [Duroc×(Landrace×Large White)] were selected with an initial body weight of (51.2±1.7) kg for this experiment. Two incomplete 11×3 Latin square designs were employed, pigs were fed with 10 rapeseed cake diets and 1 basal diet, where the rapeseed cake diets replaced 20% of the basal diet with rapeseed cake. The experiment comprised 3 periods, each consisting of a 7-day adaptation period and a 5-day collection period for feces and urine. The total fecal and urine collection method and difference method were used to determine the DE and ME of rapeseed cake fed to growing-finishing pigs. The results showed as follows: 1) as-fed basis, the dry matter (DM) content of the 10 types of rapeseed cake samples ranged from 87.95% to 94.68%, gross energy (GE) ranged from 18.45 to 20.84 MJ/kg, and the contents of crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude ash (Ash), crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), calcium (Ca), total phosphorus (TP), and total glucosinolates (TGS) ranged from 35.15% to 43.61%, 5.48% to 11.76%, 5.99% to 7.75%, 8.26% to 11.32%, 21.89% to 48.61%, 13.13% to 22.87%, 0.50% to 0.62%, 0.92% to 1.30%, and 20.25 to 25.02 μmol/g, respectively. The variation coefficients of EE, CF, NDF, ADF and TGS contents were all higher than 10%. 2) As-fed basis, the average values of DE and ME of 10 types of rapeseed cake samples were 13.49 and 12.43 MJ/kg, respectively. 3) The NDF content of rapeseed cake exhibited an extremely significant negative correlation with both DE and ME (P<0.01). The optimal prediction equations for DE and ME were as follows: DE=15.398-0.063×NDF [residual standard deviation (RSD) =0.134, coefficient of determination (R2) =0.954, P<0.01] and ME=14.690-0.075×NDF (RSD=0.141, R2=0.963, P<0.01). In conclusion, there is significant variation in the fiber composition of different sources of rapeseed cakes, and the NDF content serves as the optimal predictor for the of DE and ME of rapeseed cake for growing-finishing pigs.
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In this study, the factorial test of 2 energy systems (metabolizable energy and net energy) × 2 oil sources (soybean oil and compound oil) was used to investigate the effects of compound oil replacing soybean oil in equal amount on growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs. A total of 192 healthy Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire weaned piglets with an initial body weight of (8.40±1.04) kg were randomly divided into 4 treatments with 6 replicates per treatment and 8 pigs (equal number of males and females) per replicate according to the initial body weight. According to NRC (2012), two energy systems of net energy and metabolizable energy were designed, and two diets of 7 to 11 kg and 12 to 25 kg were formulated, respectively. The control group was fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet, and the experimental group was fed a 2% compound oil equivalent diet instead of 2% soybean oil for 35 days. At the end of the feeding, six pigs with body weight close to the repeated average body weight were selected from each of the two treatments fed net energy diet, and slaughtered. Jejunal tissues were collected for morphological observation, jejunal mucosa, colonic contents, and fresh feces were collected for detection of tight junction protein expression, antioxidant indexes, volatile fatty acid contents, and microbial composition. The results showed that dietary supplementation of 2% compound oil instead of the same amount of soybean oil did not affect the growth performance and diarrhea rate (P>0.05). Replacing soybean oil with complex oil had a tendency to increase the contents of immunoglobulin G (IgG) (P=0.09) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) (P=0.06), but had no effect on the contents of serum inflammatory factors (P>0.05), serum lipid peroxide malonaldehyde (MDA) content was significantly decreased (P<0.05)), and serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) (P=0.06) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity (P=0.06) were increased. The serum total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), catalase (CAT), GSH-Px activities and T-AOC of pigs fed the metabolizable energy system diet were significantly higher than those of pigs fed the net energy system diet (P<0.05). Compound oil group significantly increased Claudin-1 and ZO-2 protein expression (P<0.05), the protein expression of Occludin also showed an increasing trend (P=0.09); the content of acetic acid in pig colon contents was significantly increased by replacing soybean oil with compound oil (P<0.05), and the Beta diversity of fecal microbiome level changed significantly (P<0.05), showed that feeding complex oil significantly increased the flora relative abundance of Firmicutes (P<0.05), significantly decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroidota (P<0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of 2% compound oil in the diet of nursery pigs instead of soybean oil does not affect the growth performance and health of nursery pigs, and helps to improve immunity, antioxidant capacity and maintain intestinal barrier function.
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This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with fermented traditional Chinese medicine on reproductive performance, lactation performance of sows, and growth performance of suckling piglets. Forty-five Landrace × Large White binary hybrid sows (1 week before farrowing) with 3 to 4 parity and similar body weight were randomly divided into 3 groups with 15 replicates per group and 1 sow per replicate. The control group was fed a basal diet, and the experimental groups were fed the basal diet supplementation with 2% and 4% fermented traditional Chinese medicine, respectively. These diets were fed from prenatal 7 days to postnatal 21 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, dietary supplementation with 2% and 4% fermented traditional Chinese medicine significantly increased the birth litter weight, weaning litter weight, average weaning weight, weaned piglet number and the average daily gain of piglets (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, dietary supplementation with 2% and 4% fermented traditional Chinese medicine significantly increased the lactation capacity of sows and the contents of milk fat and milk protein in colostrum components (P<0.05); significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (P<0.05), and significantly decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content in colostrum (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, dietary supplementation with 2% and 4% fermented traditional Chinese medicine significantly increased total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and SOD activity (P<0.05), significantly decreased MDA content in sow serum (P<0.05); and significantly increased the contents of prolactin (PRL), estradiol (E2) in serum (P<0.05), significantly decreased progesterone (Prog) content in sow serum (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, dietary supplementation with 2% and 4% fermented traditional Chinese medicine significantly increased the serum SOD activity of suckling piglets (P<0.05), and significantly decreased the diarrhea rate of piglets (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 2% and 4% fermented traditional Chinese medicine can significantly improve the reproductive performance and lactation performance of sows, and the growth performance of suckling piglets, decrease the diarrhea rate of piglets.
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This study aimed to investigate the effects of tea tree oil (TTO) on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immune function and the intestinal barrier function of weaned piglets. One hundred and fifty weaned piglets at 21 days of age were selected and randomly divided into five groups, with three replicates in each group and 10 piglets in each replicate. Piglets in control group were fed a basal diet, while those in TTO groups were fed diets added 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg TTO to the basal diet. The growth performance indexes, plasma antioxidant and immune indexes were measured after 28 days of feeding. And then the control group and 50 mg/kg TTO group were selected according to the results of growth performance and plasma antioxidant and immune indexes for the detection of intestinal mucosal antioxidant and immune indexes, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) stained sections to observe the intestinal tissue structure, and 16S rDNA sequencing to analyze the structure of intestinal flora. The results showed as follows: 1) the feed-to-gain ratio in all TTO groups were extremely significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.01), and there was no significant difference among the TTO groups (P>0.05), but the lowest feed-to-gain ratio was found in the 50 mg/kg TTO group. 2) Plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) content was extremely significantly increased (P<0.01) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content was extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01) in the 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg TTO groups compared with the control group. 3) The plasma content of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg TTO groups was extremely significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.01); the plasma content of immunoglobulin M (IgM) in the 25 and 200 mg/kg TTO groups was extremely significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.01), and also the 100 mg/kg TTO group was significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05). 4) The ileal villi length/crypt depth ratio was extremely significantly elevated in the 50 mg/kg TTO group compared with the control group (P<0.01). 5) Compared with the control group, the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the mucosa of duodenum and ileum was extremely significantly increased (P<0.01), the content of GSH-Px in the mucosa of duodenum and jejunum was extremely significantly increased (P<0.01), the content of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the mucosa of ileum was extremely significantly increased (P<0.01), and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the mucosa of jejunum and ileum was extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01) in the 50 mg/kg TTO group. 6) The content of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in the duodenal and ileal mucosa in the 50 mg/kg TTO group was extremely significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.01). 7) At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Firmicutes of the duodenum in the 50 mg/kg TTO group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05), and the relative abundance of Proteobacteria was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05); at the genus level, the relative abundance of Clostridium of the duodenum and ileum in the 50 mg/kg TTO group was extremely significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.01), and the relative abundance of Klebsiella of the duodenum, ileum and cecum was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). The 50 mg/kg TTO group showed extremely significant enhancement in amino acid metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides compared with the control group (P<0.01). In conclusion, it can be seen that the addition of TTO to the diet can improve the growth performance of weaned piglets, enhance the antioxidant capacity and immune function of the body, strengthen the intestinal barrier function, and improve the health of piglets.
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This experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and glycerol monolaurate (GML) enriched complex on semen quality of boars. Forty-eight 19 to 24-month-old Duroc boars were randomly divided into 4 groups with 12 replicates per group and 1 pig per replicate. Pigs in the control group were fed a basal diet, and others in experimental groups 1, 2 and 3 were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.18%, 0.24% and 0.30% DHA and GML enriched complex, respectively. The experiment lasted for 16 weeks. The results showed as follows: 1) the contents of DHA, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids in sperm of experimental groups 1, 2 and 3 were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.01). 2) On week 16, the total sperm count and effective sperm count of experimental groups 1, 2 and 3 were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05), and the sperm abnormal rate was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.01). 3) On weeks 4, 12 and 16, the sperm membrane integrity of experimental groups 1, 2 and 3 was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.01); on week 10, the sperm membrane integrity of experimental groups 2 and 3 was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). 4) The rotational motile sperm ratio in fresh semen of experimental group 1 was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05); after stored 72 h, the rotational motile sperm ratio of experimental group 1 was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.01). 5) The serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content of experimental group 2 was significantly lower than that of the control group and experimental groups 1 and 3 (P<0.01). The fresh sperm superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of experimental groups 1 and 2 was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.01), and the fresh seminal plasma SOD activity of experimental group 2 was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). After stored 24 h, the sperm MDA content of experimental groups 1, 2 and 3 was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.01). 6) The serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content of experimental groups 1 and 2 was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.01). The fecal diamine oxidase (DAO) content of experimental groups 1 and 2 was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.01), and the fecal calprotectin content of experimental groups 1 and 2 was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, the DHA and GML enriched complex positively influence the semen quality of boars by affecting the sperm fatty acid composition, oxidative stress and inflammatory status.
