[1] BOTHAST R J,SCHLICHER M A.Biotechnological processes for conversion of corn into ethanol[J].Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,2005,67(1):19-25.

[2] MUMM R H,GOLDSMITH P D,RAUSCH K D,et al.Land usage attributed to corn ethanol production in the United States:sensitivity to technological advances in corn grain yield,ethanol conversion,and co-product utilization[J].Biotechnology for Biofuels,2014,7(1):61.
[3] LI S,LIUW,RAUSCH K D,et al.Comparison of protein concentrate,protein isolate and wet sieving processes for enriching DDGS protein[J].Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society,2014,91(5):867-874.

[4] ROBINSON P H,KARGES K,GIBSON M L.Nutritional evaluation of four co-product feedstuffs from the motor fuel ethanol distillation industry in the Midwestern USA[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2008,146(3/4):345-352.
[5] LI C,LI J Q,YANG W Z,et al.Ruminal and intestinal amino acid digestion of distiller's grain vary with grain source and milling process[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2012,175(3/4):121-130.
[6] SAUNDERS J A,ROSENTRATER K A.Properties of solvent extracted low-oil corn distillers dried grains with solubles[J].Biomass and bioenergy,2009,33(10):1486-1490.

[7] JACELA J Y,DEROUCHEY J M,DRITZ S S,et al.Amino acid digestibility and energy content of deoiled (solvent-extracted) corn distillers dried grains with solubles for swine and effects on growth performance and carcass characteristics[J].Journal of Animal Science,2011,89(6):1817-1829.

[8] KIM Y,MOSIER N,LADISCH M R.Process simulation of modified dry grind ethanol plant with recycle of pretreated and enzymatically hydrolyzed distillers' grains[J].Bioresource Technology,2008,99(12):5177-5192.

[9] PERKIS D,TYNER W,DALE R.Economic analysis of a modified dry grind ethanol process with recycle of pretreated and enzymatically hydrolyzed distillers' grains[J].Bioresource Technology,2008,99(12):5243-5249.

[10] PEDERSEN C,LINDBERG J E.Ileal and total tract nutrient digestibility in wheat wet distillers solubles and wheat dried distillers grains with solubles when fed to growing pigs[J].Livestock Science,2010,132(1/2/3):145-151.
[11] CHOI G W,KIM Y,KEUN,et al.Low temperature pre-treatment of new cultivar of corn for ethanol production and nutrient value of its distiller's dried grains with soluble[J].Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering,2009,14(4):496-502.

[12] ROSENTRATER K A,MUTHUKUMARAPPAN K,KANNADHASON S.Effects of ingredients and extrusion parameters on aquafeeds containing DDGS and potato starch[J].Journal of Aquaculture Feed Science and Nutrition,2009,1(1):22-38.
[13] BHADRA R,MUTHUKUMARAPPAN K,ROSENTRATER K A.Characterization of chemical and physical properties of distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) for value added uses[C]//2007 ASAE Annual Meeting.St. Joseph,Michigan:American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers,2007.
[14] SHARMA R,LAMSAL B P,COLONNA W J.Pretreatment of fibrous biomass and growth of biosurfactant-producing
Bacillus subtilis on biomass-derived fermentable sugars[J].Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering,2016,39(1):105-113.

[15] CHEN H C,LIU S J.A kinetic study of DDGS hemicellulose acid hydrolysis and NMR characterization of DDGS hydrolysate[J].Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology,2015,177(1):162-174.

[16] LADISCH M,DALE B,TYNER W,et al.Cellulose conversion in dry grind ethanol plants[J].Bioresource Technology,2008,99(12):5157-5159.

[17] DIEN B S,XIMENES E A,O'BRYAN P J,et al.Enzyme characterization for hydrolysis of AFEX and liquid hot-water pretreated distillers' grains and their conversion to ethanol[J].Bioresource Technology,2008,99(12):5216-5225.

[18] THALER B.Use of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in swine diets[R].South Dakota:South Dakota State University,2002.
[19] PEDERSEN C,JONSSON H,LINDBERG J E,et al.Microbiological characterization of wet wheat distillers' grain,with focus on isolation of lactobacilli with potential as probiotics[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2004,70(3):1522-1527.

[20] DAHLEN R B A,BAIDOO S K,SHURSON G C,et al.Assessment of energy content of low-solubles corn distillers dried grains and effects on growth performance,carcass characteristics,and pork fat quality in growing-finishing pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,2011,89(10):3140-3152.

