[1] GERRITSEN J.Intestinal microbiota in human health and disease:the impact of probiotics[J].Genes and Nutrition,2011,6(3):209-240.

[2] HAMER H M.Review article:the role of butyrate on colonic function[J].Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics,2008,27(2):104-119.
[3] CERF-BENSUSSAN N,GABORIAU-ROUTHIAU V.The immune system and the gut microbiota:friends or foes?[J].Nature Reviews Immunology,2010,10(10):735-744.

[4] SEKIROV I.Gut microbiota in health and disease[J].Physiological Reviews,2010,90(3):859-904.

[5] WONG S D,RAWLS J F.Intestinal microbiota composition in fishes is influenced by host ecology and environment[J].Molecular Ecology,2012,21(13):3100-3102.

[6] ZHU X Y,ZHONG T Y,PANDYA Y,et al.16S rRNA-based analysis of microbiota from the cecum of broiler chickens[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2002,68(1):124-137.

[7] SEKELJA M.Abrupt temporal fluctuations in the chicken fecal microbiota are explained by its gastrointestinal origin[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2012,78(8):2941-2948.

[8] SJOGREN Y M.Influence of early gut microbiota on the maturation of childhood mucosal and systemic immune responses[J].Clinical and Experimental Allergy,2009,39(12):1842-1851.

[9] CUKROWSKA B K,REHAKOVA Z H.Specific antibody and immunoglobulin responses after intestinal colonization of germ-free piglets with non-pathogenic
Escherichia coli O86[J].Immunobiology,2001,204(4):156-169.
[10] DOGI C A,GALDEANO C M,PERDIGON G.Gut immune stimulation by non pathogenic Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria comparison with a probiotic strain[J].Cytokine,2008,41(3):223-231.

[11] HANSEN J,GULATI A,SARTOR R B.The role of mucosal immunity and host genetics in defining intestinal commensal bacteria[J].Current Opinion in Gastroenterology,2010,26(6):564-571.

[12] SAMUEL B S.Effects of the gut microbiota on host adiposity are modulated by the short-chain fatty-acid binding G protein-coupled receptor,Gpr41[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2008,105(43):16767-16772.

[13] NICHOLSON J K.Host-gut microbiota metabolic interactions[J].Science,2012,336(6086): 1262-1267.

[14] LUMPKINS B S,BATAL A B,LEE M D.Evaluation of the bacterial community and intestinal development of different genetic lines of chickens[J].Poultry Science,2010,89(8):1614-1621.

[15] TOROK V A.Application of methods for identifying broiler chicken gut bacterial species linked with increased energy metabolism[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2008,74(3):783-791.

[16] SAID H M.Active-induced modulation of carbonic anhydrase 9(CA9) gene in human brain cancer[J].FEBS Journal,2011,278:336-337.
[17] SERINO M.Metabolic adaptation to a high-fat diet is associated with a change in the gut microbiota[J].Gut,2012,61(4):543-553.

[18] CHICHLOWSKI M.Microarchitecture and spatial relationship between bacteria and ileal,cecal,and colonic epithelium in chicks fed a direct-fed microbial,PrimaLac,and salinomycin[J].Poultry Science,2007,86(6):1121-1132.
[19] WILLIS W L,REID L.Investigating the effects of dietary probiotic feeding regimens on broiler chicken production and
Campylobacter jejuni presence[J].Poultry Science,2008,87(4): 606-611.

[20] MOUNTZOURIS K C.Evaluation of the efficacy of a probiotic containing
Lactobacillus,Bifidobacterium,Enterococcus,and
Pediococcus strains in promoting broiler performance and modulating cecal microflora composition and metabolic activities[J].Poultry Science,2007,86(2):309-317.
[21] LI S P,ZHAO X J,WANG J Y.Synergy of Astragalus polysaccharides and probiotics (
Lactobacillus and
Bacillus cereus) on immunity and intestinal microbiota in chicks[J].Poultry Science,2009,88(3):519-525.

[22] SAMLI H E.Effects of
Enterococcus faecium and dried whey on broiler performance,gut histomorphology and intestinal microbiota[J].Archives of Animal Nutrition,2007,61(1):42-49.

[23] TEO A Y,TAN H M.Evaluation of the performance and intestinal gut microflora of broilers fed on corn-soy diets supplemented with
Bacillus subtilis PB6 (CloSTAT)[J].Journal of Applied Poultry Research,2007,16(3):296-303.
[24] GEBERT S,KROMM C,RELIBERGER T.Effect of a
Bacillus-based direct-fed microbial on turkey poult performance and changes within the gastrointestinal microflora[J].Poultry Science,2007,86:249-250.
[25] TOROK V A.Identification and characterization of potential performance-related gut microbiotas in broiler chickens across various feeding trials[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2011,77(17):5868-5878.

[26] VAN DEN ABBEELE P.Microbial community development in a dynamic gut model is reproducible,colon region specific,and selective for
Bacteroidetes and
Clostridium cluster Ⅸ[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2010,76(15):5237-5246.

[27] HARROW S A.Real-time quantitative PCR measurement of ileal
Lactobacillus salivatius populations from broiler chickens to determine the influence of farming practices[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2007,73(22):7123-7127.

[28] DERRIEN M.The mucin degrader
Akkermansia muciniphila is an abundant resident of the human intestinal tract[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2008,74(5):1646-1648.

[29] DEPLANCKE B.Selective growth of mucolytic bacteria including
Clostridium perfringens in a neonatal piglet model of total parenteral nutrition[J].American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,2002,76(5):1117-1125.
[30] BOJESEN A M.Detection of
Gallibacterium spp.in chickens by fluorescent 16S rRNA in situ hybridization[J].Journal of Clinical Microbiology,2003,41(11):5167-5172.

