[1] IWATSUKI K,UNEYAMA H.Sense of taste in the gastrointestinal tract[J].Journal of Pharmacological Sciences,2012,118(2):123-128.

[2] LI X D.T1R receptors mediate mammalian sweet and umami taste[J].American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,2009,90(3):733S-737S.
[3] CHANDRASHEKAR J,HOON M A,RYBA N J P,et al.The receptors and cells for mammalian taste[J].Nature,2006,444(7117):288-294.

[4] HASS N,SCHWARZENBACHER K,BREER H.T1R3 is expressed in brush cells and ghrelin-producing cells of murine stomach[J].Cell and Tissue Research,2010,339(3):493-504.

[5] KASKE S,KRASTEVA G,KÖNIG P,et al.TRPM5,a taste-signaling transient receptor potential ion-channel,is a ubiquitous signaling component in chemosensory cells[J].BMC Neuroscience,2007,8(1):49.
[6] ISHIMARU Y,INADA H,KUBOTA M,et al.Transient receptor potential family members PKD1L3 and PKD2L1 form a candidate sour taste receptor[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2006,103(33):12569-12574.

[7] TALAVERA K,YASUMATSU K,VOETS T,et al.Heat activation of TRPM5 underlies thermal sensitivity of sweet taste[J].Nature,2005,438(7070):1022-1025.

[8] STERNINI C.Taste receptors in the gastrointestinal tract.IV.Functional implications of bitter taste receptors in gastrointestinal chemosensing[J].American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology,2007,292(2):G457-G461.
[9] ROZENGURT E.Taste receptors in the gastrointestinal tract.Ⅰ.Bitter taste receptors and α-gustducin in the mammalian gut[J].American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology,2006,291(2):G171-G177.
[10] DESIMONE J A,LYALL V.Taste receptors in the gastrointestinal tract Ⅲ.Salty and sour taste:sensing of sodium and protons by the tongue[J].American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology,2006,291(6):G1005-G1010.
[11] BEZENÇON C,COUTRE J L,DAMAK S.Taste-signaling proteins are coexpressed in solitary intestinal epithelial cells[J].Chemical Senses,2007,32(1):41-49.

[12] TODA Y,NAKAGITA T,HAYAKAWA T,et al.Two distinct determinants of ligand specificity in T1R1/T1R3(the umami taste receptor)[J].The Journal of Biological Chemistry,2013,288(52):36863-36877.

[13] CONIGRAVE A D,BROWN E M.Taste receptors in the gastrointestinal tract.Ⅱ.
L-amino acid sensing by calcium-sensing receptors:implications for GI physiology[J].American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology,2006,291(5):G753-G761.
[14] KINNAMON S C.Umami taste transduction mechanisms[J].The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,2009,90(3):753S-755S.
[15] KIKUT-LIGAJ D,TRZCIELINSKA-LORYCH J.How taste works:cells,receptors and gustatory perception[J].Cellular and Molecular Biology Letters,2015,20(5):699-716.
[16] TOLHURST G,REIMANN F,GRIBBLE F M.Intestinal sensing of nutrients[M]//JOOST H G.Appetite control.Berlin Heidelberg:Springer,2012:309-335.
[17] KOKRASHVILI Z,MOSINGER B,MARGOLSKEE R F.Taste signaling elements expressed in gut enteroendocrine cells regulate nutrient-responsive secretion of gut hormones[J].The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,2009,90(3):822S-825S.
[18] WU S V,ROZENGURT N,YANG M,et al.Expression of bitter taste receptors of the T2R family in the gastrointestinal tract and enteroendocrine STC-1 cells[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2002,99(4):2392-2397.

[19] HÖFER D,PVSCHEL B,DRENCKHAHN D.Taste receptor-like cells in the rat gut identified by expression of alpha-gustducin[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,1996,93(13):6631-6634.

[20] TOKO K.Taste sensor[J].Journal of the Food Hygienic Society of Japan,2000,41(5):J336-J341.
[21] CHANDRASHEKAR J,MUELLER K L,HOON M A,et al.T2Rs function as bitter taste receptors[J].Cell,2000,100(6):703-711.

[22] DESHPANDE D A,WANG W C H,MCLLMOYLE E L,et al.Bitter taste receptors on airway smooth muscle bronchodilate by localized calcium signaling and reverse obstruction[J].Nature Medicine,2010,16(11):1299-1304.

[23] TIZZANO M,GULBRANSEN B D,VANDENBEUCH A,et al.Nasal chemosensory cells use bitter taste signaling to detect irritants and bacterial signals[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America,2010,107(7):3210-3215.

[24] DEPOORTERE I.Taste receptors of the gut:emerging roles in health and disease[J].Gut,2014,63(1):179-190.

[25] FOURNEL A,MARLIN A,ABOT A,et al.Glucosensing in the gastrointestinal tract:impact on glucose metabolism[J].American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology,2016,310(9):G645-G658.
[26] EGAN J M,MARGOLSKEE R F.Taste cells of the gut and gastrointestinal chemosensation[J].Molecular Interventions,2008,8(2):78-81.

[27] IAKOUBOV R,LAUFFER L M.T1R3:how to indulge the gut's sweet tooth[J].American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism,2012,303(7):E813-E814.