GAO Yanan , WANG Jiaqi , ZHENG Nan . Mycotoxins in Cow's Milk: Origin, Transform and Hazard[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2017 , 29(1) : 34 -41 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2017.01.005

[1] IHESHIULOR O O M,ESONU B O,CHUWUKA O K,et al.Effects of mycotoxins in animal nutrition:a review[J].Asian Journal of Animal Sciences,2011,5(1):19-33.  
[2] 尹青岗,王峰,赵国华,等.粮食与饲料中玉米赤霉烯酮控制技术研究进展[J].饲料研究,2009(6):32-35.
[3] HUSSEIN S H,BRASEL J M.Toxicity,metabolism,and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals[J].Toxicology,2001,167(2):101-134.  
[4] CAVRET S,LECOEUR S.Fusariotoxin transfer in animal[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2006,44(3):444-453.  
[5] HUANG L C,ZHENG N,ZHENG B Q,et al.Simultaneous determination of aflatoxin M1,ochratoxin A,zearalenone and α-zearalenol in milk by UHPLC-MS/MS[J].Food Chemistry,2014,146:242-249.
[6] 郑楠,王加启,韩荣伟,等.牛奶质量安全主要风险因子分析Ⅱ.霉菌毒素[J].中国畜牧兽医,2012,39(3):1-9.
[7] 刘丹,易洪琴,徐国忠,等.饲料霉菌毒素对奶牛的毒害作用[J].上海畜牧兽医通讯,2009(4):65-66.
[8] The European Food Safety Authority.Opinion of the scientific panel on contaminants in the food chain[CONTAM] related to fumonisins as undesirable substances in animal feed[R].Parma:The European Food Safety Authority,2005,235:1-32.
[9] 杨丽梅,申光荣.饲料中霉菌毒素的危害及其预防[J].饲料工业,2003,24(12):53-55.
[10] DING X X,LI P W,BAI Y Z,et al.Aflatoxin B₁ in post-harvest peanuts and dietary risk in China[J].Food Control,2012,23(1):143-148.  
[11] KELLER L A M,GONZÁLEZ PEREYRA M L,KELLER K M,et al.Fungal and mycotoxins contamination in corn silage:monitoring risk before and after fermentation[J].Journal of Stored Products Research,2013,52:42-47.
[12] 苟双.绵阳市饲料黄曲霉毒素B₁污染情况调查[J].饲料广角,2013(12):30-32.
[13] 王政,严敏鸣,倪卫忠,等.上海市浦东地区规模养殖场中饲料及饲料原料中霉菌毒素污染状况调查[J].畜牧与兽医,2013,45(10):85-87.
[14] YIANNIKOURIS A,JOUANY J P.Mycotoxins in feeds and their fate in animals:a review[J].Animal Research,2002,51(2):81-99.  
[15] KUILMAN M E M,MAAS R F M,FINK-GREMMELS J.Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism and cytotoxicity of aflatoxin B₁ in bovine hepatocytes[J].Toxicology in Vitro,2000,14(4):321-327.  
[16] FINK-GREMMELS J.Mycotoxins in cattle feeds and carry-over to dairy milk:a review[J].Food Additives & Contaminants Part A,2008,25(2):172-180.  
[17] VALENTA H,GOLL M.Determination of ochratoxin A in regional samples of cow's milk from Germany[J].Food Additives and Contaminants,1996,13(6):669-676.  
[18] VELDMAN A,MEIJS J A C,BORGGREVE G J,et al.Carry-over of aflatoxin from cows' food to milk[J].Animal Science,1992,55(2):163-168.
[19] COFFEY R,CUMMINS E,WARD S.Exposure assessment of mycotoxins in dairy milk[J].Food Control,2009,20(3):239-249.  
[20] 王守经,胡鹏,汝医,等.谷物真菌毒素污染及其控制技术[J].中国食物与营养,2012,18(3):13-16.
[21] RICHARD J L.Some major mycotoxins and their mycotoxicoses-an overview[J].International Journal of Food Microbiology,2007,119(1/2):3-10.
