REVIEW

Effects of Relative Humidity on Evaporative Water Lose and Health of Poultry

  • ZHOU Ying ,
  • ZHANG Minhong
Expand
  • State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China

Received date: 2015-09-15

  Online published: 2016-02-19

Abstract

As a principal parameter of thermal load, relative humidity (RH) affects the regulation of thermal balance of poultry along with ambient temperature and air velocity. At appropriate RH level, evaporation heat lose (EHL) can reach the maximum amount. Under the environment of high temperature, high humidity hinders the EHL of poultry, which causes the rise of body temperature, rapids breathing, loss of appetite, seriously, and leads to acid-base balance disorders, heat collapse and respiratory alkalosis. This paper reviewed the main important functions of evaporation water lose (EWL), such as the heat balance adjustment, and influence on poultry EWL, and the influence on the poultry health, aimed at emphasis of the importance of RH in poultry production.

Cite this article

ZHOU Ying , ZHANG Minhong . Effects of Relative Humidity on Evaporative Water Lose and Health of Poultry[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2016 , 28(2) : 353 -360 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2016.02.007

References

[1] LIN H,JIAO H C,BUYSE J,et al.Strategies for preventing heat stress in poultry[J].World's Poultry Science Journal,2006,62(1):71-86.  
[2] ROMANOFF A L.Effect of humidity on the growth,calcium metabolism,and mortality of the chick embryo[J].Journal of Experimental Zoology,1929,54(2):343-348.  
[3] 顾宪红,杜荣,方路.高温条件下湿度对肉仔鸡耗料量、耗水量及生产性能的影响[J].家畜生态,1998,19(1):1-5.
[4] 顾宪红,杜荣,林海.湿度和风速对高温条件下肉仔鸡体热平衡及其血浆相关激素水平的影响[J].动物营养学报,1997,9(4):44-49.
[5] 顾宪红,杜荣,方路.高温条件下湿度对肉仔鸡直肠温度和血浆三碘甲腺原氨酸、胰岛素水平的影响[J].中国农业科学,1999,32(1):105-107.
[6] 陶秀萍.不同温湿风条件对肉鸡应激敏感生理生化指标影响的研究[D].博士学位论文.北京:中国农业科学院,2003.
[7] FREEMAN B M.Physiological responses of the adult fowl to environmental temperature[J].World's Poultry Science Journal,1966,22(2):140-145.  
[8] MARDER J,ARAD Z.Panting and acid-base regulation in heat stressed birds[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A:Physiology,1989,94(3):395-400.  
[9] OPHIR E,ARIELI Y,MARDER J,et al.Cutaneous blood flow in the pigeon columba livia:its possible relevance to cutaneous water evaporation[J].The Journal of Experimental Biology,2002,205(17):2627-2636.
[10] CAMPBELL G S,NORMAN J M.An introduction to environmental biophysics[M].New York:Springer,1998.
[11] HUTCHINSON J C D.Evaporative cooling in fowls[J].The Journal of Agricultural Science,1954,45(1):48-59.  
[12] 颜培实,李如治.家畜环境卫生学[M].4版.北京:高等教育出版社,2011:32.
[13] ROMIJN C,LOKHORST W.Heat regulation and energy metabolism in the domestic fowl[M]//HORTON-SMITH C,AMOROSO E C.Physiology of the Domestic Fowl.Edinburgh:Oliver & Boyd,1966:211-227.
[14] BERNSTEIN M H.Cutaneous and respiratory evaporation in the painted quail,Excalfactoria chinensis,during ontogeny of thermoregulation[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A:Physiology,1971,38(3):611-617.  
[15] BERNSTEIN M H.Cutaneous water loss in small birds[J].Condor,1971,73:468-469.
[16] BOUVEROT P,HILDWEIN G,LE GOFF D.Evaporative water loss,respiratory pattern,gas exchange and acid-base balance during thermal panting in Pekin ducks exposed to moderate heat[J].Respiration Physiology,1974,21(2):255-269.  
[17] RICHARDS S A.Evaporative water loss in domestic fowls and its partition in relation to ambient temperature[J].The Journal of Agricultural Science,1976,87(3):527-532.  
[18] MARDER J,BEN-ASHER J.Cutaneous water evaporation-Ⅰ.Its significance in heat-stressed birds[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A:Physiology,1983,75(3):425-431.  