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The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of cage density on growth performance, immune organ development, antioxidant capacity, intestinal tissue morphology and mRNA expression of immune-related genes of male and female separately-fed yellow-feathered broilers. A total of 720 twenty-one-day-old yellow-footed hemp chickens were selected and raised in three layers of cascading cage (length×width×height=1.2 m×0.8 m×0.4 m), and male and female broilers were reared separately and randomly divided into 4 groups (5 replicates in each group), which were 15 (low density group), 17 (medium density group), 19 (medium-high density group) and 21 birds/m2 (high density group), respectively. The experimental period was 42 days. The results showed as follows: 1) for male broilers, during 21 to 42 days of age, the average daily feed intake of high density group was significantly lower than that of low density group and medium density group (P<0.05); during 43 to 63 days of age, the average daily feed intake of medium-high density group and high density group was significantly lower than that of low density group and medium density group (P<0.05), and the average daily gain of medium-high density group and high density group was significantly lower than that of low density group (P<0.05). For female broilers, during 21 to 42 days of age, the average daily feed intake of medium-high density group and high density group was significantly lower than that of low density group (P<0.05), and the average daily gain of high density group was significantly lower than that of low density group (P<0.05); during 43 to 63 days of age, the average daily feed intake of high density group was significantly lower than that of low density group and medium density group (P<0.05), and the average daily gain of medium-high density group was significantly lower than that of low density group (P<0.05). 2) For male broilers, the liver weight of low density group was significantly lower than that of other groups (P<0.05), and the liver index was significantly lower than that of high density group (P<0.05). 3) For female broilers, the serum superoxide dismutase activity of medium density group was significantly higher than that of high density group (P<0.05), and the serum malondialdehyde content of medium-high density group was significantly higher than that of high density group (P<0.05). 4) For male broilers, the jejunal villus height/crypt depth of medium density group was significantly higher than that of high density group (P<0.05). For female broilers, the duodenal crypt depth of high density group was significantly higher than that of medium-high density group (P<0.05), the duodenal villus height/crypt depth of medium-high density group was significantly higher than that of high density group (P<0.05); the jejunal villus height of high density group was significantly lower than that of medium density group and medium-high density group (P<0.05), and the jejunal villus height/crypt depth of high density group was significantly lower than that of low density group (P<0.05); the ileal crypt depth of high density group was significantly higher than that of other groups (P<0.05). 5) For male broilers, the mRNA expression level of tumor necrosis factor-ɑ (TNF-ɑ) in jejunum of medium-high density group was significantly higher than that of other groups (P<0.05). For female broilers, the mRNA expression levels of nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in jejunum of medium-high density group were significantly higher than those of low density group (P<0.05). In conclusion, high cage density can affect the growth performance, antioxidant capacity and intestinal tissue morphology related indicators of yellow-feathered broilers. Cage density may affect intestinal immune function of yellow-feathered broilers by influencing gene expression of intestinal antioxidant and immune-related genes.
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This experiment was conducted to study the effects of soybean bioactive peptide on growth performance, slaughter performance, meat quality, immune function and antioxidant capacity of yellow-feathered broilers. A total of 800 healthy one-day-old Dahen yellow-feathered male broilers were randomly divided into 5 groups with 10 replicates per group and 16 broilers per replicate. The control group was fed a basal diet, the antibiotic group was fed the basal diet 0.2g/kg enramycin, and the experimental groups were fed the experimental diets which used 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% soybean bioactive peptide instead of soybean meal in the basal diet, respectively. The experiment lasted for 70 days. The results showed as follows: 1) the final body weight and average body weight of antibiotic group and 0.2% soybean bioactive peptide group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05), and the feed to gain ratio was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in average daily feed intake among all groups (P>0.05). 2) There were no significant differences in slaughter rate, half-eviscerated rate, eviscerated rate, breast muscle rate, leg muscle rate, abdominal fat rate among all groups (P>0.05). 3) There were no significant differences in blood routine indices among all groups (P>0.05). 4) The breast muscle 45 min meat color of 0.2% soybean bioactive peptide group was significantly higher than that of control group, antibiotic group and 0.4% soybean bioactive peptide group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in breast muscle 45 min and 24 h pH, 24 h meat color, drip loss, cooking loss and muscle fiber diameter, cross-sectional area and density among all groups (P>0.05). 5) The serum lysozyme content of antibiotic group and 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% soybean bioactive peptide groups was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). The contents of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in serum of 0.2% soybean bioactive peptide group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05), and the contents of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) in serum was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). 6) There were no significant differences in spleen index and bursa of Fabricius index among all groups (P>0.05). 7) The serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of antibiotic group and 0.2% soybean bioactive peptide was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) in serum among all groups (P>0.05). In conclusion, dietary adding 0.2% soybean bioactive peptide can improve the growth performance and immune function, improve the meat quality and enhance antioxidant capacity of yellow-feathered broilers, and can replace the effect of antibiotics.
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This experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary turmeric powder on performance and immune performance of yellow-feathered broilers. A total of 320 yellow-feathered broilers of 1-day-old were randomly divided into 4 groups with 8 replicates per group and 10 broilers per replicate. The broilers in the control group were fed a basal diet, and the others in the experimental groups were fed the basal diets supplemented with 150 mg/kg curcumin (curcumin group), 5 g/kg turmeric powder (0.5% turmeric powder group) and 10 g/kg turmeric powder (1.0% turmeric powder group), respectively. The broilers in the turmeric powder groups were fed the same amount of turmeric powder instead of chaff. The experiment lasted for 70 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the ratio of feed to gain of broilers from 29 to 70 days of age in turmeric powder groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05), the ratio of feed to gain of broilers from 1 to 70 days of age in 1.0% turmeric powder group was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and dietary turmeric powder had no significant effects on slaughter performance, muscle shear force and meat color (P>0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, the contents of essential amino acids, total amino acids and total fatty acids in muscle of broilers in 0.5% turmeric powder group were significantly increased (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, dietary turmeric powder significantly increased thymus index, serum avian influenza antibody content, and serum contents of immunoglobulin, complement, interleukin, interferon-γ and lysozyme of broilers (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, dietary turmeric powder significantly decreased the mRNA relative expression levels of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in immune organs of broilers (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary turmeric powder can reduce the feed to gain ratio and promote the growth of yellow-feathered broilers; improve meat quality, and enhance its nutritional value; regulate the expression of genes related to NF-κB signaling pathway, reduce inflammation, regulate immune performance and improve performance of yellow-feathered broilers.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of low energy diet supplemented with emulsifier on growth performance, serum biochemical indexes, organ development, pancreatic digestive enzyme activities and cecal microflora of broilers. A total of 180 one-day-old Arbor Acres (AA) broilers with similar body weight were randomly divided into 3 groups with 6 replicates per group and 10 broilers per replicate. Broilers in the control group were fed a basal diet, broilers in the low energy group were fed a low energy diet (reduce 0.17 MJ/kg metabolic energy based on basal feed), and broilers in the emulsifier group were fed the low energy diet supplemented with 350 mg/kg emulsifier (the main component was polyethylene glycol glycerol castor ester). The experiment lasted for 21 days. The results showed that: 1) compared with the control group, the average body weight gain of broilers aged from 21 to 28 days of the low energy group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, the serum urea nitrogen (UN) content of the low energy group was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the serum globulin (GLB) content was significantly increased (P<0.05); the serum total protein (TP) and GLB contents of the emulsifier group were significantly increased (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the abdominal adipose index of low energy group and emulsifier group was significantly increased (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, the pancreatic trypsin activity of the emulsifier group was significantly increased (P<0.05). 5) Compared with the low energy group, the liver triglyceride (TG) content of the emulsifier group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 6) Compared with the low energy group, the cecal microbiota Shannon index, Observed_features index, Faith_pd index, and Chao1 index of the emulsifier group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the cecal Chloroflexi relative abundance was significantly increased (P<0.05). In conclusion, the low energy diet supplemented with emulsifier has a certain positive impact on the growth performance of broilers, can increase the pancreatic trypsin activity, alleviate liver fat deposition, improve the diversity of cecal microflora and the relative abundance of Chloroflexi.
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The aim of this study was to reveal the effects of alginate oligosaccharide (AOS) on growth performance, immune organ indices, serum antioxidant indices and intestinal health of broilers. Sodium alginate was hydrolyzed to prepare AOS of different molecular weights with alginate lyase PDE9 at enzyme-activity units of 100, 200 and 800 U. The molecular weights of the prepared AOS were determined using high performance molecular exclusion chromatography. The weight-average molecular weights of the three AOS were 23 981, 5 038 and 3 766 u, which were sequentially labeled with high molecular weight, medium molecular weight and low molecular weight, respectively. Then a total of 280 male Arbor Acres (AA) broiler chickens of 1-day-old with the same body condition and similar body weight were randomly divided into 4 groups with 7 replicates per group and 10 chickens per replicate. Broilers in the control group (CON group) were fed a basal diet, and the others in experiment groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg AOS with low molecular weight (AL group), medium molecular weight (AM group) and high molecular weight (AH group), respectively. The experiment lasted for 40 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with CON group, the body weight of broilers at 40 days of age and the average daily gain (ADG) during 1 to 40 and 21 to 40 days of age in AL, AM and AH groups were significantly increased (P<0.05); the body weight of broilers at 20 days of age and ADG during 1 to 20 days of age in AL and AM groups were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the ratio of feed to gain (F/G) during 1 to 20 days of age was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 2) Compared with CON group, the liver index of broilers at 20 days of age in AL group was significantly decreased (P<0.05); the bursa of Fabricius index of broilers at 20 days of age in AM and AH groups was significantly increased (P<0.05). 3) Compared with CON group, the crypt depth (CD) in jejunum of broilers in AH group tended to be decreased (P=0.084), the mRNA relative expression levels of sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1), zinc transporter 1 (ZnT1), zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1), mucin-2, occludin in AH group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the claudin-3 mRNA relative expression level in jejunum tended to be increased (P=0.081). 4) Compared with CON group, the mRNA relative expression levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-17 (IL-17) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in cecal tonsil of broilers in AH group were significantly decreased (P<0.05). 5) Compared with CON group, the β diversity of microbiota in cecum of broilers in AH group tended to be increased (P=0.055), and the relative abundances of Bacteroides, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, Ruminiclostridium, Phascolarctobacterium, Parasutterella, Campylobacter, Gallibacterium and Escherichia-Shigella in cecum in AH group were significantly increased (P<0.05). In conclusion, adding different molecular weights of AOS in diets can effectively improve the growth performance of broilers; among them, the high molecular weight AOS requires less enzyme in preparation, has relatively lower production cost, and can enhance immune function and improve intestinal health of broilers.