[21] JUNG B,BATAL A B,WARD N E,et al.Vitamin composition of new-generation corn distillers dried grains with solubles[J].The Journal of Applied Poultry Research,2013,22(1):71-74.

[22] ERIKSSON G,GRIMM A,SKOGLUND N,et al.Combustion and fuel characterisation of wheat distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) and possible combustion applications[J].Fuel,2012,102:208-220.
[23] GUDKA B,DARVELL L I,JONES J M,et al.Fuel characteristics of wheat-based dried distillers grains and solubles (DDGS) for thermal conversion in power plants[J].Fuel Processing Technology,2012,94(1):123-130.

[24] STEIN H H,SHURSON G C.Board-invited review:the use and application of distillers dried grains with solubles in swine diets[J].Journal of Animal Science,2009,87(4):1292-1303.

[25] RAUSCH K D,BELYEA R L.The future of coproducts from corn processing[J].Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology,2006,128(1):47-86.

[26] KIM E J,AMEZCUA C M,UTTERBACK P L,et al.Phosphorus bioavailability,true metabolizable energy,and amino acid digestibilities of high protein corn distillers dried grains and dehydrated corn germ[J].Poultry Science,2008,87(4):700-705.

[27] NOUREDDINI H,DANG J.Degradation of phytates in distillers' grains and corn gluten feed by Aspergillus niger phytase[J].Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology,2009,159(1):11-23.

[28] KHULLAR E,SHETTY J K,RAUSCH K D,et al.Use of phytases in ethanol production from E-Mill corn processing[J].Cereal Chemistry,2011,88(3):223-227.

[29] CHEN X Z,XIAO Y,SHEN W,et al.Display of phytase on the cell surface of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae to degrade phytate phosphorus and improve bioethanol production[J].Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,2016,100(5):2449-2458.

[30] LUTHRIA D L,LIU K S,MEMON A A.Phenolic acids and antioxidant capacity of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as compared with corn[J].Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society,2012,89(7):1297-1304.
[31] LI X Y,ZHAO L H,FAN Y,et al.Occurrence of mycotoxins in feed ingredients and complete feeds obtained from the Beijing region of China[J].Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology,2014,5(1):37.
[32] TANSAKUL N,JALA P,LAOPIEM S,et al.Co-occurrence of five
Fusarium toxins in corn-dried distiller's grains with solubles in Thailand and comparison of ELISA and LC-MS/MS for fumonisin analysis[J].Mycotoxin Research,2013,29(4):255-260.

[33] COMPART D M P,CARLSON A M,CRAWFORD G I,et al.Presence and biological activity of antibiotics used in fuel ethanol and corn co-product production[J].Journal of Animal Science,2013,91(5):2395-2404.

[34] KANNADHASON S,MUTHUKUMARAPPAN K,ROSENTRATER K A.Effect of starch sources and protein content on extruded aquaculture feed containing DDGS[J].Food and Bioprocess Technology,2011,4(2):282-294.

[35] CHEVANAN N,MUTHUKUMARAPPAN K,ROSENTRATER K A.Extrusion studies of aquaculture feed using distillers dried grains with solubles and whey[J].Food and Bioprocess Technology,2009,2(2):177-185.

[36] POURAFSHAR S,ROSENTRATER K A,KRISHNAN P G.Using alternative flours as partial replacement of barbari bread formulation (traditional Iranian bread)[J].Journal of Food Science and Technology,2015,52(9):5691-5699.

[37] POURAFSHAR S,ROSENTRATER K A,KRISHNAN P G.Changes in chemical and physical properties of Latin American wheat flour based tortillas substituted with different levels of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS)[J].Journal of Food Science and Technology,2015,52(8):5243-5249.

[38] PEDERSEN C,BOERSMA M G,STEIN H H.Digestibility of energy and phosphorus in ten samples of distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,2007,85(5):1168-1176.

[39] JIE Y Z,ZHANG J Y,ZHAO L H,et al.The correlationship between the metabolizable energy content,chemical composition and color score in different sources of corn DDGS[J].Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology,2013,4(1):38.
[40] AYOADE D I,KIARIE E,NETO M A T,et al.Net energy of diets containing wheat-corn distillers dried grains with solubles as determined by indirect calorimetry,comparative slaughter,and chemical composition methods[J].Journal of Animal Science,2012,90(12):4373-4379.

[41] AGYEKUM A K,WOYENGO T A,SLOMINSKI B A,et al.Effects of formulating growing pig diet with increasing levels of wheat-corn distillers dried grains with solubles on digestible nutrient basis on growth performance and nutrient digestibility[J].Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition,2014,98(4):651-658.

