[1] JOHANSSON S,KINDMARK A.Vitamins are not always good![J].Lakartidningen,2001,98(11):1252-1255.
[2] BROWN E M,GAMBA G,RICCARDI D,et al.Cloning and characterization of an extracellular Ca
2+-sensing receptor from bovine parathyroid[J].Nature,1993,366(6455):575-580.
[3] GARRETT J E,CAPUANO I V,HAMMERLAND L G,et al.Molecular cloning and functional expression of human parathyroid calcium receptor cDNAs[J].The Journal of Biological Chemistry,1995,270(21):12919-12925.
[4] RICCARDI D,PARK J,LEE W S,et al.Cloning and functional expression of a rat kidney extracellular calcium/polyvalent cation-sensing receptor[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America,1995,92(1):131-135.
[5] CHATTOPADHYAY N.Biochemistry,physiology and pathophysiology of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor[J].The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology,2000,32(8):789-804.
[6] HOFER A M,BROWN E M.Extracellular calcium sensing and signalling[J].Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology,2003,4(7):530-538.
[7] ZHAO X,PEI Z M,HE Y K.Extracellular Ca
2+ signaling:first messenger in animals and plants[J].Hereditas,2007,29(3):269-275.
[8] SHERWOOD L M,POTTS J T,CARE A D,et al.Evaluation by radioimmunoassay of factors controlling the secretion of parathyroid hormone: intravenous infusions of calcium and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid in the cow and goat[J].Nature,1966,209(5018):52-55.
[9] CARE A D,SHERWOOD L M,POTTS J T,Jr.,et al.Perfusion of the isolated parathyroid gland of the goat and sheep[J].Nature,1966,209(5018):55-57.
[10] LÓPEZ-BARNEO J,ARMSTRONG C M.Depolarizing response of rat parathyroid cells to divalent cations[J].The Journal of General Physiology,1983,82(2):269-294.
[11] SHOBACK D,THATCHER J,LEOMERUNO R,et al.Effects of extracellular Ca
2+ and Mg
2+ on cytosolic Ca
2+ and PTH release in dispersed bovine parathyroid PETI[J].Endocrinology,1983,113(1):424-426.
[12] KIFOR O,BROWN E M.Relationship between diacylglycerol levels and extracellular Ca
2+ in dispersed bovine parathyroid cells[J].Endocrinology,1988,123(6):2723-2729.
[13] BROWN E,ENYEDI P,LEBOFF M,et al.High extracellular Ca
2+ and Mg
2+ stimulate accumulation of inositol phosphates in bovine parathyroid cells[J].FEBS Letters,1987,218(1):113-118.
[14] SHOBACK D M,MEMBRENO L A,MCGHEE J G.High calcium and other divalent cations increase inositol trisphosphate in bovine parathyroid cells[J].Endocrinology,1988,123(1):382-389.
[15] NEMETH E F,SCARPA A.Rapid mobilization of cellular Ca
2+ in bovine parathyroid cells evoked by extracellular divalent cations.Evidence for a cell surface calcium receptor[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry,1987,262(11):5188-5196.
[16] NEMETH E F,CARAFOLI E.The role of extracellular calcium in the regulation of intracellular calcium and cell function[J].Cell Calcium,1990,11(5):319-321.
[17] BUTTERS R R Jr,CHATTOPADHYAY N,NIELSEN P,et al.Cloning and characterization of a calcium-sensing receptor from the hypercalcemic New Zealand white rabbit reveals unaltered responsiveness to extracellular calcium[J].Journal of Bone and Mineral Research,1997,12(4):568-579.
[18] ODA Y,TU C L,CHANG W,et al.The calcium sensing receptor and its alternatively spliced form in murine epidermal differentiation[J].The Journal of Biological Chemistry,2000,275(2):1183-1190.
[19] SKELLY B J,FRANKLIN R J M.Mutations in genes causing human familial isolated hyperparathyroidism do not account for hyperparathyroidism in Keeshond dogs[J].The Veterinary Journal,2007,174(3):652-654.