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In this experiment, the effective energy value of Hy-Line brown laying hens to different sources of corns was determined by indirect calorimetry combined with substitution method, and a net energy (NE) prediction equation of corn based on physical and chemical indicators was established. A total of 72 Hy-line brown laying hens aged 54 weeks with body weight of (1 898.32±114.12) g and laying rate of (90.74±1.31)% were randomly divided into 6 groups (1 corn-soybean meal basal diet group and 5 experimental diet groups with 30% corn replacement ratio) with 6 replicates per group and 2 hens per replicate. The test hens were caged in the house, the pre-test period was 10 days, and the trial period was 12 days. The trial period was divided into 3 periods, each period was 4 days (1 day for adaptation, and 3 days for breath calorimetry). In each period of test, four hens were selected from each group, put them into 12 metabolic chambers (2 hens in each chamber) of the respiratory calorimetry device after weighing, each 2 metabolic chambers correspond to 1 kind of diet. Indirect calorimetry and digestion and metabolism tests were performed at the same time. The results were follows: 1) the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of the five corns were 15.09, 14.18, 14.67, 14.33 and 14.28 MJ/kg DM, respectively; the NE were 10.90, 10.33, 10.82, 10.47 and 10.44 MJ/kg DM, respectively; the NE/AME were 72.17%, 72.84%, 73.71%, 72.99% and 73.11%, respectively. 2) The NE prediction equation of corn is NE=-0.001+0.57×AME+0.606×ether extract (EE)+0.088×crude fiber (CF) (R2=0.987, P<0.01). Cross-validation showed that the NE prediction model of corn for laying hens obtained in this experiment is more accurate, and the NE of corn can be predicted by using this model according to the AME and the contents of EE and CF.
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This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different proportions of wheat supplementation on performance, egg quality, serum biochemical indices, small intestine morphology and cecal microflora of Fengda No.1 laying hens during peak laying period. A total of 768 Fengda No.1 laying hens of 300-day-old with good growth and similar body condition were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates in each group and 32 hens in each replicate. Hens in the control group were fed a corn-soybean meal basal type diet, while those in the experimental groups were fed diets supplemented with 20%, 40% and 60% wheat, respectively, which were based on the dietary nutrient levels in the control group, and supplemented with an appropriate proportion of compound wheat enzyme according to the wheat dosage. Meanwhile, the diets were adjusted accordingly to ensure the basic consistency of dietary energy and protein levels. The pre-experimental period lasted for 7 days and the trial period lasted for 49 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the supplementation of 20%, 40% and 60% wheat had no significant effects on the main performance indices of laying hens during peak laying period (P>0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, the supplementation of different proportions of wheat significantly reduced the yolk color (P<0.05), and significantly increased the eggshell strength and eggshell thickness (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the supplementation of 40% and 60% wheat significantly increased the serum calcium content (P<0.05), and significantly decreased the serum triglyceride content (P<0.05); meanwhile, the serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol content in 40% wheat group was significantly higher than that in the other three groups (P<0.05), and the serum albumin content in 60% wheat group was significantly higher than that in the other three groups (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, the supplementation of different proportions of wheat had no significant effects on villus height, crypt depth and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in small intestine of laying hens during peak laying period (P>0.05). 5) Compared with the control group, there was no significant difference in α diversity and β diversity of cecal microflora in 40% wheat group (P>0.05); at the phylum level, the supplementation of 40% wheat significantly increased the relative abundances of Desulfobacterota and WPS-2 in cecum (P<0.05). In conclusion, the supplementation of different proportions of wheat can increase the eggshell strength and eggshell thickness, decrease the serum lipid content, and improve nutritional metabolism of Fengda No.1 laying hens during peak laying period. Under the conditions of this experiment, it is more appropriate to add 40% wheat in the diet for Fengda No.1 laying hens during peak laying period.
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This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary different levels of boiled flaxseed on growth performance, egg quality, yolk fatty acid enrichment and serum biochemical indexes of marine blue brown laying hens. A single-factor experimental design was used to select 1 620 Hyline brown laying hens with similar body weight [(2.05±0.06) kg] and laying rate [(72.4±0.5)%] at late laying period were randomly divided into 6 groups with 6 replicates per group and 45 hens per replicate. The control group was fed a basal diet, the untreated group was fed a basal diet supplemented with 4% untreated flaxseed, and the trial groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ were fed a basal diet supplemented with 4%, 8%, 12% and 16% boiled flaxseed, respectively. The pre-test period was 1 week, and the experimental period was 5 weeks. The results showed as follows:1) under the same dietary flaxseed supplemental level, the laying rate of untreated group was significantly lower than that of trial group Ⅰ (P<0.05), and the laying rate of trial groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and control group was significantly higher than that of trial group IV (P<0.05), and the highest was in trial group Ⅱ. Compared with the control group, the average egg weight of trial groups Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ was significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with trial group Ⅰ, the egg to feed ratio of trial groups Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 2) Different levels of boiled flaxseed had no significant effects on egg shape index, egg white ratio and yolk ratio (P>0.05). Compared with the control group, the Haugh unit of trial group Ⅱ was significantly increased (P<0.05), no significant effect was found in trial groups Ⅰ and Ⅲ (P>0.05), and the Haugh unit of trial group Ⅳ was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the eggshell strength of trial groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ and III was also significantly increased (P<0.05), and there was no significant effect in group Ⅳ (P>0.05), and the eggshell strength of trial group Ⅰ was significantly higher than that of the untreated group (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the yolk of trial groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ exhibited a significant increase in ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content (P<0.05), while the ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratio significantly decreased (P<0.05). Among all groups, trial group Ⅱ had the highest docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content and the lowest ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratio. Additionally, compared with the untreated group, trial group Ⅰ showed a significant increase in DHA and ω-3 PUFA contents with a simultaneous decrease in ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratio (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, adding different levels of boiled flaxseed into diets resulted in a significant decrease in total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) contents, as well as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity in serum of laying hens (P<0.05). Trial group Ⅱ had the lowest TC, TG, LDL contents along with AST and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities; however, TG content in trial group Ⅳ significantly increased (P<0.05), serum AST and ALT activities were significantly higher than those of trial groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ (P<0.05). Furthermore, the serum TC and TG contents along with AST and ALT activities were significantly lower in trial group Ⅰ compared with those of untreated group (P<0.05). 5) The ω-3 PUFA deposition efficiency and the ω-3 PUFA and DHA deposition amount per egg of the untreated group were significantly lower than those of other groups (P<0.05). In this study, under the conditions of this experiment, the optimal addition amount of boiled flaxseed in the diet is 6.2% to 11.0%, which can effectively enrich ω-3 PUFA such as DHA and ALA in egg yolk. It has no adverse effect on egg quality, and can improve the growth performance, blood lipid indexes and liver function of laying hens (55-weeks-old) in late laying period.
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The experiment was to investigate the effects of dietary tea polyphenols supplementation on growth performance, slaughter performance, muscle quality and antioxidant capacity of lion-head goose at 0 to 18 weeks of age. A total of 360 male lion-headed goose with body weight and genetic background at 1 day of age were randomly divided into 3 groups with 6 replicates per group and 20 lion-headed goose per replicate. The control group was fed a basal diet, and the experimental groupsⅠ and Ⅱ were fed the basal diet supplemented with 500 and 1 000 mg/kg tea polyphenols respectively for 18 weeks. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, feed to gain ratio in all experimental groups significantly reduced at 13 to 18 weeks of age (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, the abdominal fat rate in all experimental groups significantly reduced (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the 24 h redness (a*) value of chest muscle, and 45 min a* value of leg muscle in all the experimental groups significantly increased (P<0.05) and the shear force of chest muscle significantly decreased (P<0.05), while the pH45 min and pH24 h of leg muscle in the experimental group Ⅱ significantly increased (P<0.05) and the 24 h lightness (L*) value of leg muscle and drip loss of chest muscle significantly decreased (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, the crude ash content in chest muscle and leg muscle in all experimental groups significantly decreased (P<0.05) and the moisture content in the chest muscle significantly decreased in the experimental group Ⅱ (P<0.05). 5) Compared with the control group, the activity of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) in chest muscle and leg muscle in all experimental groups significantly increased (P<0.05) and activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in leg muscle significantly increased (P<0.05), and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in chest muscle significantly decreased (P<0.05); total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in chest muscle in experimental group Ⅰ significantly increased (P<0.05), T-AOC in leg muscle in experimental group Ⅱ significantly increased (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary addition of tea polyphenols increases feed conversion, improves meat quality, reduces abdominal fat rate, and improves muscle antioxidant capacity in lion-head goose. In addition, under the experimental conditions, the application effect of dietary supplemented with 1 000 mg/kg tea polyphenols is relatively better in lion-hean goose at 0 to 18 weeks of age.
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The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of biotin on serum biochemical indices, intestinal mucosal epithelial morphology and intestinal flora structure of breeding geese during laying period. A total of 150 thirty-four-week-old Wulong geese (open-eyed geese) breeders with similar size were randomly divided into 6 groups with 5 replicates in each group and 5 geese (1 male and 4 females) in each replicate. The dietary biotin supplemental levels of 6 groups were 0 (control), 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively. The pre-test period was 1 week, and the test period was 17 weeks. The results showed as follows: 1) dietary biotin supplemental levels had no significant effects on the contents of total serum cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride in serum (P>0.05). The serum total protein content of 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 mg/kg biotin groups was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05), the serum albumin content of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 mg/kg biotin groups was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05), and the serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol content of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 mg/kg biotin groups was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). 2) The duodenal villus height of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 mg/kg biotin groups was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05), and the duodenal villus height of 0.2 mg/kg biotin group was significantly higher than that of other groups (P<0.05). The duodenal villus height/crypt depth of 0.3 mg/kg biotin group was significantly higher than of other groups except 0.2 mg/kg biotin group (P<0.05). Dietary biotin supplemental levels had no significant effect on the duodenal crypt depth (P>0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the relative abundances of Massilia and Pygmaiobacter in cecum of 0.2 mg/kg biotin group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the relative abundances of Romboutsia, Turicibacter and Flavonifractor in cecum were significantly decreased (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplemented appropriate level of biotin in can promote the morphological development of intestinal mucosal epithelium and regulate the of intestinal flora structure of breeding geese during laying period. Under the conditions of this experiment, the dietary supplemented appropriate level of biotin for breeding geese during laying period is 0.26 to 0.34 mg/kg.
