[1] TROTT J F,VONDERHAAR B K,HOVEY R C.Historical perspectives of prolactin and growth hormone as mammogens,lactogens and galactagogues-agog for the future[J].Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia,2008,13(1):3-11.

[2] FREEMAN M E,KANYICSKA B,LERANT A,et al.Prolactin:structure,function,and regulation of secretion[J].Physiological Reviews,2000,80(4):1523-1631.
[3] CLAPP C,THEBAULT S,MARTINEZ DE L E G.Role of prolactin and vasoinhibins in the regulation of vascular function in mammary gland[J].Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia,2008,13(1):55-67.

[4] CORBACHO A M,MARTINEZ DE L E,CLAPP C.Roles of prolactin and related members of the prolactin/growth hormone/placental lactogen family in angiogenesis[J].The Journal of Endocrinology,2002,173(2):219-238.

[5] 谭敦勇,彭湘萍.催乳素受体研究[J].生理科学进展,2012,40(1):17-23.
[6] CLEVENGER C V,CHANG W P,NGO W,et al.Expression of prolactin and prolactin receptor in human breast carcinoma.Evidence for an autocrine/paracrine loop[J].The American Journal of Pathology,1995,146(3):695-705.
[7] HOVEY R C,ASAI-SATO M,WARRI A,et al.Effects of neonatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol,tamoxifen,and toremifene on the BALB/c mouse mammary gland[J].Biology of Reproduction,2005,72(2):423-435.

[8] BRISKEN C,KAUR S,CHAVARRIA T E,et al.Prolactin controls mammary gland development via direct and indirect mechanisms[J].Developmental Biology,1999,210(1):96-106.

[9] FARMER C,PALIN M F.Exogenous prolactin stimulates mammary development and alters expression of prolactin-related genes in prepubertal gilts[J].Journal of Animal Science,2005,83(4):825-832.
[10] HOVEY R C,TROTT J F,GINSBURG E,et al.Transcriptional and spatiotemporal regulation of prolactin receptor mRNA and cooperativity with progesterone receptor function during ductal branch growth in the mammary gland[J].Developmental Dynamic,2001,222(2):192-205.

[11] FREEMAN M E,KANYICSKA B,LERANT A,et al.Prolactin:structure,function,and regulation of secretion[J].Physiological Reviews,2000,80(4):1523-1531.
[12] HORSEMAN N D.Prolactin and mammary gland development[J].Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia,1999,4(1):79-88.

[13] NEVILLE M C,MCFADDEN T B,FORSYTH I.Hormonal regulation of mammary differentiation and milk secretion[J].Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia,2002,7(1):49-66.

[14] 佟慧丽,高学军,李庆章.胰岛素、催乳素对奶山羊乳腺上皮细胞泌乳功能的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2008,39(6):721-725.
[15] FARMER C,ROBERT S,RUSHEN J.Bromocriptine given orally to periparturient of lactating sows inhibits milk production[J].Journal of Animal Science,1998,76(3):750-757.
[16] SMITH V G,BECK T W,CONVEY E M,et al.Bovine serum prolactin,growth hormone,cortisol and milk yield after ergocryptine[J].Neuroendocrinology,1974,15(3/4):172-181.
[17] LACASSE P,LOLLIVIER V,BRUCKMAIER R M,et al.Effect of the prolactin-release inhibitor quinagolide on lactating dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2011,94(3):1302-1309.

[18] FARMER C,SORENSEN M T,ROBERT S,et al.Administering exogenous porcine prolactin to lactating sows:milk yield,mammary gland composition,and endocrine and behavioral responses[J].Journal of Animal Science,1999,77(7):1851-1859.
[19] PLAUT K,BAUMAN D E,AGERGAARD N,et al.Effect of exogenous prolactin administration on lactational performance of dairy cows[J].Domestic Animal Endocrinology,1987,4(4):4279-4290.
[20] JACQUEMET N,PRIGGE E C.Effect of increased postmilking prolactin concentrations on lactation,plasma metabolites,and pancreatic hormones in lactating goats[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1991,74(1):109-114.

