[1] BIRD A P,WOLFFE A P.Methylation-induced repression-Belts,braces,and chromatin[J].Cell,1999,99(5):451-454.
[2] JENUWEIN T,ALLIS C D.Translating the histone code[J].Science,2001,293(5532):1074-1080.
[3] AHMAD K,HENIKOFF S.Histone H3 variants specify modes of chromatin assembly[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2002,99(Suppl.4):16477-16484.
[4] SHEARDOWN S A,DUTHIE S M,JOHNSTON C M,et al.Stabilization of Xist RNA mediates initiation of X chromosome inactivation[J].Cell,1997,91(1):99-107.
[5] HOLLIDAY R,PUGH J E.DNA modification mechanisms and gene activity during development[J].Science,1975,187(4173):226-232.
[6] RIGGS A D.X-inactivation,differentiation,and DNA methylation[J].Cytogenetic and Genome Research,1975,14(1):9-25.
[7] FENG S H,JACOBSEN S E,REIK W.Epigenetic reprogramming in plant and animal development[J].Science,2010,330(6004):622-627.
[8] ILLINGWORTH R S,BIRD A P.CpG islands-‘A rough guide'[J].FEBS Letters,2009,583(11):1713-1720.
[9] BOGDANOVI ? O,VEENSTRA G J C.DNA methylation and methyl-CpG binding proteins:developmental requirements and function[J].Chromosoma,2009,118(5):549-565.
[10] BRUNK B P,GOLDHAMER D J,EMERSON C J.Regulated demethylation of the MyoD distal enhancer during skeletal myogenesis[J].Development Biology,1996,177(2):490-503.
[11] GARTLER S M,RIGGS A D.Mammalian X-chromosome inactivation[J].Annual Review of Genetics,1983,17(1):155-190.
[12] SWAIN J L,STEWART T A,LEDER P.Parental legacy determines methylation and expression of an autosomal transgene: a molecular mechanism for parental imprinting[J].Cell,1987,50(5):719-727.
[13] GAUDET F,HODGSON J G,EDEN A,et al.Induction of tumors in mice by genomic hypomethylation[J].Science,2003,300(5618):489-492.
[14] GELFMAN S,COHEN N,YEARIM A,et al.DNA-methylation effect on cotranscriptional splicing is dependent on GC architecture of the exon-intron structure[J].Genome Research,2013,23(5):789-799.
[15] YANG X J,HAN H,DE CARVALHO D D,et al.Gene body methylation can alter gene expression and is a therapeutic target in cancer[J].Cancer Cell,2014,26(4):577-590.
[16] SCHVEBELER D.Function and information content of DNA methylation[J].Nature,2015,517(7534):321-326.
[17] MAUNAKEA A K,CHEPELEV I,CUI K R,et al.Intragenic DNA methylation modulates alternative splicing by recruiting MeCP2 to promote exon recognition[J].Cell Research,2013,23(11):1256-1269.
[18] SATI S,TANWAR V S,KUMAR K A,et al.High resolution methylome map of rat indicates role of intragenic DNA methylation in identification of coding region[J].PLoS One,2012,7(2):e31621.
[19] WEBER M,HELLMANN I,STADLER M B,et al.Distribution,silencing potential and evolutionary impact of promoter DNA methylation in the human genome[J].Nature Genetic,2007,39(4):457-466.
[20] CHRISTMAN J K.5-Azacytidine and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine as inhibitors of DNA methylation:mechanistic studies and their implications for cancer therapy[J].Oncogene,2002,21(35):5483-5495.
[21] BORGEL J,GUIBERT S,LI Y F,et al.Targets and dynamics of promoter DNA methylation during early mouse development[J].Nature Genetics,2010,42(12):1093-1100.
[22] JACKSON M,KRASSOWSKA A,GILBERT N,et al.Severe global DNA hypomethylation blocks differentiation and induces histone hyperacetylation in embryonic stem cells[J].Molecular and Cellular Biology,2004,24(20):8862-8871.
[23] JIA D,JURKOWSKA R Z,ZHANG X,et al.Structure of Dnmt3a bound to Dnmt3L suggests a model for
de novo DNA methylation[J].Nature,2007,449(7159):213-217.
[24] HE Y F,LI B Z,LI Z,et al.Tet-Mediated formation of 5-carboxylcytosine and its excision by TDG in mammalian DNA[J].Science,2011,333(6047):1303-1307.
[25] ITO S,SHEN L,DAI Q,et al.Tet proteins can convert 5-methylcytosine to 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine[J].Science,2011,333(6047):1300-1303.