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The experiment aimed to provide a theoretical basis for screening high-yield traits and exploring their regulatory mechanisms in Wulong geese by studying the differences in gut morphology, gut microbiota structure, and nutrient utilization rate among Wulong geese at different egg production levels. A total of 300 Wulong geese at 34 weeks of age with similar body conditions were selected for the experiment and fed the same feed. Single cage feeding was used to continuously record the egg production for 70 days during the peak egg production period. According to the different egg production levels, a total of 150 Wulong geese with high, medium and low egg production levels were selected, with 50 geese in each group. The results showed that 1) in terms of intestinal morphology, intestinal weight, jejunum villus height and villus height/crypt depth, and ileum villus height/crypt depth in the high-yield group were significantly higher than those in the low-yield group (P<0.05), and duodenal crypt depth was significantly lower in the low-yield group (P<0.05). 2) In terms of the structure of gut microbiota, the relative abundance of Desulfovibrio in the gut in the high-yield group was higher than that in the low-yield group, and the relative abundance of unclassified Erysipelotrichiaceae, unclassified Lachrillaceae, Slackia, and Enorma in the cecum in the low-yield group was higher than that in the high-yield group. 3)In terms of nutrient utilization rate, calcium utilization rate was significantly higher in the high-yield group than in the low-yield group(P<0.05). From this, it can be seen that there are significant differences in gut development, gut microbiota structure, and nutrient utilization rate among Wulong geese at different egg production levels. These findings will provide a theoretical basis for the regulation mechanism of high-yield traits and precise breeding of high-yield traits in Wulong geese.
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This experiment was conducted to study the effects of compound bacteria culture on performance, non-specific immune function and antioxidant capacity of dairy cows. Forty healthy Holstein cows with two parities and similar lactation days [(92.1±25.6) d], milk yield [(36.8±4.6) kg/d] and milk protein content [(2.98±0.48)%] were randomly divided into 2 groups with 20 cows per group. Cows in the control group were fed a basal diet, and those in the experimental group were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.23 kg/d compound bacteria culture. The pre-trial period lasted for 7 days and the experimental period lasted for 60 days. Feed intake and milk yield were recorded daily during the experiment. Milk was collected every 20 days to determine the milk composition, and blood was collected at the beginning and ending of the experiment to determine the immune and antioxidant indices. The results showed as follows: 1) on days 41 to 60 of the experiment, the average daily feed intake of cows in the control group was decreased by 2.92% compared with days 1 to 20 of the experiment, while it was increased by 3.12% in the experimental group. On days 21 to 40 and 41 to 60, the milk yield of cows in the experimental group was increased by 2.17 (P<0.01) and 2.42 kg/d (P<0.05) compared with that in the control group, respectively. During the experiment, there were no significant differences in milk protein and non-fat milk solid contents between 2 groups (P>0.05). 2) On day 60, the serum lysozyme (LZM) content, acid phosphatase (ACP) activity, lymphocyte proliferation capacity and neutrophil phagocytosis capacity of cows in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05), the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in serum in the experimental group were significantly increased by 11.54%, 22.09% and 17.18% compared with the control group (P<0.05), and the serum malondialdehyde content was significantly decreased by 35.38% compared with the control group (P<0.05), respectively. The results indicate that the compound bacterial culture can significantly increase feed intake and milk yield, improve non-specific immune function and enhance antioxidant capacity of dairy cows.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of birth weight and daily weight gain during lactation on future milk production of Holstein dairy cows. In this study, 1 517 440 daily milk production records, 62 094 calving difficulty score records and 45 060 birth and weaning weight records were collected from 5 ten-thousand scale Holstein dairy cattle farms in China during 2019—2022. The general linear model (GLM) process of SAS 9.1 software was used to analyze the variance of factors affecting daily milk production, including calving season, parity, birth weight, daily weight gain during lactation, lactation stage, sire and the interaction between parity with birth weight and daily gain during lactation. The least square means of different birth weights and daily gain during lactation corresponding to the daily milk production of all future parities were obtained, and Bonferroni multiple comparisons were conducted. The results showed as follows: 1) the calving season, parity, birth weight, daily weight gain during lactation, lactation stage, sire and the interaction between parity with birth weight and daily weight gain during lactation had extremely significant effects on daily milk production (P<0.01). 2) With the increase of birth weight, the daily milk production of each parity showed an upward trend, and the future daily milk production of calves was better when the birth weight was 44 to 48 kg, but the eutocia rate of adult cows was significantly decreased when the birth weight was≥46 kg. 3) When the daily weight gain during lactation was 800 to 850 g, the future daily milk production of each parity was significantly higher than that of the other levels of daily weight gain during lactation (P<0.05). In conclusion, when the birth weight of Holstein dairy calves is 44 to 46 kg and the daily weight gain during lactation is 800 to 850 g, the future daily milk production can be improved.
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The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of compound Chinese herbs after fermentation with probiotics and its effects on serum biochemical, antioxidant and reproductive hormone indices of dairy cows in late pregnancy. The fermented compound Chinese herbs were prepared using Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Twenty-four healthy Holstein dairy cows in late pregnancy were randomly divided into 3 groups with 8 replicates in each group and 1 cow in each replicate. Cows in 3 groups were fed basal diets supplemented with 0 (control group), 1% and 2% fermented compound Chinese herbs, respectively. The pretest period lasted for 15 days, and the experimental period lasted for 45 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the unfermented compound Chinese herbs, the crude protein and crude fiber contents in fermented compound Chinese herbs were significantly increased (P<0.01). 2) Compared with the unfermented compound Chinese herbs, the total polysaccharides, total flavonoids and total saponins contents in fermented compound Chinese herbs were significantly increased (P<0.01), however, the total phenolics content was significantly decreased (P<0.01). 3) Compared with the control group, dietary supplemented with 1% fermented compound Chinese herbs significantly increased the serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol content of dairy cows (P<0.05), and significantly decreased the serum aspartate aminotransferase activity (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, dietary supplemented with 1% fermented compound Chinese herbs significantly increased the serum glutathione peroxidase activity of dairy cows (P<0.05); dietary supplemented with 1% and 2% fermented compound Chinese herbs significantly increased the serum total antioxidant capacity of dairy cows (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and significantly decreased the serum malondialdehyde content (P<0.05). 5) Compared with the control group, dietary supplemented with 1% and 2% fermented compound Chinese herbs significantly increased the serum progesterone content of dairy cows (P<0.05), and significantly decreased the serum estradiol content (P<0.05 or P<0.01); dietary supplemented with 2% fermented compound Chinese herbs significantly increased the serum luteinizing hormone content (P<0.05). In conclusion, the biological activity of compound Chinese herbs is improved after fermentation with probiotic. Dietary supplemented with probiotic fermented Chinese herbs can regulate the reproductive hormone contents and enhance antioxidant capacity of dairy cows in late pregnancy.
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This experiment aimed to study the preventive effects of new type of calcium supplement on postpartum hypocalcemia and ketosis of dairy cows. A total of 60 healthy parous Holstein peripartum dairy cows were randomly divided into 2 groups with 30 dairy cows in each group, which with 15 second pregnancy dairy cows and 15 third pregnancy and over third pregnancy dairy cows. Cows in the experimental group were given the new type of calcium supplement when calving, and cows in the control group were given the commonly used calcium supplement; the second pregnancy dairy cows were given 1 tube/head when calving, and the third pregnancy and over third pregnancy dairy cows were given once more 1 tube/head after calving 12 h. The caudal vein blood samples were collected at 1, 4 and 8 h after given calcium supplementation, and extra caudal vein blood samples were collected at 12, 16 and 20 h for the third pregnancy and over third pregnancy dairy cows. The blood mineral element contents, blood gas indexes, and blood biochemical indexes were measured, and the average milk yield within 7 days postpartum and incidence rate of postpartum diseases within 21 days postpartum were recorded. The results showed as follows: 1) after given the two kinds of calcium supplements, the blood ionized calcium (iCa) content at 1 to 8 h after calving of all dairy cows showed an increasing trend, and the blood iCa content at 8 to 20 h after calving of the third pregnancy and over third pregnancy dairy cows of the experimental group was significantly higher than that at 1 h after calving (P<0.05). The blood magnesium ion (Mg2+) content at 8 h after calving of all dairy cows of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). 2) The blood base excess (BE) content at 8 h after calving of the second pregnancy dairy cows of the control group was significantly higher than that of the experimental group (P<0.05). The blood hydrogen carbonate (HCO3-) content at 8 to 20 h after calving of the third pregnancy and over third pregnancy dairy cows of the experimental group was significantly higher than that at 1 h after calving (P<0.05), and the blood HCO3- content at 4, 8 and 20 h of the control group was significantly higher than that at 1 h after calving (P<0.05). 3) The blood non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) content of the second pregnancy dairy cows of the control group was significantly decreased with time increased (P<0.05), and the blood NEFA content at 4 to 20 h after calving of the third pregnancy and over third pregnancy dairy cows of 2 groups was significantly higher than that at 1 h after calving (P<0.05). The blood glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity at 1, 4 and 8 h of the second pregnancy dairy cows of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05), and the blood GGT activity at 4 to 20 h after calving of the third pregnancy and over third pregnancy dairy cows of the experimental group was significantly higher than that at 1 h after calving (P<0.05). 4) The average milk yield of the second pregnancy dairy cows of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05), and the incidence rate of ketosis of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). In summary, given the new type of calcium supplement for dairy cows with different parities is beneficial to the prevention of postpartum hypocalcemia and ketosis, reducing the incidence rate of ketosis, and decreasing the impact of calving stress on the performance of dairy cows.
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This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different dietary crude protein levels on lactation performance of Bingangjiang buffalo. A single factor completely randomized block design was used in the experiment, and 21 healthy Bingangjiang buffalo with similar age [(6.33±2.75) years], parity [(3.14±1.56) parities] and milk yield in upper parity were randomly divided into 3 groups (7 heads per group). They were fed total mixed rations with low crude protein level (9.5%), medium crude protein level (12.5%) and high crude protein level (14.8%), respectively. The pre-trial period lasted for 7 days and the experimental period lasted for 273 days. The results show that with the increase of dietary crude protein level, the relevant indices of lactation performance of Bingangjiang buffalo had certain changes, among which the average daily milk yield, average milk yield and contents of milk protein, milk non-fat solids and milk urea nitrogen in 14.8% crude protein group were significantly higher than those in 9.5% crude protein group (P<0.05), and the above indices were not significantly different between 9.5% and 12.5% crude protein groups (P>0.05). With the increase of lactation time, the milk fat content in 12.5% and 14.8% crude protein groups basically showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, and the change in 9.5% crude protein group was not obvious, but the milk fat content in all three groups was higher at the end of lactation than at the beginning of lactation, and the milk fat content in 12.5% crude protein group was the highest (7.84%). There were no significant differences in average lactation days, milk fat to protein ratio and contents of milk fat, milk lactose and milk total solids among the three groups (P>0.05), and little changes in milk fat to protein ratio and contents of milk lactose and total solids were observed. The milk somatic cell count in 12.5% crude protein group was significantly higher than that in 9.5% and 14.8% crude protein groups (P<0.05). In conclusion, increasing dietary crude protein level from 9.5% to 14.8% can significantly increase the milk yield and contents of milk protein, milk non-fat solids and milk urea nitrogen, but has no significant effects on lactation days and contents of milk fat, milk lactose and milk total solids as well as milk fat to protein ratio of Bingangjiang buffalo.