[21] WALL E H,H.CRAWFORD H M,ELLIS S E,et al.Mammary response to exogenous prolactin or frequent milking during early lactation in dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2006,89(12):4640-4648.

[22] 杨建英,张勇法,王艳玲,等.大豆黄酮对奶牛产奶量和乳中常规成分的影响[J].饲料研究,2005(6):30-31.
[23] BEN-JONATHAN N,HUGO E R,BRANDEBOURG T D,et al.Focus on prolactin as a metabolic hormone[J].Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism,2006,17(3):110-116.

[24] 朱河水,王月影,王艳玲,等.大豆黄酮对奶牛泌乳性能及血浆中激素水平的影响[J].畜牧兽医科学,2006,22(5):20-22.
[25] HARRIS J,STANFORD P M,SUTHERLAND K,et al.Socs2 and elf5 mediate prolactin-induced mammary gland development[J].Molecular Endocrinology,2006,20(5):1177-1187.

[26] ISMAIL P M,AMATO P,SOYAL S M,et al.Progesterone involvement in breast development and tumorigenesis-as revealed by progesterone receptor ‘knockout’and‘knockin’ mouse models[J].Steroids,2003,68(10/11/12/13):779-787.
[27] 江青东.大鼠乳腺发育过程中雌激素、孕激素、催乳素及其相应受体水平变化规律的研究[D].硕士学位论文.郑州:河南农业大学,2006:31-32.
[28] STOUDEMIRE G A,STUMPF W E,SAR M.Synergism between prolactin and ovarian hormones of DNA synthesis in rats mammary gland[J].Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine,1975,149(1):189-192.

[29] MULDOON T G.Interplay between estradiol and prolactin in the regulation of steroid hormone receptor levels,nature,and functionality in normal mouse mammary tissue[J].Endocrinology,1981,109(5):1339-1346.

[30] TROTT J F,HORIGAN K C,GLOVICZKI J M,et al.Tissue-specific regulation of porcine prolactin receptor expression by estrogen,progesterone,and prolactin[J].The Journal of Endocrinology,2009,202(1):153-166.

[31] 张少英.泌乳的激素调控[J].国外畜牧学:草食家畜,1990(1):31-35.
[32] 杨建英.大豆黄酮对不同泌乳期奶牛产奶量、乳成分的影响及相关作用机制的研究[D].硕士学位论文.郑州:河南农业大学,2003:27-28.
[33] GOODMAN G T,AKERS R M,FRIDERICI K H,et al.Hormonal regulation of alpha-lactalbumin secretion from bovine mammary tissue cultured
in vitro[J]Endocrinology,1983,112(4):1324-1330.
[34] SCULLY K M,GLEIBERMAN A S,LINDZEY J,et al.Role of estrogen receptor-alpha in the anterior pituitary gland[J].Molecular Endocrinology,1997,11(6):674-681.
[35] FRASOR J,GIBORI G.Prolactin regulation of estrogen receptor expression[J].Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism,2003,14(3):118-123.

[36] GONZLEZ L,ZAMBRANO A,LAZARO-TRUEBA I,et al.Activation of the unliganded estrogen receptor by prolactin in breast cancer cells[J].Oncogene,2009,28(10):1298-1308.

[37] GUTZMAN J H,NIKOLAI S E,RUQOWSKI D E,et al.Prolactin and estrogen enhance the activity of activating protein 1 in breast cancer cells:role of extracellularly regulated kinase 1/2-mediated signals to c-fos[J].Molecular Endocrinology,2005,19(7):1765-1778.

[38] RASMUSSEN L M,FREDERIKSEN K S,DIN N,et al.Prolactin and oestrogen synergistically regulate gene expression and proliferation of breast cancer cells[J].Endocrine:Related Cancer,2010,17(3):809-822.

[39] GUTZMAN J H,MILLER K K,SCHULER L A.Endogenous human prolactin and not exogenous human prolactin induces estrogen receptor alpha and prolactin receptor expression and increases estrogen responsiveness in breast cancer cells[J].The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,2004,88(1):69-77.