[31] BARTH S.
Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 for probiotic use in piglets:evidence for intestinal colonization[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology,2009,107(5):1697-1710.

[32] REHMAN H U.Indigenous bacteria and bacterial metabolic products in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens[J].Archives of Animal Nutrition,2007,61(5):319-335.

[33] BJERRUM L.Microbial community composition of the ileum and cecum of broiler chickens as revealed by molecular and culture-based techniques[J].Poultry Science,2006,85(7):1151-1164.
[34] DE FILIPPO C.Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2010,107(33):14691-14696.

[35] LEY R E.Microbial ecology-human gut microbes associated with obesity[J].Nature,2006,444(7122):1022-1023.

[36] TURNBAUGH P J.The Effect of diet on the human gut microbiome:a metagenomic analysis in humanized gnotobiotic mice[J].Science Translational Medicine,2009,1(6):6 ra 14.doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3000322.
[37] MACFARLANE S G,MACFARLANE T,CUMMINGS J H.Review article:prebiotics in the gastrointestinal tract[J].Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics,2006,24(5):701-714.

[38] Roberfroid M B.Inulin-type fructans:functional food ingredients[J].The Journal of Nutrition,2007,137(11):2493S-2502S.
[39] WONG J M W.Gut microbiota,diet,and heart disease[J].Journal of AOAC International,2012,95(1):24-30.

[40] BEDFORD R B,DRAPER S M,SCULLY P N,et al.Palladium bis (phosphinite) 'PCP’-pincer complexes and their application as catalysts in the Suzuki reaction[J].New Journal of Chemistry,2000,24(10):745-747.

[41] ALLEN H K.Call of the wild:antibiotic resistance genes in natural environments[J].Nature Reviews Microbiology,2010,8(4):251-259.

[42] STANTON T B,HUMPHREY S B,STOFFREGEN W C.Chlortetracycline-resistant intestinal bacteria in organically raised and feral swine[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2011,77(20):7167-7170.

[43] LOOFT T.In-feed antibiotic effects on the swine intestinal microbiome[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2012,109(5):1691-1696.

[44] BAURHOO B,FERKET P R,ZHAO X.Effects of diets containing different concentrations of mannanoligosaccharide or antibiotics on growth performance,intestinal development,cecal and litter microbial populations,and carcass parameters of broilers[J].Poultry Science,2009,88(11):2262-2272.

[45] TOROK V A.Influence of antimicrobial feed additives on broiler commensal posthatch gut microbiota development and performance[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2011,77(10):3380-3390.

[46] KNARREBORG A.Effects of dietary fat source and subtherapeutic levels of antibiotic on the bacterial community in the ileum of broiler chickens at various ages[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2002,68(12):5918-5924.

[47] LA-ONGKHUM O.Effect of the antibiotic avilamycin on the structure of the microbial community in the jejunal intestinal tract of broiler chickens[J].Poultry Science,2011,90(7):1532-1538.

[48] CHOCT M.Managing gut health through nutrition[J].Brtish Poultry Science,2009,50(1):9-15.

[49] NG S C,HART A L,KAMM M A,et al.Mechanisms of action of probiotics:recent advances[J].Inflammatory Bowel Diseases,2009,15(2):300-310.

[50] YIN Y S.Exposure of different bacterial inocula to newborn chicken affects gut microbiota development and ileum gene expression[J].The ISME Journal,2010,4(3):367-376.

[51] SAMLI H E.Effects of
Enterococcus faecium supplementation and floor type on performance,morphology of erythrocytes and intestinal microbiota in broiler chickens[J].British Poultry Science,2010,51(4):564-568.

[52] SALARMOINI M,FOOLADI M H.Efficacy of
Lactobacillus acidophilus as probiotic to improve broiler chicks performance[J].Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology,2011,13(2):165-172.
[53] SEN S.Effect of supplementation of
Bacillus subtilis LS 1-2 to broiler diets on growth performance,nutrient retention,caecal microbiology and small intestinal morphology[J].Research in Veterinary Science,2012,93(1):264-268.

[54] GERARD P.Characterization of cecal microbiota and response to an orally administered
Lactobacillus probiotic strain in the broiler chicken[J].Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology,2008,14(1/2/3):115-122.
[55] THANH N T.Effects of feeding metabolite combinations produced by
Lactobacillus plantarum on growth performance,faecal microbial population,small intestine villus height and faecal volatile fatty acids in broilers[J].British Poultry Science,2009,50(3):298-306.

[56] MEIMANDIPOUR A.Selected microbial groups and short-chain fatty acids profile in a simulated chicken cecum supplemented with two strains of
Lactobacillus[J].Poultry Science,2010,89(3):470-476.

[57] PIEPER R.Effect of a single oral administration of
Lactobacillus plantarum DSMZ 8862/8866 before and at the time point of weaning on intestinal microbial communities in piglets[J].International Journal of Food Microbiology,2009,130(3):227-232.

[58] MALLO J J,RIOPEREZ J,HONRUBIA P.The addition of
Enterococcus faecium to diet improves piglet’s intestinal microbiota and performance[J].Livestock Science,2010,133(1/2/3):176-178.
[59] PLUMMER S F.Effects of probiotics on the composition of the intestinal microbiota following antibiotic therapy[J].International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents,2005,26(1):69-74.

[60] BOYANOVA L,MITOV I.Coadministration of probiotics with antibiotics:why,when and for how long?[J].Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy,2012,10(4):407-409.