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This study was conducted to explore the effects of basal diet replaced by fermented feed mulberry with different proportions on rumen fermentation, rumen bacterial and fungal community structure of beef cattle. A total of 30 Simmental crossbred fattening beef cattle with similar body weight (287.45±22.63) kg were randomly divided into 3 group, namely the control group, the NT1 and NT2 groups, with 10 replicates per group. The control group was fed a basal diet, NT1 and NT2 groups were fed experimental diets which used 10% and 20% fermented feed mulberry to replace the basal diet. The pre-test lasted for 14 days, and the test lasted for 116 days. The results showed as follows: 1) the content of pentanoic acid in rumen fluid in NT1 and NT2 groups significantly increased compared with the control group (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio (F/B) in the NT2 group significantly increased (P<0.05), the relative abundance of Prevotella significantly reduced (P<0.05), the relative abundance of unclassified_Oscillospiraceae and Lachnospiraceae_UCG-008 significantly increased (P<0.05). Moreover, the rumen bacteria in NT2 group enriched in the pathways: environmental information processing, signal transduction, two-component system, drug resistance: antimicrobial significantly increased (P<0.05),and the pathways: global and overview maps, biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites, biosynthesis of antibiotics significantly decreased (P<0.05) compared with the control group. 3) The observed_species, ACE, Chao1, and Shannon indexes of fungal in the NT1 group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). In addition, compared with the control group, the relative abundance of Penicillium, Botryotinia, Byssochlamys, and Trichodermas in the NT1 group significantly upregulated (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while the relative abundance of Rhodotorula, Conoxybe and unclassified_Ceratobasidaceae significantly downregulated (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Simultaneously, the relative abundance of Rhodotorula, Conoxybe and unclassified_Ceratobasidaceae in the NT2 group also decreased compared wiht the control group (P<0.05). In summary, different proportions of diet replaced by fermented feed mulberry increase the content of pentanoic acid in rumen fluid, increase the diversity of rumen fungi flora, alter the composition and function of rumen bacteria and fungi, thus improve rumen internal environment.
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The purpose of this experiment was to explore the effects of coated betaine (CBet) on growth performance and serum indexes of Pingliang red bull in the late fattening period. A total of 18 healthy red bulls with similar weight (470.78±16.10) kg were randomly divided into 3 groups (control group, test group Ⅰ and test group Ⅱ), 6 bulls in each group. Among them, the control group was fed a basic diet, the test group Ⅰ was fed the basic diet+3.5 g/d CBet, and the test group Ⅱ was fed the basic diet+7.0 g/d CBet. The pre-test period was 7 d and the formal period was 54 d. After the test, the growth performance, serum biochemical indexes and antioxidant function of each group were determined. The results showed as follows: 1) the average daily gain (ADG) of Pingliang red bull in test group Ⅰ was significantly higher than that in the control group and test group Ⅱ (P<0.05), while the feed/gain (F/G) was significantly lower than that in the other two groups (P<0.05). 2) The albumin (ALB), urea nitrogen (UN) contents and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in test group Ⅱ of Pingliang red bull serum were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05), while the contents of triglyceride (TG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). 3) The serum glucose (GLU) content in the test group Ⅱ was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, the addition of 3.5 g/d CBet to the diet can improve the growth performance in late fattening period of Pingliang red bull, while the addition of 7.0 g/d CBet can improve the serum immunity, antioxidant, fat metabolism and energy metabolism.
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This study was conducted to study the effects of starter supplemented with tannin on rumen fermentation parameters and microflora structure of preweaning calves. Sixty healthy 1-day-old Chinese Holstein female calves with similar birth weight [(39.9±1.9) kg] were randomly divided into 4 groups with 15 calves per group, and each calf was raised in a single pen. Calves in control group (CON group) were fed starter, and those in experimental groups were fed the starter supplemented with 0.30% (QTE1 group), 0.45% (QTE2 group) and 0.60% (QTE3 group) quebracho tannin-chestnut tannin extracts (QTE, total tannin content≥73%). The QTE was composed of quebracho tannin extract (condensed tannin) and chestnut tannin extract (hydrolyzed tannin), and the ratio of them was 2∶1. The experiment lasted for 63 days. All calves were weaned uniformly during the experiment and rumen fluid was collected on the last day of the experiment. The results showed that: 1) the final body weight of calves in experimental groups was significantly higher than that in CON group (P<0.05). 2) Although rumen fluid pH, the concentrations of microbial protein and total volatile fatty acid, the molar ratios of acetic acid and valeric acid, and acetic acid/propionic acid ratio were not significantly affected by QTE supplemental level in starter (P>0.05), the concentration of ammonia-nitrogen showed a quadratic decreasing trend (P=0.05), the molar proportion of propionic acid tended to increase linearly (P=0.10), the molar proportion of butyric acid showed a significant quadratic increasing (P=0.03), and the molar proportions of isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid showed a trend to decrease linearly (P=0.08 and P=0.05) with the increase of QTE supplemental level. The ammonia nitrogen concentration in QTE2 group was the lowest, and the molar proportion of propionic acid in QTE2 group was the highest. The molar proportion of butyric acid in QTE2 group was significantly higher than that in CON group and QTE3 group (P<0.05); the molar proportion of isovaleric acid in QTE2 group was significantly lower than that in CON group and QTE3 group (P<0.05). 3) The Shannon index in QTE1 group, QTE2 group and QTE3 group was significantly higher than that in CON group (P<0.05), and the highest value was found in the QTE2 group. 4) At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria increased linearly with the increase of QTE supplemental level (P=0.01), and the QTE2 group and QTE3 group were significantly higher than CON group and QTE1 group (P<0.05); the ratio of the relative abundance of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes decreased linearly with the increase of QTE supplemental level (P=0.01), and the QTE1 group, QTE2 group and QTE3 group were significantly lower than CON group (P<0.05). At the genus level, the relative abundance of Prevotella increased linearly with the increase of QTE supplemental level (P=0.01), and the QTE2 group and QTE3 group were significantly higher than CON group (P<0.05); the relative abundance of Butyrivibrio tended to decrease linearly with the increase of QTE supplemental level (P=0.01); the relative abundance of Olsenella tended to increase linearly (P=0.05). In conclusion, tannin improves the rumen fermentation pattern and growth of preweaning calves by increasing the diversity of rumen microflora and relative abundances of beneficial bacteria of calves, optimizing the structure of rumen microflora. The optimal supplemental level of QTE in the starter of preweaning calves under the condition of this study is 0.45%.
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The purpose of this experiment was to explore the energy metabolism rule and requirement of 40 to 90 kg yak calve. Thirty-five healthy (60±3)-day old yak calves (male) with similar body weight were divided into 3 groups, namely the initiation slaughter group (IS group, 7 calves), middle slaughter group (MS group, 7 calves) and final slaughter group (FS group, 21 calves), while the FS group was subdivided into the ad libitum feeding group (AL group, 7 calves), 70% feeding group (IR70 group, 7 calves) and 40% feeding group (IR40 group, 7 calves). The pre-experimental period lasted for 30 days, and the experimental period lasted for 90 days. The yak calves in AL group, IR70 group and IR40 group were fed the basal diets in a gradient manner. When the body weight of yak calves in IS group, MS group and AL group reached 48, 64 and 88 kg, 5 yak calves in each of the 5 groups were selected for slaughter. The digestive metabolism experiment and gas metabolism were conducted before two weeks of the experiment end. The results showed as follows: 1) the final body weight, average daily weight gain and average daily feed intake of AL group were significantly higher than those of IR70 group and IR40 group (P<0.05). 2) The apparent digestibility of crude protein, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber and acidic detergent fiber of AL group were significantly higher than those of IR70 group and IR40 group (P<0.05), the gross energy, fecal energy, metabolic energy and digestive energy of AL group were significantly higher than those of IR70 group and IR40 group (P<0.05), and the gross energy digestibility and gross energy metabolic rate of AL group and IR40 group were significantly higher than those of those of IR70 group (P<0.05). 3) The oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production of AL group and IR70 group were significantly higher than those of those of IR40 group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in methane production and respiratory entropy among the three groups (P>0.05), and the respiratory entropy ranged from 0.65 to 0.80. 4) The energy contents in tissues from high to low was: fat > muscle > blood+viscera > skin > bone > hair. 5) For 40 to 90 kg yak calves, the net growth energy requirement with average daily gain of 100 to 500 g/d was 1.37 to 8.10 MJ/d, and the model of growth net energy requirement was: log10 energy=0.830 9+1.232×log10 empty body weight. The regression equation for maintaining net energy requirement was: log10 heat production=0.000 138×metabolic energy intake+2.573, and the maintaining net energy requirement was 374.1 kJ/kg SBW0.75. In summary, it was concluded that the respiratory entropy of gas metabolism of 40 to 90 kg yak calves range from 0.65 to 0.80. the maintaining net energy requirement is 374.1 kJ/kg SBW0.75, the growth net energy requirement with average daily gain of 100.00 to 500.00 g/d is 1.37 to 8.10 MJ/d, which filled in the basic parameters for nutritional needs in feeding standards of yak calves.
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The main purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effects of replacing soybean meal with milk thistle meal on the growth performance, blood biochemical indexes, liver antioxidant indexes and metabolism related gene expression of lambs. Sixty-three Hulunbuir lambs with similar body weight and good physical condition were selected as experimental animals and were randomly divided into 3 groups with 7 replicates of 3 sheep per replicate. The proportions of replacing soybean meal with milk thistle meal in the three diets were 0 (group Ⅰ), 50% (group Ⅱ) and 100% (group Ⅲ), respectively. The experimental period was a total of 90 days, with a pre feeding period of 27 days and a trial period of 63 days. Weighed and recorded the experimental lambs every month during the experimental period, and recorded the feed intake every day. After the experiment, nine lambs were randomly selected from each group for blood collection, and three lambs were slaughtered to collect liver tissue samples for subsequent testing. The results showed as follows: 1) the growth performance of lambs in groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ had no significant difference (P>0.05). 2) There were no significant differences in serum metabolic indexes among groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ (P>0.05); the plasma interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) contents of lambs in group Ⅲ were significantly higher than those in group Ⅰ (P≤0.05), but the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) contents were not significantly different among groups (P>0.05). 3) There were no significant differences in liver antioxidant indexes among groups (P>0.05). Among them, the antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver in group Ⅲ were higher than those in group Ⅰ (P>0.05), and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in group Ⅲ was lower than that in group Ⅰ (P>0.05). 4) The relative expression levels of liver lipid metabolism related genes acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 1 (ACAA1), aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member A2 (ALDH3A2) and fatty acid synthase (FASN) in group Ⅲ were higher than those in group Ⅰ, but the differences were not significant (P>0.05); the relative expression level of liver glucose metabolism related gene fructose-bisphosphatase 1 (FBP1) in group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that in group Ⅰ (P≤0.05), and the relative expression levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2 (PCK2) and glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit (G6PC) were higher than those in group Ⅰ, but the differences were not significant (P>0.05); the relative expression levels of liver tricarboxylic acid cycle pathway related genes succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit B (SDHB)and succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C (SDHC) in group Ⅲ were significantly higher than those in group Ⅰ (P<0.05), and the relative expression level of isocitrate dehydrogenase 3β subunit (IDH3B) was higher than those in group Ⅰ, but the difference was not significant (P>0.05). Therefore, using milk thistle meal to replace soybean meal in the diet does not have a negative impact on growth performance and liver metabolism of lambs. Simultaneously, it can enhance the contents of immune cytokines in blood, and helps improving disease resistance. Moreover, the milk thistle meal can improve liver antioxidant capacity, upregulate liver metabolic gene expression, and accelerate energy metabolism cycle of lambs, so the milk thistle meal has a positive effect on production.