[40] DUAN R,GINSBURG E,VONDERHAAR B K.Estrogen stimulates transcription from the human prolactin distal promoter through AP1 and estrogen responsive elements in T47D human breast cancer cells[J].Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology,2008,281(1/2):9-18.
[41] ORMANDY C J,CAMUS A,BARRA J,et al.Null mutation of the prolactin receptor gene produces multiple reproductive defects in the mouse[J].Genes & Development,1997,11(2):167-178.

[42] ACOSTA J J,MUNOZ R M,GONZALEZ L,et al.Src mediates prolactin-dependent proliferation of T47D and MCF7 cells via the activation of focal adhesion kinase/Erk1/2 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways[J].Molecular Endocrinology,2003,17(11):2268-2282.

[43] TAN D,JOHNSON D A,WU W,et al.Unmodified prolactin (PRL) and S179D PRL-initiated bioluminescence resonance energy transfer between homo- and hetero-pairs of long and short human PRL receptors in living human cells[J].Molecular Endocrinology,2005,19(5):1291-1303.

[44] ALI S,EDERY M,PELLEGRINI I,et al.The Nb2 form of prolactin receptor is able to activate a milk protein gene promoter[J].Molecular Endocrinology,1992,6(8):1242-1248.
[45] BEN-JONATHAN N,LAPENSEE C R,LAPENSEE E W.What can we learn from rodents about prolactin in humans[J].Endocrine Reviews,2008,29(1):1-41.

[46] VIRGO B B,BELLWARD G D.Serum progesterone levels in the pregnant and postpartum laboratory mouse[J].Endocrinology,1974,95(5):1486-1490.

[47] LYDON J P,DEMAYO F J,FUNK C R,et al.Mice lacking progesterone receptor exhibit pleiotropic reproductive abnormalities[J].Genes & Development,1995,9(18):2266-2278.

[48] HORSEMAN N D,ZHAO W,MONTECINO-RODRIGUEZ E,et al.Defective mammopoiesis,but normal hematopoiesis,in mice with a targeted disruption of the prolactin gene[J].EMBO,1997,16(23):6926-6935.

[49] OLIVER C H,WATSON C J.Making milk:a new link between STAT5 and Akt1[J].JAKSTAT,2013,2(2):e23228.
[50] EDERY M,MCGRATH M,LARSON L,et al.Correlation between
in vitro growth and regulation of estrogen and progesterone receptors in rat mammary epithelial cells[J].Endocrinology,1984,115(5):1691-1697.

[51] GRIMM S L,SEAGROVES T N,KABOTYANSKI E B,et al.Disruption of steroid and prolactin receptor patterning in the mammary gland correlates with a block in lobuloalveolar development[J].Molecular Endocrinology,2002,16(12):2675-2691.

[52] HARAGUCHI S,GOOD R A,ENGELMAN R W,et al.Human prolactin regulates transfected MMTV LTR-directed gene expression in a human breast-carcinoma cell line through synergistic interaction with steroid hormones[J].International Journal of Cancer,1992,52(6):928-933.

[53] MORABITO J E,TROTT J F,KORZ D M,et al.A 5’ distal palindrome within the mouse mammary tumor virus-long terminal repeat recruits a mammary gland-specific complex and is required for a synergistic response to progesterone plus prolactin[J].Journal of Molecular Endocrinology,2008,41(2):75-90.

[54] SRIVASTAVA S,MATSUDA M,HOU Z,et al.Receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand induction via Jak2 and Stat5a in mammary epithelial cells[J].The Journal Biological Chemistry,2003,278(46):46171-46178.

[55] KEATING A F,DAVOREN P,SMITH T J,et al.Bovine kappa-casein gene promoter haplotypes with potential implications for milk protein expression[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2007,90(9):4092-4099.

[56] LAU C,SULLIVAN M K,HAZELWOOD R L.Effects of diabetes mellitus on lactation in the rat[J].Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology Medicine,1993,204(1):81-89.

[57] GRIINARI J M,MCGUIRE M A,DWYER D A,et al.The role of insulin in the regulation of milk protein synthesis in dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1997,80(10):2361-2371.