[20] GAL A,RIDGE T K,GRAVES T K.Cloning and sequencing of the calcium-sensing receptor from the feline parathyroid gland[J].Domestic Animal Endocrinology,2010,38(1):57-61.
[21] DIAZ R,HURWITZ S,CHATTOPADHYAY N,et al.Cloning,expression,and tissue localization of the calcium-sensing receptor in chicken(Gallus domesticus)[J].The American Journal of Physiology,1997,273(3):R1008-R1016.
[22] CIMA R R,CHENG I,KLINGENSMITH M E,et al.Identification and functional assay of an extracellular calcium-sensing receptor in Necturus gastric mucosa[J].The American Journal of Physiology,1997,273(5):G1051-G1060.
[23] LORETZ C A.Extracellular calcium-sensing receptors in fishes[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A:Molecular & Integrative Physiology,2008,149(3):225-245.
[24] BROWN E M,MACLEOD R J.Extracellular calcium sensing and extracellular calcium signaling[J].Physiological Reviews,2001,81(1):239-297.
[25] RASOAMANANA R,DARCEL N,FROMENTIN G,et al.Nutrient sensing and signalling by the gut[J].Proceedings of the Nutrition Society,2012,71(4):446-455.
[26] BRENNAN S C,DAVIES T S,SCHEPELMANN M,et al.Emerging roles of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor in nutrient sensing:control of taste modulation and intestinal hormone secretion[J].British Journal of Nutrition,2014,111(Suppl.1):S16-S22.
[27] ZHANG H.Anti-inflammatory effects of allosteric agonist peptides of calcium-sensing receptor in intestinal mucosal system[D].Ph.D.Thesis.Guelph:The University of Guelph,2013:35-46.
[28] BAI M,QUINN S,TRIVEDI S,et al.Expression and characterization of inactivating and activating mutations in the human Ca
2+-sensing receptor[J].The Journal of Biological Chemistry,1996,271(32):19537-19545.
[29] RAY K,GHOSH S P,NORTHUP J K.The role of cysteines and charged amino acids in extracellular loops of the human Ca
2+ receptor in cell surface expression and receptor activation processes[J].Endocrinology,2004,145(8):3892-3903.
[30] HU J X,REYES-CRUZ G,CHEN W Z,et al.Identification of acidic residues in the extracellular loops of the seven-transmembrane domain of the human Ca
2+ receptor critical for response to Ca
2+ and a positive allosteric modulator[J].The Journal of Biological Chemistry,2002,277(48):46622-46631.
[31] ZHANG Z X,SUN S,QUINN S J,et al.The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor dimerizes through multiple types of intermolecular interactions[J].The Journal of Biological Chemistry,2001,276(7):5316-5322.
[32] BAI M,TRIVEDI S,BROWN E M.Dimerization of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) on the cell surface of CaR-transfected HEK
293 cells[J].The Journal of Biological Chemistry,1998,273(36):23605-23610.
[33] CHATTOPADHYAY N,YAMAGUCHI T,BROWN E M.Ca
2+ receptor from brain to gut:common stimulus,diverse actions[J].Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism,1998,9(9):354-359.
[34] WANG W H,LU M,HEBERT S C.Cytochrome P-450 metabolites mediate extracellular Ca
2+-induced inhibition of apical K+ channels in the TAL[J].The American Journal of Physiology,1996,27(1):C103-C111.
[35] BUSTAMANTE M,HASLER U,LEROY V,et al.Calcium-sensing receptor attenuates AVP-induced aquaporin-2 expression via a calmodulin-dependent mechanism[J].Journal of the American Society of Nephrology,2008,19(1):109-116.
[36] SHOBACK D M,BILEZIKIAN J P,TURNER S A,et al.The calcimimetic cinacalcet normalizes serum calcium in subjects with primary hyperparathyroidism[J].The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism,2003,88(12):5644-5649.