[19] APPLEYARD R F.Cutaneous and respiratory water losses in the ring dove,Streptopelia risoria[D].Master Thesis.Pullman:Washington State University,1979.
[20] LASIEWSKI R C,BERNSTEIN M H,OHMART R D.Cutaneous water loss in the roadrunner and poor-will[J].Condor,1971,73(4):470-472.  
[21] WITHERS P C.Energy,water,and solute balance of the ostrich struthio camelus[J].Physiological Zoology,1983,56(4):568-579.  
[22] WOLF B,WALSBERG G.Respiratory and cutaneous evaporative water loss at high environmental temperatures in a small bird[J].Journal of Experimental Biology,1996,199(2):451-457.
[23] BERNSTEIN M H.Cutaneous and respiratory evaporation in painted quail,excalfactoria chinensis[J].American Zoologist,1969,9(4):1099.
[24] SMITH R M.Cardiovascular,respiratory,temperature and evaporative water loss responses of pigeons to varying degrees of heat stress[D].Ph.D.Thesis.Indiana:Indiana University,1969.
[25] DAWSON W R.Evaporative losses of water by birds[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A:Physiology,1982,71(4):495-509.  
[26] WEBSTER M D,BERNSTEIN M H.Ventilated capsule measurements of cutaneous evaporation in mourning doves[J].Condor,1987,89(4):863-868.  
[27] WEBSTER M D.Behavioral and physiological adaptations of birds to hot desert climates[C]//Proceedings of the 20th International Ornithological Congress.Christchurch,New Zealand,1991:1765-1776.
[28] WEBSTER M D,KING J R.Temperature and humidity dynamics of cutaneous and respiratory evaporation in pigeons,Columba livia[J].Journal of Comparative Physiology B,1987,157(2):253-260.  
[29] WELCH W R.Evaporative water loss from endotherms in thermally and hygrically complex environments:an empirical approach for interspecific comparisons[J].Journal of Comparative Physiology,1980,139(2):135-143.  
[30] ROMIJN C,LOKHORST W.Climate and poultry.heat regulation in the fowl[J].Tijdschr Diergeneeskd,1961,86:153-172.
[31] 黄昌澍.家畜气候学[M].南京:江苏科学技术出版社,1989:68.
[32] MISSON B H.The effects of temperature and relative humidity on the thermoregulatory responses of grouped and isolated neonate chicks[J].The Journal of Agricultural Science,1976,86(1):34-43.
[33] EGBUNIKE G N.The relative importance of dry- and wet-bulb temperatures in the thermorespiratory function in the chicken[J].Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin Reihe A,1979,26(7):573-579.
[34] DE ALENCAR NÄÄs I,ROMANINI C E B,NEVES D P,et al.Broiler surface temperature distribution of 42 day old chickens[J].Scientia Agricola,2010,67(5):497-502.  
[35] PRINCE R P,WHITAKER J H,MATTERSON L D,et al.Response of chickens to temperature and relative humidity environments[J].Poultry Science,1965,44(1):73-77.  
[36] MILLIGAN J L,WINN P N.The influence of temperature and humidity on broiler performance in environmental chambers[J].Poultry Science,1964,43(4):817-824.  
[37] 林海.肉鸡实感温度的系统模型分析及热应激下的营养生理反应[D].博士学位论文.北京:中国农业科学院,1996.
[38] YAHAV S.Relative humidity at moderate ambient temperatures:its effect on male broiler chickens and turkeys[J].British Poultry Science,2000,41(1):94-100.  
[39] ADAMS R L,ROGLER J C.The effects of dietary aspirin and humidity on the performance of light and heavy breed chicks[J].Poultry Science,1968,47(4):1344-1348.  
[40] WILSON W O,EDWARDS W H.Interaction of humidity and temperature as affecting comfort of White Leghorn hens[J].Poultry Science,1953,32(5):929.
[41] LIN H,ZHANG H F,DU R,et al.Thermoregulation responses of broiler chickens to humidity at different ambient temperatures.Ⅱ.Four weeks of age[J].Poultry Science,2005,84(8):1173-1178.  
[42] 林海,杜荣,顾宪红.初生雏鸡对不同温热环境的体温调节反应[J].动物营养学报,1996,8(1):34-39.
[43] KAMAR G A R,KHALIFA M A S.The effect of environmental conditions on body temperature of fowls[J].British Poultry Science,1964,5(3):235-244.  