[42] URRIOLA P E,SHURSON G C,STEIN H H.Digestibility of dietary fiber in distillers coproducts fed to growing pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,2010,88(7):2373-2381.

[43] GUTIERREZ N A,SERÃO N V L,KERR B J,et al.Relationships among dietary fiber components and the digestibility of energy,dietary fiber,and amino acids and energy content of nine corn coproducts fed to growing pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,2014,92(10):4505-4517.

[44] GUTIERREZ N A,SERÃO N V L,PATIENCE J F.Effects of distillers' dried grains with solubles and soybean oil on dietary lipid,fiber,and amino acid digestibility in corn-based diets fed to growing pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,2016,94(4):1508-1519.

[45] LAN Y,OPAPEJU F O,NYACHOTI C M.True ileal protein and amino acid digestibilities in wheat dried distillers' grains with solubles fed to finishing pigs[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2008,140(1/2):155-163.
[46] COZANNET P,PRIMOT Y,GADY C,et al.Ileal digestibility of amino acids in wheat distillers dried grains with solubles for pigs[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2010,158(3/4):177-186.
[47] COZANNET P,PRIMOT Y,GADY C,et al.Composition and amino acids ileal digestibility of wheat distillers dried grains and solubles in pigs:sources of variability[J].Livestock Science,2010,134(1/2/3):176-179.
[48] CURRY S M,NAVARRO D M D L,ALMEIDA F N,et al.Amino acid digestibility in low-fat distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology,2014,5(1):27.
[49] ALMEIDA F N,HTOO J K,THOMSON J,et al.Amino acid digestibility of heat damaged distillers dried grains with solubles fed to pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology,2013,4(1):44.
[50] YOON S Y,YANG Y X,SHINDE P L,et al.Effects of mannanase and distillers dried grain with solubles on growth performance,nutrient digestibility,and carcass characteristics of grower-finisher pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,2010,88(1):181-191.

[51] STEIN H H.Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets fed to swine[J].Swine Focus,2007(1):1-8.
[52] THACKER P,DEEP A,BELTRANENA E.Use of a post-production fractionation process improves the nutritional value of wheat distillers grains with solubles for young broiler chicks[J].Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology,2013,4(1):18.
[53] SPIEHS M J,WHITNEY M H,SHURSON G C,et al.Odor and gas emissions and nutrient excretion from pigs fed diets containing dried distillers grains with solubles[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2012,28(3):431-437.

[54] MCDONNELL P,O'SHEA C J,CALLAN J J,et al.The response of growth performance,nitrogen,and phosphorus excretion of growing-finishing pigs to diets containing incremental levels of maize dried distiller's grains with solubles[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2011,169(1/2):104-112.
[55] HANSON A R,XU G,LI M,et al.Impact of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) and diet formulation method on dry matter,calcium,and phosphorus retention and excretion in nursery pigs[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2012,172(3/4):187-193.
[56] WEBER T E,ZIEMER C J,KERR B J.Effects of adding fibrous feedstuffs to the diet of young pigs on growth performance,intestinal cytokines,and circulating acute-phase proteins[J].Journal of Animal Science,2008,86(4):871-881.

[57] WHITNEY M H,SHURSON G C.Growth performance of nursery pigs fed diets containing increasing levels of corn distiller's dried grains with solubles originating from a modern Midwestern ethanol plant[J].Journal of Animal Science,2004,82(1):122-128.

[58] SPENCER J D,PETERSEN G I,GAINES A M,et al.Evaluation of different strategies for supplementing distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) to nursery pig diets[J].Journal of Animal Science,2007,85(Suppl.2):96-97.
[59] BURKEY T E,MILLER P S,SHEPHERD S S,et al.Effects of increasing concentrations of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance of weanling pigs[R].2008 Nebraska Swine Report,2008.
[60] TRAN H,MORENO R,HINKLE E,et al.Effect of corn distillers dried grains with solubles on growth performance and health status indicators in weanling pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,2012,90(3):790-801.

[61] JONES C K,BERGSTROM J R,TOKACH M D,et al.Efficacy of commercial enzymes in diets containing various concentrations and sources of dried distillers grains with solubles for nursery pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,2010,88(6):2084-2091.

[62] AVELAR E,JHA R,BELTRANENA E,et al.The effect of feeding wheat distillers dried grain with solubles on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in weaned pigs[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2010,160(1/2):73-77.
[63] SEABOLT B S,VAN HEUGTEN E,KIM S W,et al.Feed preferences and performance of nursery pigs fed diets containing various inclusion amounts and qualities of distillers coproducts and flavor[J].Journal of Animal Science,2010,88(11):3725-3738.