[37] PIN J P,GALVEZ T,PRÉZEAU L.Evolution,structure,and activation mechanism of family 3/C G-protein-coupled receptors[J].Pharmacology & Therapeutics,2003,98(3):325-354.
[38] SAIDAK Z,BRAZIER M,KAMEL S,et al.Agonists and allosteric modulators of the calcium-sensing receptor and their therapeutic applications[J].Molecular Pharmacology,2009,76(6):1131-1144.
[39] MCGEHEE D S,ALDERSBERG M,LIU K P,et al.Mechanism of extracellular Ca
2+ receptor-stimulated hormone release from sheep thyroid parafollicular cells[J].The Journal of Physiology,1997,502(1):31-44.
[40] BROWN E M.The calcium-sensing receptor:physiology,pathophysiology and CaR-based therapeutics[J].Sub-Cellular Biochemistry,2007,45:139-167.
[41] MCLARNON S J,HOLDEN D,WARD D T,et al.Aminoglycoside antibiotics induce pH-sensitive activation of the calcium-sensing receptor[J].Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications,2002,297(1):71-77.
[42] QUINN S J,YE C P,DIAZ R,et al.The Ca
2+-sensing receptor:a target for polyamines[J].The American Journal of Physiology,1997,273(4):C1315-C1323.
[43] CONIGRAVE A D,MUN H C,DELBRIDGE L,et al.
L-amino acids regulate parathyroid hormone secretion[J].The Journal of Biological Chemistry,2004,279(37):38151-38159.
[44] BROADHEAD G K,MUN H C,AVLANI V A,et al.Allosteric modulation of the calcium-sensing receptor by γ-glutamyl peptides:inhibition of PTH secretion,suppression of intracellular cAMP levels,and a common mechanism of action with
L-amino acids[J].The Journal of Biological Chemistry,2011,286(11):8786-8797.
[45] OHSU T,AMINO Y,NAGASAKI H,et al.Involvement of the calcium-sensing receptor in human taste perception[J].The Journal of Biological Chemistry,2010,285(2):1016-1022.
[46] BREITWIESER G E,MIEDLICH S U,ZHANG M.Calcium sensing receptors as integrators of multiple metabolic signals[J].Cell Calcium,2004,35(3):209-216.
[47] BROWN E M,KATZ C,BUTTERS R,et al.Polyarginine,polylysine,and protamine mimic the effects of high extracellular calcium concentrations on dispersed bovine parathyroid cells[J].Journal of Bone and Mineral Research,1991,6(11):1217-1226.
[48] KATZ C L,BUTTERS R R,CHEN C J,et al.Structure-function relationships for the effects of various aminoglycoside antibiotics on dispersed bovine parathyroid cells[J].Endocrinology,1992,131(2):903-910.
[49] PETREL C,KESSLER A,DAUBAN P,et al.Positive and negative allosteric modulators of the Ca
2+-sensing receptor interact within overlapping but not identical binding sites in the transmembrane domain[J].The Journal of Biological Chemistry,2004,279(18):18990-18997.
[50] PIERCE K L,LEFKOWITZ R J.Classical and new roles of β-arrestins in the regulation of G-protein-coupled receptors[J].Nature Reviews Neuroscience,2001,2(10):727-733.
[51] TFELT-HANSEN J,MACLEOD R J,CHATTOPADHYAY N,et al.Calcium-sensing receptor stimulates PTHrP release by pathways dependent on PKC,p38 MAPK,JNK,and ERK1/2 in H-500 cells[J].American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism,2003,285(2):E329-E337.
[52] 潘雷,王英华,曾锦旗,等.核转录因子NF-κB的研究进展[J].现代实用医学,2002,14(4):205-207.
[53] 何庆南.转录因子AP-1的研究进展[J].国外医学:儿科学分册,1999(3):152-155.
[54] LEE H J,MUN H C,LEWIS N C,et al.Allosteric activation of the extracellular Ca
2+-sensing receptor by
L-amino acids enhances ERK1/2 phosphorylation[J].Biochemical Journal,2007,404(1):141-149.