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This study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementing different doses of glycerol on the apparent digestibility, rumen fermentation parameters, expression of genes related to volatile fatty acids (VFA)absorption in rumen epithelium, and rumen morphological structure in non-pregnant ewes. Forty healthy adult ewes of similar age and weight were randomly assigned to one of four groups: control, test group Ⅰ, test group Ⅱ, and test group Ⅲ, each group consisted of 10 replicates with one animal per replicate. The control group was fed a basic diet. In addition to the basic diet, the test groups were drenched daily with 1%, 7%, or 12% glycerol (dry matter basis, calculated based on an estimated daily dry matter intake of approximately 1.3 kg per ewe in each group, equating to glycerol drench volumes of 10, 70 and 120 mL, respectively; purity: 99.88%; calorific value: 18.1 MJ/kg). A pre-feeding period of 14 days was followed by a main feeding period of 60 days. The results showed as follows: 1) the neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and ash apparent digestibility in test group Ⅱ were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05), and the NDF and ADF apparent digestibility in test group Ⅱ were also significantly higher than those in test group Ⅰ (P<0.05), with no significant difference between the other groups (P>0.05). 2) In test group Ⅰ, the ruminal fluid pH was significantly lower than that in the control group and test group Ⅱ (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) content in the rumen was significantly higher in test group Ⅰ and test group Ⅲ (P<0.01), and significantly higher in test group Ⅱ (P<0.05). The contents of acetate and propionate in the control group were significantly different from those in test group Ⅰ and test group Ⅲ (P<0.01), and significantly different from test group Ⅱ (P<0.05). The butyrate content, the proportions of various VFAs, and the acetate to propionate ratio showed no significant differences among the groups (P>0.05). 3) With the increase in glycerol feeding, the expression of down-regulating adenoma carrier (DRA), Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3) and proton-pumping ATPase (vH+ ATPase) in the rumen epithelium increased first and then decreased. However, the expression of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1), monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) and sodium/potassium ATPase (Na+/K+ ATPase) in the ruminal epithelium gradually decreased. There was no significant difference in the relative expression of Na+/H+ exchanger 1 (NHE1) and Na+/H+ exchanger 2 (NHE2) among the groups (P>0.05). 4) The rumen papillae morphology was good in the control group, test groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ, but the keratin layer in test group Ⅲ was damaged. Compared with the control group, the papillae width in all test groups was significantly lower (P<0.01), and the height was significantly higher (P<0.05). The thickness of the keratin and granular layers in test groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ was significantly lower than that in the control group and test group Ⅰ (P<0.05). In conclusion, daily gavage of glycerol can improve nutrient apparent digestibility, improve rumen fermentation environment, promote the growth of stratum corneum of the rumen epithelium and granular layer, and promote the expression of some genes related to VFA absorption in rumen epithelium. Under the conditions of this experiment, 7% gavage of glycerol is more effective.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024, 36(4):2541-2550]
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The purpose of the experiment was to study the effects of high-concentrate diet supplemented with Polygonum hydropiper L. on growth performance, serum biochemical, immune, inflammation and antioxidant indexes of sheep. Forty 3-month-old Duhan crossbred male lambs weighing (23.26±0.33) kg were randomly divided into 4 groups with 10 lambs in each group. The ratio of concentrate to roughage in the basal diet was 75∶25, and the addition levels of Polygonum hydropiper L. were 0 (control group), 5 (L1 group), 10 (L2 group) and 15 g/d (L3 group). The experimental period was 75 days of which the pre-test period was 15 days and the formal period was 60 days. Results showed as follows: the average daily gain and weight gain in late stage of the L3 group were significantly higher than those of the other three groups(P< 0.05); compared with the control group, the addition of Polygonum hydropiper L. significantly reduced the contents of urea nitrogen and triglyceride in serum (P<0.05), significantly increased serum low density lipoprotein cholesterin content (P<0.05), the serum total cholesterol content in the L3 group was significantly higher than that in the other three groups (P<0.05),the high density lipoprotein cholesterol content in the L3 group was significantly higher than that in the control group and L1 group (P<0.05); compared with the control group, the addition of Polygonum hydropiper L. could significantly increase the activities of total antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase, and total superoxide dismutase in serum (P<0.05), significantly reduce serum malonaldehyde content (P<0.05), the catalase activity in L2 and L3 groups was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05); compared with the control group, adding Polygonum hydropiper L. could significantly increase acid phosphatase activity and immunoglobulin, interferon-γ contents in serum (P<0.05), significantly reduce nitric oxide and lipopolysaccharide contents in serum (P<0.05), serum interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α contents in the L2 and L3 groups were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). It is found that the addition of Polygonum. hydropiper L. to high-concentrate diet can improve the antioxidant capacity and immune function of sheep, reduce the contents of serum pro-inflammatory factors, alleviate the inflammation caused by eating high concentrate diets, increase the average daily gain and total weight gain of sheep, and have a positive effect on maintaining the health of sheep. Under the conditions of this experiment, Polygonum. hydropiper L. will not have a bad effect on the body, and the addition amount of 15 g/d is the best.
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This study aimed to screen the plasma differential metabolites before and after short distance race of Yili horses by non-targeted metabolomics technology. Six Yili horses with the best performance of 2 000 m in Xinjiang Speed Racing Open were selected to collect the cervical venous blood before and after the race and prepare plasma. Non-targeted metabolomics detection was performed on the plasma samples based on liquid chromatogre-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and the differential metabolites before and after short distance races of Yili horses were screened and pathway enrichment analysis was performed. The results showed that compared with the pre-race, the differential metabolites in positive and negative ion modes were screened after the race. Among them, L-leucyl-L-alanine, N-lactophenylalanine, acetylcarnitine, allantoin were significantly higher than those before the race (P<0.05); creatinine, cortisol, lipoic acid, 2-aminoadipic acid, N-acetyl-L-methionine, xanthosine were significantly lower than those before the race (P<0.05). The differential metabolites were significantly enriched in pyrimidine metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, and alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, bile secretion, aldosterone synthesis and secretion and other pathways. The metabolites of Yili horses change significantly before and after the short distance race, which provide a theoretical basis for post-race recovery and breeding of excellent horses.
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The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of adding Clostridium butyricum (CB) or sodium butyrate (SB) to the diet on growth performance, serum biochemical indexes, liver immunity, antioxidant capacity and hypoxia stress of juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Three kinds of iso-nitrogen (50%) and iso-lipid (9%) diets were prepared, which were the basal diet (Con), the basal diet supplemented with 10 mL/kg CB, and the basal diet supplemented with 1.0 g/kg SB. A total of 360 fish with body weight of (5.02±0.01) g were randomly divided into 3 groups and fed 3 kinds of diets with 3 replicates per group and 40 fish per replicate. The culture experiment was carried out for 8 weeks, and then hypoxia stress test was carried out. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with Con group, weight gain rate (WGR) and protein deposition rate (PDR) in CB group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in CB group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with Con group, the intestinal body index (ISI) in CB group was significantly increased (P<0.05). 2) Compared with Con group, the serum alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity and triglyceride (TG) content in SB group were significantly decreased (P<0.05), the serum urea nitrogen content in CB and SB groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the serum glucose (GLU) content in SB group was significantly increased (P<0.05). 3) Compared with Con group, dietary CB and SB supplementation significantly increased liver total protein (TP) content (P<0.05), and liver catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lysozyme (LZM) activities in CB and SB groups were significantly increased (P<0.05). The liver malondialdehyde (MDA) content in SB group was significantly lower than that in Con group (P<0.05). 4) Compared with Con group, the relative expression level of Toll-like receptor 22 (TLR22) gene in liver of SB group was significantly increased (P<0.05). The relative expression levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) genes in CB and SB groups were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the relative expression levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and growth hormone (GH) genes in CB group were significantly increased (P<0.05). 5) After 3 h of hypoxia stress, the cumulative mortality of Con, CB and SB groups was 68.75%, 31.25% and 35.42%, respectively. Compared with Con group, the cumulative mortality in CB group and SB group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of CB and SB can improve the growth performance, liver antioxidant enzyme activity, inhibit the expression of liver anti-inflammatory factors of largemouth bass, and improve the survival rate under hypoxia stress. Compared with SB, CB supplementation has better effects on growth performance, immunity and antioxidant of largemouth bass.
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This study was conducted to investigate the effects of diet supplemented with different levels of cystine on hair production performance of Angora rabbits. A total of 180 wool clipped Angora rabbits were divided into five groups with 36 replicates per group, and each replicate had one rabbit. Rabbits in the control group were fed a corn-soybean meal type basal diet, and those in the experimental groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4% cystine, respectively. The pre-trial lasted for 3 days, and the formal trial lasted for 73 days. The results showed that, compared with the control group, diet supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% cystine significantly improved the average daily feed intake (P<0.05), and diet supplemented with 0.1% and 0.2% cystine significantly reduced the feed/wool ratio (P<0.05); diet supplemented with 0.4% cystine significantly increased the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in serum (P<0.05); diet supplemented with 0.1% and 0.3% cystine significantly increased the secondary hair follicle density of subcutaneous of back (P<0.05), diet supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.4% cystine significantly increased the breaking force of rabbit hair (P<0.05), and diet supplemented with 0.4% cystine significantly increased the fiber fineness of rabbit hair (P<0.05); in addition, diet supplemented with 0.2% and 0.3% cystine significantly upregulated the expression of keratin-associated protein 6.1 (KAP6.1) in back skin of rabbits (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary cystine supplementation can improve wool quality and promote the hair follicle development of Angora rabbits. Under the conditions of this experiment, the optimal supplemental level of cystine in the diet of Angora rabbits is 0.1%.
