[1] CROMWELL G L.Why and how antibiotics are used in swine production[J].Animal Biotechnology,2002,13(1):7-27.

[2] 曾明富.抗生素在兽医临床上的科学使用[J].乡村科技,2016,6:32-33.
[3] 史自涛,姚焰础,江山,等.粪肠球菌替代抗生素对断奶仔猪生长性能、腹泻率、血液生化指标和免疫器官的影响[J].动物营养学报,2015,27(6):1832-1840.
[4] Infectious Diseases Society of America.The Infectious Diseases Society of America's (IDSA) statement on antibiotic resistance:promoting judicious use of medically important antibiotics in animal agriculture.Before the House Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Health[R].Washington,D.C.:House Committee on Energy and Commerce,2010.
[5] US Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine.The judicious use of medically important antimicrobial drugs in food-producing animals.Draft guidance No.209[R].Rockville,MD:US Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine,2010.
[6] FRANCOIS A C.Mode of action of antibiotics on growth[J].World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics,1961,3:21-64.
[7] VISEK W J.The mode of growth promotion by antibiotics[J].Journal of Animal Science,1978,46(5):1447-1469.

[8] 李同洲,臧素敏,李德发.饲用抗生素对仔猪肠道菌群及肠道物质代谢影响的研究[J].饲料研究,1999(5):3-5.
[9] ROSEN G D.Antibacterials in poultry and pig nutrition[M]//WALLACE R J,CHESSON A.Biotechnology in Animal Feeds and Animal Feeding.Weinheim,Germany:VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH,1995:143-172.
[10] DIBNER J J,RICHARDS J D.Antibiotic growth promoters in agriculture:history and mode of action[J].Poultry Science,2005,84(4):634-643.

[11] TURNBAUGH P J,LEY R E,MAHOWALD M A,et al.An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest[J].Nature,2006,444(7122):1027-1031.

[12] GUO X,XIA X,TANG R,et al.Development of a real-time PCR method for
Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in faeces and its application to quantify intestinal population of obese and lean pigs[J].Letters in Applied Microbiology,2008,47(5):367-373.

[13] GREEN G L,BROSTOFF J,HUDSPITH B,et al.Molecular characterization of the bacteria adherent to human colorectal mucosa[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology,2006,100(3):460-469.

[14] BIRD A R,CONLON M A,CHRISTOPHERSEN C T,et al.Resistant starch,large bowel fermentation and a broader perspective of prebiotics and probiotics[J].Beneficial Microbes,2010,1(4):423-431.

[15] LEY R E,TURNBAUGH P J,KLEIN S,et al.Microbial ecology:human gut microbes associated with obesity[J].Nature,2006,444(7122):1022-1023.

[16] SEKIROV I,RUSSELL S L,ANTUNES C M,et al.Gut microbiota in health and disease[J].Physiological Reviews,2010,90(3):859-904.

[17] QIN J J,LI Y R,CAI Z M,et al.A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes[J].Nature,2012,490(7418):55-60.

[18] CONTE M P,SCHIPPA S,ZAMBONI I,et al.Gut-associated bacterial microbiota in paediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease[J].Gut,2006,55(12):1760-1767.

[19] LI X Q,ZHU Y H,ZHANG H F,et al.Risks associated with high-dose
Lactobacillus rhamnosus in an
Escherichia coli model of piglet diarrhoea:intestinal microbiota and immune imbalances[J].PLoS One,2012,7(7):e40666.

[20] BAUER E,WILLIAMS B A,SMIDT H,et al.Influence of the gastrointestinal microbiota on development of the immune system in young animals[J].Current Issues in Intestinal Microbiology,2006,7(2):35-51.
[21] HAO W L,LEE Y K.Microflora of the gastrointestinal tract:a review[J].Methods in Molecular Biology,2004,268:491-502.
[22] SCHIFFRIN E J,BLUM S.Interactions between the microbiota and the intestinal mucosa[J].European Journal of Clinical Nutrition,2002,56(Suppl.3):S60-S64.
[23] MAY K D.Granulated lysozyme as an alternative to antibiotics and the use of rice based diets to improve growth performance and immune response in young pigs[D].Master thesis.Arkansas:University of Arkansas,2011.
[24] INOUE R,TSUKAHARA T,NAKANISHI N,et al.Development of the intestinal microbiota in the piglet[J].The Journal of general and applied micribiology,2005,51(4):257-265.

[25] ROTHKOTTER H J,PABST R.Lymphocyte subsets in jejunal and ileal Peyer's patches of normal and gnotobiotic minipigs[J].Immunology,1989,67(1):103-108.
[26] ROTHKÖTTER H J,KIRCHHOFF T,PABST R.Lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells in the epithelium and lamina propria of intestinal mucosa of pigs[J].Gut,1994,35(11):1582-1589.

[27] ROTHKÖTTER H J,MÖLLHOFF S,PABST R.The influence of age and breeding conditions on the number and proliferation of intraepithelial lymphocytes in pigs[J].Scandinavian Journal of Immunology,1999,50(1):31-38.

[28] LEY R E,BÄCKHED F,TURNBAUGH P,et al.Obesity alters gut microbial ecology[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2005,102(31):11070-11075.

[29] BÄCKHED F,DING H,WANG T,et al.The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2004,101(44):15718-15723.

[30] 郭秀兰.猪肠道硬壁菌门和拟杆菌门数量的检测及其相对丰度与脂肪沉积的相关性研究[D].博士学位论文.雅安:四川农业大学,2008.
[31] 刘晶.饲料果胶对瘤胃微生物菌群结构和微生物蛋白合成影响的研究[D].博士学位论文.杭州:浙江大学,2014.
[32] 刘威.一株猪源性乳酸利用、丁酸产生菌的分离和鉴定及其体外代谢特性的初步研究[D].硕士学位论文.南京:南京农业大学,2007.
[33] MACKIE R I,AMINOV R I,HU W P,et al.Ecology of uncultivated
Oscillospira species in the rumen of cattle,sheep,and reindeer as assessed by microscopy and molecular approaches[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2003,69(11):6808-6815.

[34] 姬玉娇,祝倩,耿梅梅,等.高、低营养水平饲粮对环江香猪结肠菌群结构及代谢物的影响[J].微生物学通报.2016,43(7):1650-1659.
[35] 仝佳.产丙酮酸棒状杆菌的发现、生物学特性及应用性研究[D].博士学位论文.镇江:江苏大学,2010.
[36] 房正国.不同脂肪来源的日粮对仔猪肠道发育及肠道微生物区系的影响[D].硕士学位论文.南京:南京农业大学,2012.
[37] 张路寒,韩冶.浅谈畜禽粪便污染的危害与处理[J].中国畜禽种业,2010(6):40-41.