[55] PEIRIS D,PACHECO I,SPENCER C,et al.The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor reciprocally regulates the secretion of BMP-2 and the BMP antagonist Noggin in colonic myofibroblasts[J].American Journal of Physiology:Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology,2007,292(3):G753-G766.
[56] KIFOR O,MACLEOD R J,DIAZ R,et al.Regulation of MAP kinase by calcium-sensing receptor in bovine parathyroid and CaR-transfected HEK293 cells[J].American Journal of Physiology:Renal Physiology,2001,280(2):F291-F302.
[57] MAITI A,HAIT N C,BECKMAN M J.Extracellular calcium-sensing receptor activation induces vitamin D receptor levels in proximal kidney HK-2G cells by a mechanism that requires phosphorylation of p38α MAPK[J].The Journal of Biological Chemistry,2008,283(1):175-183.
[58] HOBSON S A,WRIGHT J,LEE F,et al.Activation of the MAP kinase cascade by exogenous calcium-sensing receptor[J].Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology,2003,200(1/2):189-198.
[59] MACLEOD R J,CHATTOPADHYAY N,BROWN E M.PTHrP stimulated by the calcium-sensing receptor requires MAP kinase activation[J].American Journal of Physiology:Endocrinology and Metabolism,2003,284(2):E435-E442.
[60] GILSTER J,BACON K,MARLINK K,et al.Bismuth subsalicylate increases intracellular Ca
2+,MAP-kinase activity,and cell proliferation in normal human gastric mucous epithelial cells[J].Digestive Diseases and Sciences,2004,49(3):370-378.
[61] JUSTINICH C J,MAK N,PACHECO I,et al.The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) on human esophagus and evidence of expression of the CaSR on the esophageal epithelial cell line (HET-1A)[J].American Journal of Physiology:Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology,2008,294(1):G120-G129.
[62] DEWIRE S M,AHN S,LEFKOWITZ R J,et al.β-arrestins and cell signaling[J].Annual Review of Physiology,2007,69:483-510.
[63] GAO H,SUN Y,WU Y L,et al.Identification of β-arrestin 2 as a G protein-coupled receptor-stimulated regulator of NF-κB pathways[J].Molecular Cell,2004,14(3):303-317.
[64] WANG Y Y,TANG Y W,TENG L,et al.Association of β-arrestin and TRAF6 negatively regulates Toll-like receptor-interleukin 1 receptor signaling[J].Nature Immunology,2006,7(2):139-147.
[65] FAN H K,LUTTRELL L M,TEMPEL G E,et al.β-arrestins 1 and 2 differentially regulate LPS-induced signaling and pro-inflammatory gene expression[J].Molecular Immunology,2007,44(12):3092-3099.
[66] WITHEROW D S,GARRISON T R,MILLER W E,et al.β-arrestin inhibits NF-κB activity by means of its interaction with the NF-κB inhibitor IκBα[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of United States of America,2004,101(23):8603-8607.
[67] CHATTOPADHYAY N,CHENG I,ROGERS K,et al.Identification and localization of extracellular Ca
2+-sensing receptor in rat intestine[J].American Journal of Physiology:Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology,1998,274(1):G122-G130.
[68] JOECKEL E,HABER T,PRAWITT D,et al.High calcium concentration in bones promotes bone metastasis in renal cell carcinomas expressing calcium-sensing receptor[J].Molecular Cancer,2014,13:42.
[69] HEBERT S C,CHENG S,GEIBEL J.Functions and roles of the extracellular Ca
2+-sensing receptor in the gastrointestinal tract[J].Cell Calcium,2004,35(3):239-247.
[70] VEZZOLI G,SOLDATI L,GAMBARO G.Roles of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in renal mineral ion transport[J].Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology,2009,10(3):302-310.