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This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of different starch source diets on growth performance, slaughter performance, meat quality and serum biochemical indices of meat rabbits. A total of 160 Ira meat rabbits at 35 days of age, weaned at the same time and with similar body condition, were randomly divided into 4 groups with 8 replicates per group and 5 rabbits per replicate, half male and half female in each group. The experimental groups were designated as the corn group, wheat group, tapioca group and sweet potato group. Each respective group was fed a experimental diet in which corn, wheat, tapioca, or sweet potato served as the sole source of starch, while ensuring that the energy and nitrogen content of each experimental diet remained consistent. The pre-trial phase spanned a duration of 7 days, while the experimental phase extended over a period of 28 days. The results showed as follows: 1) there were no significant differences in feed to gain ratio, diarrhea frequency and mortality rate among all groups (P>0.05). The corn group exhibited a significantly greater average daily gain compared with both the sweet potato group (P<0.01) and the tapioca group (P<0.05). The corn group exhibited a significantly higher average daily feed intake compared with both the tapioca group (P<0.01) and the sweet potato group (P<0.05). The average daily gain and average daily feed intake of the wheat group were significantly higher than those of the tapioca group and sweet potato group (P<0.01). 2) There were no significant differences in semi-eviscerated weight, eviscerated weight, semi-eviscerated rate and eviscerated rate among groups (P>0.05). 3) There were no significant differences in meat color, pH (45 min, 24 h and 48 h), cooking loss, drip loss (24 and 48 h) and shear force among all groups (P>0.05). 4) The serum aspartate aminotransferase activity of the sweet potato group was significantly lower than that of the wheat group (P<0.05). In conclusion, under the conditions of this experiment, corn or wheat starch as dietary starch source can improve the growth performance of meat rabbits than tapioca and sweet potato starch, and different starch sources have no obvious adverse effects on slaughter performance, meat quality and serum biochemical indices.
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The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effects of dietary active yeast on growth performance, meat quality and intestinal flora of growing meat rabbits. A total of 360 thirty-five-day-old weaned rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups with 6 replicates per group and 20 rabbits per replicate. Rabbits in the control group were fed a basal diet (no active yeast added), and others in experimental groups were fed the basal diets supplemented with 500 and 1 000 g/t active yeast, respectively. The experiment lasted for 34 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, dietary supplemented with 500 and 1 000 g/t active yeast significantly increased the survival rate of growing meat rabbits (P<0.05), and significantly decreased the average daily feed intake of growing meat rabbits (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, dietary supplemented with 500 g/t active yeast significantly increased the muscle drip loss (P<0.05), while dietary supplemented with 1 000 g/t active yeast significantly decreased the muscle drip loss (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, dietary supplemented with 1 000 g/t active yeast significantly increased the cecal microbiota Simpson index (P<0.05); at phylum level, dietary supplemented with 1 000 g/t active yeast increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes in cecum; at genus level, dietary supplemented with 1 000 g/t active yeast increased the relative abundances of norank_f_Lachnospiraceae, norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and norank_f_norank_o_Clostridia_vadinBB60_group in cecum. 4) The analysis of inter group species differences at the genus level showed that compared with the control group, dietary supplemented with 500 and 1 000 g/t active yeast significantly increased the relative abundance of Synergistes in cecum (P<0.05), dietary supplemented with 500 g/t active yeast significantly increased the relative abundance of Anaerostipes in cecum (P<0.05), and dietary supplemented with 1 000 g/t active yeast significantly increased the relative abundance of Bacillus in cecum (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplemented with 500 and 1 000 g/t active yeast can improve the survival rate of growing meat rabbits, and reduce the average daily feed intake; dietary supplemented with 1 000 g/t active yeast can reduce the muscle drip loss and improve the meat quality of growing meat rabbits; dietary supplemented with 1 000 g/t active yeast can improve the intestinal flora structure of growing meat rabbits, which is conducive to the intestinal health.
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This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary crude protein level on body weight, average daily feed intake, fecal score, blood biochemical and antioxidant indices and nutrient apparent digestibility of captive adult Manis javanica, to determine the dietary optimal crude protein level for adult Manis javanica. According to a 6×6 Latin square design, 6 healthy adult Manis javanica (3 males and 3 females) with similar body weight were selected, and fed the experimental diets with the crude protein levels of 40% (group Ⅰ), 42% (group Ⅱ), 44% (group Ⅲ), 46% (group Ⅳ), 48% (group Ⅴ) and 50% (group Ⅵ), respectively. The experiment was divided into 6 stages, with each stage lasting 14 days, including a pre-trial period of 7 days and a trial period of 7 days. The results showed as follows: 1) there were no significant differences in the initial body weight, final body weight and average daily feed intake among all groups (P>0.05). 2) There were no significant differences in the fecal score and moisture content among all groups (P>0.05). 3) There were no significant differences in the contents of albumin, urea nitrogen, glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and activities of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and lipase in plasma among all groups (P>0.05), while the plasma total protein content showed a different trend (P=0.060). 4) The serum catalase activity of group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of groups Ⅱ, Ⅳ and Ⅵ (P<0.01), the serum catalase activity of group Ⅴ was significantly higher than that of group Ⅱ (P<0.01), and the serum catalase activity of group Ⅴ was significantly higher than that of groups Ⅳ and Ⅵ (P<0.05). 5) The crude ash apparent digestibility of group Ⅴ was significantly higher than that of group Ⅱ (P<0.05). In conclusion, under the conditions of this experiment, the dietary optimal crude protein level for captive adult Manis javanica is 44%.
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The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on follicular development, reproductive performance and reproductive hormone levels in Kunming mice. Twenty-four female Kunming mice aged 7 weeks were selected. After 5 to 7 days of adaptive feeding, they were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates per group and 1 mouse per replicate. The mice were divided into control group (sterilized distilled water), low-dose group (0.1 mg/kg ATRA), medium-dose group (1.0 mg/kg ATRA) and high-dose group (10.0 mg/kg ATRA). ATRA was given gavage for 14 d. Six Kunming mice were sampled from each group, and serum estrogen (E2), progesterone (P4), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were measured. Their ovaries were isolated and ovarian coefficients were calculated, paraffin sections of ovarian tissue were prepared and the number of the different levels of follicle were counted. Sixty-four proestrus Kunming mice were randomly divided into 4 groups with 16 replicates per group and 1 mouse per replicate. Gavage ATRA continuously for 1 estrous cycle (5 d) and the dosages of ATRA were as above. Six mice were sampled from each group of estrous mice and their serum hormone levels were determined. The remaining 10 mice were cohabited with male mice and weighed once a week during gestation. The litter size, litter birth weight and individual birth weight were counted after the mice delivery. The results showed as follows: 1) there was no significant effects of ATRA on body weight and ovarian coefficient of Kunming mice by continuous gavaging ATRA for 14 days compared with the control group (P>0.05). 2) The number of primary follicles in the high-dose group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05), and the number of atretic follicles was significantly lower than that in the control group and the low-dose group in the high-dose group (P<0.05). 3) Continuous gavage of ATRA for one oestrus cycle (5 days) did not result in significant changes in body weight during pregnancy in all ATRA groups of Kunming mice (P>0.05). 4) The litter size of Kunming mice in the high-dose group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). The individual birth weight of Kunming mice in the medium and high-dose groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in the individual birth weight of the experimental group of Kunming mice and the control group (P>0.05). 5) After continuous gavaging ATRA for 5 days, the serum levels of E2, P4 and FSH in the high-dose group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05), and E2 level in the high-dose group was significantly higher than that in the low-dose group and the medium dose group (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the level of P4 in the medium-dose group was significantly higher than that in the control group and the low-dose group (P<0.05). In Kunming mice gavaged with ATRA continuously for 14 days, the serum levels of E2, P4 and FSH were significantly higher in the high-dose group than in the control group (P<0.05), while the level of E2 in the high-dose group was also significantly higher than that in the medium-dose group (P<0.05). In conclusion, ATRA can promote the secretion of E2, P4 and FSH reproductive hormones, reduce follicular atresia and promote follicular development of Kunming mice. The addition of 10.0 mg/kg ATRA can significantly improve the reproductive performance of Kunming mice.
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This experiment was conducted to study the effects of mixing ratio, microbial preparation and packing density on fermentation quality and nutritional value of mixed silage of corn straw and peanut vine. This study contained two experiments. Experiment 1 studied the effects of mixing ratio and microbial preparation on fermentation quality and nutritional value of mixed silage of corn straw and peanut vine. The corn straw and peanut vine were mixed based on 5 mixing ratios (4∶0, 3∶1, 2∶2, 1∶3 and 0∶4), with 4 groups in each ratio, involving control group (CON group, spraying sterile physiological saline), Lactobacillus plantarum group (LP group, spraying 1×106 CFU/g Lactobacillus plantarum), Enterococcus faecalis group (EF group, spraying 1×106 CFU/g Enterococcus faecalis) and Lactobacillus plantarum+Enterococcus faecalis group (LP+EF group, spraying 5×105 CFU/g Lactobacillus plantarum+5×105 CFU/g Enterococcus faecalis). Each group contained 3 replicates, and anaerobic fermentation for 60 days. Experiment 2 studied the effects of packing density and microbial preparation on fermentation quality and nutritional value of mixed silage of corn straw and peanut vine. The corn straw and peanut vine were mixed at a ratio of 3∶1, and fermented with different packing densities (300, 450 and 600 kg/m3), with 4 groups in each density (same as experiment 1). Each group contained 3 replicates, and anaerobic fermentation for 60 days. The results of experiment 1 showed as follows: 1) with the increased of peanut vine proportion, the organic matter, neutral detergent fiber and water-soluble carbohydrate contents were significantly decreased (P<0.05), while the crude protein content was significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the neutral detergent fiber content in EF and LP+EF groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the ammonia nitrogen content in EF group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 2) The mixing ratio had no significant effects on the lactic acid bacteria and mold numbers (P>0.05). Compared with the control group, the lactic acid bacteria number in LP, EF and LP+EF groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the mold number in LP+EF group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 3) The zearalenone content in mixing ratio of 2∶2 group was significantly higher than that in other groups (P<0.05), and the ochratoxin content in mixing ratio of 3∶1 and 2∶2 groups was significantly lower than that in mixing ratio of 4:0 group (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the zearalenone content in LP+EF group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 4) The pH in mixing ratio of 2∶2 group was significantly higher than that in other groups (P<0.05), the lactic acid content in mixing ratio of 3∶1 group was significantly higher than that in mixing ratio of 2∶2 group (P<0.05), the acetic acid content in mixing ratio of 3∶1 group was significantly lower than that in other groups (P<0.05), and the butyric acid content in mixing ratio of 3∶1 group was significantly lower than that in mixing ratio of 4∶0 group (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the pH in LP+EF group was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the lactic acid content was significantly increased (P<0.05); the acetic acid content in EF group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The results of experiment 2 showed as follows: 1) the organic matter and crude protein contents in packing density of 600 kg/m3 group were significantly lower than those in packing density of 300 kg/m3 group (P<0.05), and the water-soluble carbohydrate content was significantly higher than that in other groups (P<0.05); with the increased of packing density, the ammonia nitrogen content was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the organic content in EF group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the crude protein content in LP+EF group was significantly increased (P<0.05). 2) The packing density had no significant effects on the lactic acid bacteria and mold numbers (P>0.05). Compared with the control group, the lactic acid bacteria number in LP and LP+EF groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the mold number in LP, EF and LP+EF groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 3) The zearalenone and fumonin contents in packing density of 450 and 600 kg/m3 groups were significantly higher than those in packing density of 300 kg/m3 group (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the zearalenone content in LP+EF group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 4) The packing density had no significant effect on pH (P>0.05). The lactic acid content in packing density of 600 kg/m3 group was significantly higher than that in packing density of 300 kg/m3 group (P<0.05), and the acetic acid and butyric acid contents in packing density of 300 kg/m3 group were significantly higher than those in other groups (P<0.05). In conclusion, comprehensive all indexes, the recommended mixing ratio, microbial preparation and packing density of mixed silage of corn straw and peanut vine are 3∶1, combination of Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecalis, 450 to 600 kg/m3, respectively.