[26] MAITI A,DROHAT A C.Thymine DNA glycosylase can rapidly excise 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine potential implications for active demethylation of CpG sites[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry,2011,286(41):35334-35338.
[27] SEISENBERGER S,PEAT J R,HORE T A,et al.Reprogramming DNA methylation in the mammalian life cycle:building and breaking epigenetic barriers[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences,2013,368(1609):20110330.
[28] TAJBAKHSH S,BUCKINGHAM M.The birth of muscle progenitor cells in the mouse:spatiotemporal considerations[J].Current Topics in Developmental Biology,2000,48:225-268.
[29] HUTCHESON D A,ZHAO J,MERRELL A,et al.Embryonic and fetal limb myogenic cells are derived from developmentally distinct progenitors and have different requirements for β-catenin[J].Genes & Development,2009,23(8):997-1013.
[30] MONCAUT N,CROSS J W,SILIGAN C,et al.Musculin and TCF21 coordinate the maintenance of myogenic regulatory factor expression levels during mouse craniofacial development[J].Development,2012,139(5):958-967.
[31] TAJBAKHSH S,ROCANCOURT D,COSSU G,et al.Redefining the genetic hierarchies controlling skeletal myogenesis:
Pax-3 and
Myf-5 act upstream of
MyoD[J].Cell,1997,89(1):127-138.
[32] ILLINGWORTH R,KERR A,DESOUSA D,et al.A novel CpG island set identifies tissue-specific methylation at developmental gene loci[J].PLoS Biology,2008,6(1):e22.
[33] CALVANESE V,FERNÁNDEZ A F,URDINGUIO R G,et al.A promoter DNA demethylation landscape of human hematopoietic differentiation[J].Nucleic Acids Research,2012,40(1):116-131.
[34] TSUMAGARI K,BARIBAULT C,TERRAGNI J,et al.Early
de novo DNA methylation and prolonged demethylation in the muscle lineage[J].Epigenetics,2013,8(3):317-332.
[35] MIYATA K,MIYATA T,NAKABAYASHI K,et al.DNA methylation analysis of human myoblasts during
in vitro myogenic differentiation:
de novo methylation of promoters of muscle-related genes and its involvement in transcriptional down-regulation[J].Human Molecular Genetics,2014,24(2):410-423.
[36] CARRIÓ E,DIEZ-VILLANUEVA A,LOIS S,et al.Deconstruction of DNA methylation patterns during myogenesis reveals specific epigenetic events in the establishment of the skeletal muscle lineage[J].Stem Cells,2015,33(6):2025-2036.
[37] LUCARELLI M,FUSO A,STROM R,et al.The dynamics of
Myogenin site-specific demethylation is strongly correlated with its expression and with muscle differentiation[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry,2001,276(10):7500-7506.
[38] PALACIOS D,SUMMERBELL D,RIGBY P W J,et al.Interplay between DNA Methylation and transcription factor availability:implications for developmental activation of the mouse
Myogenin gene[J].Molecular and Cellular Biology,2010,30(15):3805-3815.
[39] LI E,BESTOR T H,JAENISCH R.Targeted mutation of the DNA methyltransferase gene results in embryonic lethality[J].Cell,1992,69(6):915-926.
[40] OKANO M,BELL D W,HABER D A,et al.DNA methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b are essential for
de novo methylation and mammalian development[J].Cell,1999,99(3):247-257.
[41] DAWLATY M M,BREILING A,LE T,et al.Loss of TET enzymes compromises proper differentiation of embryonic stem cells[J].Developmental Cell,2014,29(1):102-111.
[42] JIMÉNEZ-CHILLARÓN J C,DÍAZ R,MARTÍNEZ D,et al.The role of nutrition on epigenetic modifications and their implications on health[J].Biochimie,2012,94(11):2242-2263.
[43] ZENG Y,GU P Q,LIU K S,et al.Maternal protein restriction in rats leads to reduced PGC-1α expression via altered DNA methylation in skeletal muscle[J].Molecular Medicine Reports,2012,7(1):306-312.
[44] JACOBSEN S C,BRØNS C,BORK-JENSEN J,et al.Effects of short-term high-fat overfeeding on genome-wide DNA methylation in the skeletal muscle of healthy young men[J].Diabetologia,2012,55(12):3341-3349.
[45] OSTER M,NUCHCHANART W,TRAKOOLJUL N,et al.Methylating micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy influences foetal hepatic gene expression and IGF signalling and increases foetal weight[J].European Journal of Nutrition,2016,55(4):1717-1727.