[71] SMAJILOVIC S,TFELT-HANSEN J.Calcium acts as a first messenger through the calcium-sensing receptor in the cardiovascular system[J].Cardiovascular Research,2007,75(3):457-467.
[72] FAVUS M J,KATHPALIA S C,COE F L,et al.Effects of diet calcium and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on colon calcium active transport[J].The American Journal of Physiology,1980,238(2):G75-G78.
[73] RAY J M,SQUIRES P E,CURTIS S B,et al.Expression of the calcium-sensing receptor on human antral gastrin cells in culture[J].Journal of Clinical Investigation,1997,99(10):2328-2333.
[74] RUTTEN M J,BACON K D,MARLINK K L,et al.Identification of a functional Ca
2+-sensing receptor in normal human gastric mucous epithelial cells[J].The American Journal of Physiology,1999,277(3):G662-G670.
[75] CHENG I,QURESHI I,CHATTOPADHYAY N,et al.Expression of an extracellular calcium-sensing receptor in rat stomach[J].Gastroenterology,1999,116(1):118-126.
[76] BUCHAN A M,SQUIRES P E,RING M,et al.Mechanism of action of the calcium-sensing receptor in human antral gastrin cells[J].Gastroenterology,2001,120(5):1128-1139.
[77] BUSQUE S M,KERSTETTER J E,GEIBEL J P,et al.
L-type amino acids stimulate gastric acid secretion by activation of the calcium-sensing receptor in parietal cells[J].American Journal of Physiology:Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology,2005,289(4):G664-G669.
[78] DUFNER M M,KIRCHHOFF P,REMY C,et al.The calcium-sensing receptor acts as a modulator of gastric acid secretion in freshly isolated human gastric glands[J].American Journal of Physiology:Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology,2005,289(6):G1084-G1090.
[79] GEIBEL J P,HEBERT S C.The functions and roles of the extracellular Ca
2+-sensing receptor along the gastrointestinal tract[J].Annual Review of Physiology,2009,71:205-217.
[80] CHATTOPADHYAY N,CHENG I,ROGERS K,et al.Identification and localization of extracellular Ca
2+-sensing receptor in rat intestine[J].American Journal of Physiology:Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology,1998,274(1):G122-G130.
[81] LIOU A P,SEI Y,ZHAO X L,et al.The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor is required for cholecystokinin secretion in response to
L-phenylalanine in acutely isolated intestinal I cells[J].American Journal of Physiology:Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology,2011,300(4):G538-G546.
[82] MACE O J,SCHINDLER M,PATEL S.The regulation of K- and
L-cell activity by GLUT2 and the calcium-sensing receptor CasR in rat small intestine[J].The Journal of Physiology,2012,590(12):2917-2936.
[83] CHENG S X.Calcium-sensing receptor inhibits secretagogue-induced electrolyte secretion by intestine via the enteric nervous system[J].American Journal of Physiology:Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology,2012,303(1):G60-G70.
[84] REY O,CHANG W,BIKLE D,et al.Negative cross-talk between calcium-sensing receptor and β-catenin signaling systems in colonic epithelium[J].The Journal of Biological Chemistry,2012,287(2):1158-1167.
[85] SHEININ Y,KÁLLAY E,WRBA F,et al.Immunocytochemical localization of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor in normal and malignant human large intestinal mucosa[J].Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry,2000,48(5):595-601.
[86] CHAKRABARTY S,RADJENDIRANE V,APPELMAN H,et al.Extracellular calcium and calcium sensing receptor function in human colon carcinomas:promotion of E-cadherin expression and suppression of β-catenin/TCF activation[J].Cancer Research,2003,63(1):67-71.
[87] CHAKRABARTY S,WANG H,CANAFF L,et al.Calcium sensing receptor in human colon carcinoma:interaction with Ca
2+ and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3[J].Cancer Research,2005,65(2):493-498.