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This experiment aimed to study the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and explore its activity. ZnO NPs were synthesized by the green synthesis method with polyphenols from Acanthopanax senticosus as raw materials, and the samples were characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometer, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and particle size analysis, antioxidant property was evaluated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging tests, and the antibacterial property was evaluated by antibacterial tests of Salmonella, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that ZnO NPs were successfully synthesized in this experiment, with an absorption peak at 361 nm. Its morphology was observed as a hexagonal wurtzite structure with an average grain size of 77.45 nm. When the mass concentration of ZnO NPs was 6 g/L, the scavenging rate of DPPH radical reached 93.28%. When the mass concentration of ZnO NPs was 9 g/L, the scavenging rate of ABTS radical reached 73.83%. The minimum inhibitory concentration of ZnO NPs against Salmonella and Escherichia coli was 64 g/L, and the minimum bactericidal concentration was 80 g/L; the minimum inhibitory concentration of ZnO NPs against Staphylococcus aureus was 80 g/L, and the minimum bactericidal concentration was 88 g/L. The antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs against Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus was higher than that of zinc oxide (ZnO). In conclusion, this experiment successfully synthesizes ZnO NPs with polyphenols from Acanthopanax senticosus as raw materials, and they have good antioxidant and antibacterial properties, which lays a foundation for their further development as feed additives.
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The purpose of this experiment was to screen a strain of lactic acid bacteria from shrimp with a strong ability to control aquatic pathogens and to study its properties of inhibiting aquatic pathogenic bacteria. Microflora in different intestinal segments of healthy Penaeus vannamei were used as the source of strain isolation. Lactic acid bacteria were isolated and purified using CaCO3-MRS solid medium. Subsequently, a safe strain was obtained through the bacteriostatic ability test of common aquatic pathogens and the hemolysis test, and identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. Their growth characteristics, tolerance, antibiotic sensitivity, and the bacteriostatic ability of the fermentation supernatant with different treatments were evaluated. The results showed that Limosilactobacillus reuteri SAMMRS-1G was identified as the safe strain with the strongest bacteriostatic ability against common aquatic pathogens. In terms of growth characteristics, the optimum culture pH for Limosilactobacillus reuteri SAMMRS-1G was 5.0, and the optimum culture temperature was 39 ℃, with the logarithmic growth period occurring between 4 to 14 h. From the perspective of tolerance, Limosilactobacillus reuteri SAMMRS-1G exhibited a certain tolerance to artificial gastrointestinal fluids and osmotic pressure. The survival rate was 90.7% under pH 3.0 incubation for 4 h, 85.3% under 3.0 g/L bile salt concentration for 4 h, and 98.7% under 60‰ high salinity incubation for 4 h. Regarding the influence of different treatments on the bacteriostatic ability of the Limosilactobacillus reuteri SAMMRS-1G fermentation supernatant, the bacteriostatic ability of the fermentation supernatant to pathogenic bacteria followed the order of Vibrio vulnificus>Staphylococcus aureus>Vibrio parahaemolyticus>Shewanella putrefaciens>Salmonella typhimurium>Aeromonas hydrophila>Escherichia coli>Pseudoalteromonas sp.>Vibrio alginolyticus>Vibrio cholerae>Vibrio harveyi. The fermentation supernatant of Limosilactobacillus reuteri SAMMRS-1G exhibited good thermal stability, retaining 82% bacteriostatic activity after gastrointestinal protease treatment. It demonstrated stronger stability. In addition, the safety tests in mice showed that the Limosilactobacillus reuteri SAMMRS-1G had no negative effects on the growth performance and organ indexes. In conclusion, Limosilactobacillus reuteri SAMMRS-1G from shrimp, screened in this experiment, is a safe lactic acid bacterium with good tolerance, a strong ability to control aquatic pathogenic bacteria, stable activity of metabolites, and probiotic potential. It can provide reference strains for the development of anti-bacterial products in aquaculture.
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The aim of this experiment was to obtain lactic acid bacteria which could degrade mycotoxin efficiently and had probiotic properties, so as to lay a foundation for their application in feed additives in the future. By comparing the mycotoxin degrading ability of 169 strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from the rumen of Qinghai yak and Tibetan sheep, and comprehensively evaluating the morphology, physiological and biochemical properties, molecular biology, probiotics and security, 4 strains were obtained which could simultaneously degrade 4 mycotoxins in feed materials which were strains C2, E28, C16 and A16. In this study, the highest degradation rates of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA) and glucosinolate (GLUS) were 70.95%, 60.11%, 64.00% and 59.18%, respectively, among the 15 strains of lactic acid bacteria obtained from the primary screening; and the degradation rates of AFB1, DON, ZEA and GLUS were 33.53%, 60.18%, 51.45% and 43.41% by 4 strains obtained from the secondary screening, respectively. The results of 16S rRNA sequencing showed that strains C2 and E28 were Pediococcus acidilactici, strain A16 was Pediococcus pentosaceus, and strain C16 was Enterococcus lactis. These 4 strains of lactic acid bacteria had short fermentation time, strong acid production ability (pH<4.5), could grow normally in an environment with pH 3.5 and bile salt concentration of 0.1%, and had good self-agglutination and hydrophobicity. According to the safety test, all the 4 strains of lactic acid bacteria were non-hemolytic, among which Enterococcus lactis C16 and Laptococcus pentosus A16 were sensitive to erythromycin and penicillin, while Laptococcus lactis C2 and E28 were sensitive or moderately sensitive to erythromycin and penicillin, and Laptococcus lactis C2 and E28 had strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with antibacterial zone diameter was ≥20 mm, and overall there are all excellent candidate strains.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the individual and combined contamination situation of T-2 toxin, ochratoxin A (OTA) and fumonisin (FUM) in feed ingredients and compound feed in China. The T-2 toxin, OTA and FUM contents were measured in 474, 385 and 1 905 feed ingredients and compound feed samples collected from different regions of China, respectively. The results showed that the total contamination rates of T-2 toxin, OTA and FUM in feed ingredients and compound feed were 26.8%, 61.8% and 59.3%, respectively, and their content mean values were 0 to 45.8 μg/kg, 0.3 to 11.1 μg/kg and 0 to 16.3 mg/kg respectively. Notably, the proportions of feed ingredients and compound feed with T-2 toxin, OTA and FUM contents exceeding Chinese Hygienical Standard for Feeds were 0.4%, 0.3% and 0.5%, respectively. Moreover, over 60% feed ingredients and compound feed were co-contaminated with mycotoxins, and the co-contamination rate ranged from 30.3% to 88.9%. In conclusion, the contamination situation of T-2 toxin, OTA and FUM in feed ingredients and compound feed in China is more serious, so it is particularly important to strengthen the monitoring of the contamination of the above-mentioned mycotoxins in livestock and poultry feed in China and the implementation of relevant preventive measures during production.
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The aim of this experiment was to establish a method for the determination of gentamicin in feeds by solid phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The feed samples were extracted with 5% trichloroacetic acid extract, cleaned-up by a mixed cationic solid-phase extraction column (PCX), and determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), with 2 mmol/L ammonium formate-0.1% formic acid solution (A)-acetonitrile (B) as the mobile phase with gradient elution, and separated on an Agilent SB-Aq column. The linearity of gentamicin content was good in the range of 1.0~100.0 mg/L (R2>0.995); the limit of detection of the method was 0.03 mg/kg, and the limit of quantification was 0.1 mg/kg; the average recoveries of gentamicin at three spiked levels (1.0, 10.0 and 100.0 mg/kg) were 81.5% to 123.6%, and the relative standard deviations <15%. The method is simple in pretreatment, convenient in operation and suitable for the determination of gentamicin in feeds.
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The aim of this study was to establish a method for simultaneous determination of ethoxyquin (EQ), p-phenetidine (PD), phenacetin (PC), ethoxyquin quinone imine (EQI) and ethoxyquin dimer (EQDM) in feeds by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The feed samples were extracted with acetonitrile, purified by BONDESIL-SI multiple impurity adsorption material, determined by HPLC-MS/MS. The samples were separated with 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and 0.1% formic acid acetonitrile solution as mobile phase by gradient elution, and separated by Waters BEH C18 column. The results showed that the standard curves of EQ, PD, PC, EQI and EQDM were well linear in the range of 5 to 500 μg/L [coefficient of determination (R2)>0.995 0]. The limits of detection and quantification for EQ, PD and PC were 3.0 and 10.0 μg/kg, and those for EQI and EQDM were 1.5 and 5.0 μg/kg, respectively. The average recovery rates of EQ, PD, PC, EQI and EQDM at the three supplemental levels (20, 50 and 100 μg/kg) ranged from 73.77% to 98.77%, the relative standard deviation (RSD, n=6) within the lot was<10%, and the coefficient of variation between the batches was<12%. The method is simple and easy to operate, and is suitable for simultaneous determination of EQ and its associated biomass in feeds.