[58] MOLENTO C F,BLOCK E,CUE R I,et al.Effects of insulin,recombinant bovine somatotropin,and their interaction on insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ secretion and milk protein production in dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2002,85(4):738-747.

[59] CHOI K M,BARASH I,RHOADS R E.Insulin and prolactin synergistically stimulate beta-casein messenger ribonucleic acid translation by cytoplasmic polyadenylation[J].Molecular Endocrinology,2004,18(7):1670-1686.

[60] 王加启.胰岛素在多个水平调节奶牛乳腺乳蛋白质合成[J].奶业研究简报,2012(2):3.
[61] MENZIES K K,LEE H J,LEFVRE C,et al.Insulin,a key regulator of hormone responsive milk protein synthesis during lactogenesis in murine mammary explants[J].Functional & Integrative Genomics,2010,10(1):87-95.

[62] MUSSO T,JOHNSTON J A,LINNEKIN D,et al.Regulation of JAK3 expression in human monocytes: phosphorylation in response to interleukins 2,4,and 7[J].The Journal of Experimental Medicine,1995,181(4):1425-1431.

[63] ROSEN J M,WYSZOMIERSKI S L,HADSELL D.Regulation of milk protein gene expression[J].Annual Review of Nutrition,1999(19):407-436.
[64] 王皓宇,秦彤,郝海生,等.胰岛素对体外培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞乳蛋白、乳脂肪合成相关基因mRNA表达的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2013,44(5):710-718.
[65] FERRON M,WEI J,YOSHIZAWA T,et al.Insulin signaling in osteoblasts integrates bone remodeling and energy metabolism[J].Cell,2010,142(2):296-308.

[66] RHOADS R E,GRUDZIEN-NOGALSKA E.Translational regulation of milk protein synthesis at secretory activation[J].Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia,2007,12(4):283-292.

[67] SMIRNOVA O V,OSTROUKHOVA T Y,BOGORAD R L.JAK-STAT pathway in carcinogenesis:is it relevant to cholangiocarcinoma progression[J].World Journal of Gastroenterology,2007,13(48):6478-6491.

[68] BURGOS S A,DAI M,CANT J P.Nutrient availability and lactogenic hormones regulate mammary protein synthesis through the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2010,93(1):153-161.

[69] 田青,季昀,庞学燕,等.胰岛素对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞酪蛋白合成调节机理的研究[J].动物营养学报,2013,25(3):550-560.
[73] 程光民,陈凤梅,林雪彦,等.葡萄糖和胰岛素同时灌注对奶山羊乳脂合成的影响[J].动物营养学报,2009,21(2):192-198.
[74] AKERS R M.Major advances associated with hormone and growth factor regulation of mammary growth and lactation in dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2006,89(4):1222-1234.

[75] CASEY T M,PLAUT K.The role of glucocorticoids in secretory activation and milk secretion,a historical perspective[J].Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia,2007,12(4):293-304.

[76] DOPPLER W,WINDEGGER M,SORATROI C,et al.Expression level-dependent contribution of glucocorticoid receptor domains for functional interaction with STAT5[J].Molecular and Cellular Biology,2001,21(9):3266-3279.

[77] STELWAGEN K,MCFADDEN H A,DEMMER J.Prolactin,alone or in combination with glucocorticoids,enhances tight junction formation and expression of the tight junction protein occludin in mammary cells[J].Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology,1999,156(1/2):55-61.
[78] BERTUCCI P Y,QUAGLINO A,POZZI A G,et al.Glucocorticoid-induced impairment of mammary gland involution is associated with STAT5 and STAT3 signaling modulation[J].Endocrinology,2010,151(12): 5730-5740.

[79] HOUDEBINE L M,TEYSSOT B,DJIANE J,et al.Control of the expression of milk protein genes by prolactin,glucocorticoids and progesterone[J].Annales d’endocrinologie,1982,43(5):354-369.
[80] KABOTYANSKI E B,RIJNKELS M,FREEMAN-ZADROWSKI C,et al.Lactogenic hormonal induction of long distance interactions between beta-casein gene regulatory elements[J].The Journal of Biological Chemistry,2009,284(34):22815-22824.