[88] PACHECO I I,MACLEOD R J.CaSR stimulates secretion of Wnt5a from colonic myofibroblasts to stimulate CDX2 and sucrase-isomaltase using Ror2 on intestinal epithelia[J].American Journal of Physiology:Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology,2008,295(4):G748-759.
[89] BRESALIER R S.Calcium,chemoprevention,and cancer:a small step forward (a long way to go)[J].Gastroenterology,1999,116(5):1261-1263.
[90] WANG R,XU C Q,ZHAO W M,et al.Calcium and polyamine regulated calcium-sensing receptors in cardiac tissues[J].European Journal of Biochemistry,2003,270(12):2680-2688.
[91] ZHANG W H,FU S B,LU F H,et al.Involvement of calcium-sensing receptor in ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis in rat cardiomyocytes[J].Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications,2006,347(4):872-881.
[92] SUN Y H,LIU M N,LI H,et al.Calcium-sensing receptor induces rat neonatal ventricular cardiomyocyte apoptosis[J].Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications,2006,350(4):942-948.
[93] JIANG C M,HAN L P,LI H Z,et al.Calcium-sensing receptors induce apoptosis in cultured neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes during simulated ischemia/reperfusion[J].Cell Biology International,2008,32(7):792-800.
[94] 孙轶华,张力,徐长庆,等.不同鼠龄大鼠心肌组织中钙敏感受体的表达及与缺氧-再灌注损伤的关系[J].中国病理生理杂志,2006,22(8):1506-1509.
[95] 张伟才,张伟华,吴博,等.钙敏感受体与缺血/再灌注损伤诱发心肌细胞凋亡的线粒体途径的关系[J].中华心血管病杂志,2007,35(8):740-744.
[96] 吴博,张伟华,李全凤,等.钙敏感受体在缺氧-复氧诱导的大鼠心肌细胞凋亡中的作用[J].中国病理生理杂志,2007,23(7):1249-1253.
[97] RICCARDI D,HALL A E,CHATTOPADHYAY N,et al.Localization of the extracellular Ca
2+/polyvalent cation-sensing protein in rat kidney[J].American Journal of Physiology:Renal Physiology,1998,274(3):F611-F622.
[98] BA J M,FRIEDMAN P A.Calcium-sensing receptor regulation of renal mineral ion transport[J].Cell Calcium,2004,35(3):229-237.
[99] ASLANOVA U F,MORIMOTO T,FARAJOV E I,et al.Chloride-dependent intracellular pH regulation via extracellular calcium-sensing receptor in the medullary thick ascending limb of the mouse kidney[J].Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine,2006,210(4):291-300.
[100] ABDULLAH H I,PEDRAZA P L,MCGIFF J C,et al.CaR activation increases TNF production by mTAL cells via a Gi-dependent mechanism[J].American Journal of Physiology:Renal Physiology,2008,294(2):F345-F354.
[101] DE JESUS FERREIRA M C,HÉLIÈS-TOUSSAINT C,IMBERT-TEBOUL M,et al.Co-expression of a Ca
2+-inhibitable adenylyl cyclase and of a Ca
2+-sensing receptor in the cortical thick ascending limb cell of the rat kidney.Inhibition of hormone-dependent cAMP accumulation by extracellular Ca
2+[J].The Journal of Biological Chemistry,1998,273(24):15192-15202.
[102] MOTOYAMA H I,FRIEDMAN P A.Calcium-sensing receptor regulation of PTH-dependent calcium absorption by mouse cortical ascending limbs[J].American Journal of Physiology:Renal Physiology,2002,283(3):F399-F406.
[103] PROCINO G,CARMOSINO M,TAMMA G,et al.Extracellular calcium antagonizes forskolin-induced aquaporin 2 trafficking in collecting duct cells[J].Kidney International,2004,66(6):2245-2255.
[104] TOPALA C N,SCHOEBER J P H,SEARCHFIELD L E,et al.Activation of the Ca
2+-sensing receptor stimulates the activity of the epithelial Ca
2+ channel TRPV5[J].Cell Calcium,2009,45(4):331-339.