[64] LINNEEN S K,DEROUCHEY J M,DRITZ S S,et al.Effects of dried distillers grains with solubles on growing and finishing pig performance in a commercial environment[J].Journal of Animal Science,2008,86(7):1579-1587.

[65] WIDMER M R,MCGINNIS L M,WULF D M,et al.Effects of feeding distillers dried grains with solubles,high-protein distillers dried grains,and corn germ to growing-finishing pigs on pig performance,carcass quality,and the palatability of pork[J].Journal of Animal Science,2008,86(8):1819-1831.

[66] XU G,BAIDOO S K,JOHNSTON L J,et al.Effects of feeding diets containing increasing content of corn distillers dried grains with solubles to grower-finisher pigs on growth performance,carcass composition,and pork fat quality[J].Journal of Animal Science,2010,88(4):1398-1410.

[67] XU G,BAIDOO S K,JOHNSTON L J,et al.The effects of feeding diets containing corn distillers dried grains with solubles,and withdrawal period of distillers dried grains with solubles,on growth performance and pork quality in grower-finisher pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,2010,88(4):1388-1397.

[68] WIDYARATNE G P,PATIENCE J F,ZIJLSTRA R T.Nutritional value of wheat and corn distiller's dried grain with solubles (DDGS):digestible energy (DE),amino acids and phosphorus content and growth performance of grower-finisher pigs[J].Canadian Journal of Animal Science,2004,84:792.
[69] CROMWELL G L,AZAIN M J,ADEOLA O,et al.Corn distillers dried grains with solubles in diets for growing-finishing pigs:a cooperative study[J].Journal of Animal Science,2011,89(9):2801-2811.

[70] DAVIS J M,URRIOLA P E,SHURSON G C,et al.Effects of adding supplemental tallow to diets containing 30% distillers dried grains with solubles on growth performance,carcass characteristics,and pork fat quality in growing-finishing pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,2015,93(1):266-277.

[71] OVERHOLT M F,LOWELL J E,ARKFELD E K,et al.Effects of pelleting diets without or with distillers' dried grains with solubles on growth performance,carcass characteristics,and gastrointestinal weights of growing-finishing barrows and gilts[J].Journal of Animal Science,2016,94(5):2172-2183.

[72] WU F,JOHNSTON L J,URRIOLA P E,et al.Effects of feeding diets containing distillers' dried grains with solubles and wheat middlings with equal predicted dietary net energy on growth performance and carcass composition of growing-finishing pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,2016,94(1):144-154.

[73] HILBRANDS A M,JOHNSTON L J,MCCLELLAND K M,et al.Effects of abrupt introduction and removal of high and low digestibility corn distillers dried grains with solubles from the diet on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,2013,91(1):248-258.

[74] AYOADE D I,KIARIE E,SLOMINSKI B A,et al.Growth and physiological responses of growing pigs to wheat-corn distillers dried grains with solubles[J].Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition,2014,98(3):569-577.

[75] COOK D,PATON N,GIBSON M.Effect of dietary level of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance,mortality,and carcass characteristics of grow-finish barrows and gilts[J].Journal of Animal Science,2005,83(1):335.
[76] XU G,WHITNEY M H,SHURSON G C.Effects of feeding diets containing corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS),with or without phytase,on nutrient digestibility and excretion in grow-finish pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,2006,84(Suppl.2):123.
[77] SHURSON G,SPIEHS M,WHITNEY M.The use of maize distiller's dried grains with solubles in pig diets[J].Pig News and Information,2004,25(2):75N-83N.
[78] GILL B P,MELLANGE J,ROOKE J A.Growth performance and apparent nutrient digestibility in weaned piglets offered wheat-,barley- or sugar-beet pulp-based diets supplemented with food enzymes[J].Animal Science,2000,70(1):107-118.

[79] PLUSKE J R,BLACK B,PETHICK D W,et al.Effects of different sources and levels of dietary fibre in diets on performance,digesta characteristics and antibiotic treatment of pigs after weaning[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2003,107(1/2/3/4):129-142.
[80] OVERHOLT M F,LOWELL J E,WILSON K B,et al.Effects of feeding pelleted diets without or with distillers dried grains with solubles on fresh belly characteristics,fat quality,and commercial bacon slicing yields of finishing pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,2016,94(5):2198-2206.