[22] BINDER E M,TAN L M,CHIN L J,et al.Worldwide occurrence of mycotoxins in commodities,feeds and feed ingredients[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2007,137(3/4):265-282.
[23] WHITLOW L W,HAGLER W M.Mycotoxins:a review of dairy concerns[C]//Mid-Soutl Ruminant Nutrition Conference.Raleigh,NC:North Carolina State University,2005:47-58.
[24] HULT K,TEILING A,GATENBECK S.Degradation of ochratoxin A by a ruminant[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1976,32(3):443-444.
[25] PRELUSKY D B,VEIRA D M,TRENHOLM H L,et al.Metabolic fate and elimination in milk,urine and bile of deoxynivalenol following administration to lactating sheep[J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health,Part B,1987,22(2):125-148.  
[26] ELZUPIR A O,MAKAWI S Z A,ELHUSSEIN A M.Determination of aflatoxins and ochratoxin a in dairy cattle feed and milk in Wad Medani,Sudan[J].Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances,2009,8(12):2508-2511.
[27] PATTONO D,GALLO P F,CIVERA T.Detection and quantification of ochratoxin A in milk produced in organic farms[J].Food Chemistry,2011,127(1):374-377.  
[28] 于淼,王秋霞.饲料中霉菌毒素研究进展[J].饲料广角,2013(12):21-24.
[29] RODRIGUES I,NAEHRER K.A three-year survey on the worldwide occurrence of mycotoxins in feedstuffs and feed[J].Toxins,2012,4(12):663-675.  
[30] STREIT E,NAEHRER K,RODRIGUES I,et al.Mycotoxin occurrence in feed and feed raw materials worldwide:long-term analysis with special focus on Europe and Asia[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2013,93(12):2892-2899.  
[31] KIESSLING K H,PETTERSSON H,SANDHOLM K,et al.Metabolism of aflatoxin,ochratoxin,zearalenone,and three trichothecenes by intact rumen fluid,rumen protozoa,and rumen bacteria[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1984,47(5):1070-1073.
[32] SILVA L J G,LINO C M,PENA A,et al.Occurrence of fumonisins B1 and B2 in Portuguese maize and maize-based foods intended for human consumption[J].Food Additives and Contaminants,2007,24(4):381-390.  
[33] 张艺兵,鲍蕾,褚庆华.农产品中真菌毒素的检测分析[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2006:51-78.
[34] SCOTT P M,DELGADO T,PRELUSKY D B,et al.Determination of fumonisins in milk[J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health,Part B,1994,29(5):989-998.  
[35] HAMMER P,BLUETHGEN A,WALTE H G.Carry-over of fumonisin B1 into the milk of lactating cows[J].Milk Science International,1996,51(12):691-695.
[36] 黄俊恒,黄广明,李婉华.2015年19省区饲料及饲料原料霉菌毒素污染状况分析[J].养猪,2016(2):14-16.
[37] PESTKA J J.Deoxynivalenol:toxicity,mechanisms and animal health risks[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2007,137(3/4):283-298.
[38] CÔTÉ L M,DAHLEM A M,YOSHIZAWA T,et al.Excretion of deoxynivalenol and its metabolite in milk,urine,and feces of lactating dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1986,69(9):2416-2423.  
[39] 陈心仪.2009-2010年中国部分省市饲料原料及配合饲料的霉菌毒素污染概况[J].浙江畜牧兽医,2011(2):7-10.
[40] 单安山,周长路,张圆圆,等.东北地区不同饲料原料中霉菌毒素含量的测定[J].东北农业大学学报,2013,44(5):96-100.
[41] 王晓晓,王宝维,王鑫,等.黄曲霉毒素对畜禽的危害、检测及去毒方法[J].中国饲料,2011(13):33-36.
[42] 谢光洪,陈承,徐闯,等.黄曲霉毒素检测方法的研究[J].饲料工业,2007,28(6):53-56.