[44] YAHAV S,PLAVNIK I,RUSAL M,et al.Response of turkeys to relative humidity at high ambient temperature[J].British Poultry Science,1998,39(3):340-345.  
[45] PRINZINGER R,PRE MAR A,SCHLEUCHER E.Body temperature in birds[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A:Physiology,1991,99(4):499-506.  
[46] PHILLIPS P K,SANBORN A F.An infrared,thermographic study of surface temperature in three ratites:ostrich,emu and double-wattled cassowary[J].Journal of Thermal Biology,1994,19(6):423-430.  
[47] STEWART M,WEBSTER J R,SCHAEFER A L,et al.Infrared thermography as a non-invasive tool to study animal welfare[J].Animal Welfare,2005,14(4):319-325.
[48] YAHAV S,SHINDER D,RUZAL M,et al.Controlling body temperature-the opportunities for highly productive domestic fowl[M]//CISNEROS A B, GIONS B L.Body temperature regulation.New York:Nova Science,2009:65-98.
[49] YAHAV S,LUGER D,CAHANER A,et al.Thermoregulation in naked neck chickens subjected to different ambient temperatures[J].British Poultry Science,1998,39(1):133-138.  
[50] YAHAV S,STRASCHNOW A,LUGER D,et al.Ventilation,sensible heat loss,broiler energy,and water balance under harsh environmental conditions[J].Poultry Science,2004,83(2):253-258.  
[51] OTA H,GARVE H L,ASHBY W.Heat and moisture production of laying hens[J].Agriculture.England.1953,34:163-167.
[52] BOUCHILLON C W,REECE F N,DEATON J W.Mathematical modeling of thermal homeostasis in a chicken[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1970,13(5):648-652.  
[53] REECE F N,DEATON J W,KUBENA L F.Effects of high temperature and humidity on heat prostration of broiler chickens[J].Poultry Science,1972,51(6):2021-2025.  
[54] SCHMIDT-NIELSEN K,CRAWFORD E C,Jr,NEWSOME A E,et al.Metabolic rate of camels:effect of body temperature and dehydration[J].American Journal of physiology,1967,212(2):341-346.
[55] ARAD Z,ARNASON S S,CHADWICK A,et al.Osmotic and hormonal responses to heat and dehydration in the fowl[J].Journal of Comparative Physiology B,1985,155(2):227-234.  
[56] CHWALIBOG A,EGGUM B O.Effect of temperature on performance,heat production,evaporative heat loss and body composition in chickens[J].Archiv für Geflügelkunde,1989,53:179-184.
[57] WILSON W O.Viability of embryos and of chicks in inbred chickens[J].Poultry Science,1948,27(6):727-735.  
[58] ODOM T W,HARRISON P C,BOTTJE W G.Effects of thermal-induced respiratory alkalosis on blood ionized calcium levels in the domestic hen[J].Poultry Science,1986,65(3):570-573.  
[59] COHEN I,HURWITZ S.The response of blood ionic constituents and acid-base balance to dietary sodium,potassium and chloride in laying fowls[J].Poultry Science,1974,53(1):378-383.  
[60] HURWITZ S,COHEN I,BAR A,et al.Sodium and chloride requirements of the 7-9-week-old broiler[J].Poultry Science,1974,53(1):326-331.  
[61] MASKREY M.Metabolic and acid-base implications of thermal panting[M]//HALES J R S.Thermal physiology.New York:Raven Press,1984:347-352.
[62] MATHER F B,BARNAS G M,BURGER R E.The influence of alkalosis on panting[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A:Physiology,1980,67(2):265-268.
[63] ALTAN O,ALTAN A,OGUZ I,et al.Effects of heat stress on growth,some blood variables and lipid oxidation in broilers exposed to high temperature at an early age[J].British Poultry Science,2000,41(4):489-493.  
[64] TEETER R G,SMITH M O,OWENS F N,et al.Chronic heat stress and respiratory alkalosis:occurrence and treatment in broiler chicks[J].Poultry Science,1985,64(6):1060-1064.  
[65] CHARLES D R.Temperature for broilers[J].World's Poultry Science Journal,1986,42(3):249-258.  
[66] WINN P N,GODFREY E F.The effect of humidity on growth and feed conversion of broiler chickens[J].International Journal of Biometeorology,1967,11(1):39-50.  
Outlines

/