[43] FLORES-FLORES M E,LIZARRAGA E,DE CERAIN A L,et al.Presence of mycotoxins in animal milk:a review[J].Food Control,2015,53:163-176.
[44] SADIA A,JABBAR M A,DENG Y J,et al.A survey of aflatoxin M₁ in milk and sweets of Punjab,Pakistan[J].Food Control,2012,26(2):235-240.  
[45] SIDDAPPA V,NANJEGOWDA D K,VISWANATH P.Occurrence of aflatoxin M₁ in some samples of UHT,raw & pasteurized milk from Indian states of Karnataka and Tamilnadu[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2012,50(11):4158-4162.  
[46] FALLAH A A,RAHNAMA M,JAFARI T,et al.Seasonal variation of aflatoxin M1 contamination in industrial and traditional Iranian dairy products[J].Food Control,2011,22(10):1653-1656.  
[47] HESHMATI A,MILANI J M.Contamination of UHT milk by aflatoxin M₁ in Iran[J].Food Control,2010,21(1):19-22.  
[48] ASI M R,IQBAL S Z,ARIÑO A,et al.Effect of seasonal variations and lactation times on aflatoxin M₁ contamination in milk of different species from Punjab,Pakistan[J].Food Control,2012,25(1):34-38.  
[49] IQBAL S Z,JINAP S,PIROUZ A A,et al.Aflatoxin M₁ in milk and dairy products,occurrence and recent challenges:a review[J].Trends in Food Science & Technology,2015,46(1):110-119.  
[50] HÖHLER D.Ochratoxin A in food and feed:occurrence,legislation and mode of action[J].Zeitschrift für Ernährungswissenschaft,1998,37(1):2-12.  
[51] BREITHOLTZ-EMANUELESSON A,PALMINGER-HALLÉN I,WOHLIN P O,et al.Transfer of ochratoxin a from lactating rats to their offspring:a short-term study[J].Natural Toxins,1993,1(6):347-352.  
[52] SKAUG M A.Analysis of Norwegian milk and infant formulas for ochratoxin A[J].Food Additives and Contaminants,1999,16(2):75-78.  
[53] BOUDRA H,BARNOUIN J,DRAGACCI S,et al.Aflatoxin M₁ and ochratoxin A in raw bulk milk from French dairy herds[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2007,90(7):3197-3201.  
[54] 邓友田,袁慧.玉米赤霉烯酮毒性机理研究进展[J].动物医学进展,2007,28(2):89-92.
[55] XIA X,LI X W,DING S Y,et al.Ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of six resorcylic acid lactones in bovine milk[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2009,1216(12):2587-2591.  
[56] EL-HOSHY S M.Occurrence of zearalenone in milk,meat and their products with emphasis on influence of heat treatments on its level[J].Archiv Für Lebensmittelhygiene,1999,50(6):140-143.  
[57] Final SCOOP Task 3.2.10.Collection of occurrence data of Fusarium toxins in food and assessment of dietary intake by the population of EU Member States.SubtaskⅡ:zearalenone.European Commission,Directorate-General Health and Consumer Protection[G].[S.l.]Scientific Cooperation on Questions Relating to Food,2003:239-482.
[58] MARAGOS C M,RICHARD J L.Quantitation and stability of fumonisins B1 and B2 in milk[J].Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists,1994,77(5):1162-1167.
[59] GAZZOTTI T,LUGOBONI B,ZIRONI E,et al.Determination of fumonisin B1 in bovine milk by LC-MS/MS[J].Food Control,2009,20(12):1171-1174.  
[60] 靳露,董国忠.呕吐毒素对动物免疫及繁殖性能的影响[J].饲料研究,2012(3):18-21.
[61] 邹广迅,张红霞,花日茂.T-2毒素的毒性效应及致毒机制研究进展[J].生态毒理学报,2011,6(2):121-128.
[62] SØRENSEN L K,ELBÆK T H.Determination of mycotoxins in bovine milk by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Chromatography B,2005,820(2):183-196.