[1] NOMA Y,BONNER-WEIR S,LATIMER J B,et al.Translocation of glucokinase in pancreatic beta-cells during acute and chronic hyperglycemia[J].Endocrinology,1996,137(4):1485-1491.

[2] GRUNDY S M,HANSEN B,SMITH J S,Jr,et al.Clinical management of metabolic syndrome:report of the American heart association/national heart,lung,and blood institute/American diabetes association conference on scientific issues related to management[J].Circulation,2004,109(4):551-556.

[3] STRAT K M,ROWLEY Ⅳ T J,SMITHSON A T,et al.Mechanisms by which cocoa flavanols improve metabolic syndrome and related disorders[J].The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry,2016,35:1-21.
[4] DEPREZ S,MILA I,HUNEAU J F,et al.Transport of proanthocyanidin dimer,trimer,and polymer across monolayers of human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells[J].Antioxidants & Redox Signaling,2001,3(6):957-967.

[5] KOSINSKA A,ANDLAUER W.Cocoa polyphenols are absorbed in Caco-2 cell model of intestinal epithelium[J].Food Chemistry,2012,35(3):999-1005.
[6] FERNÁNDEZ-MILLÁN E,RAMOS S,ALVAREZ C,et al.Microbial phenolic metabolites improve glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and protect pancreatic beta cells against tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced toxicity via ERKs and PKC pathways[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2014,66:245-253.
[7] CARRASCO-POZO C,GOTTELAND M,CASTILLO R L,et al.3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid,a microbiota-derived metabolite of quercetin,protects against pancreatic β-cells dysfunction induced by high cholesterol[J].Experimental Cell Research,2015,334(2):270-282.

[8] MONAGAS M A,KHAN N,ANDRÉS-LACUEVA C,et al.Dihydroxylated phenolic acids derived from microbial metabolism reduce lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cytokine secretion by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells[J].British Journal of Nutrition,2009,102(2):201-206.

[9] SI H W,FU Z,BABU P V A,et al.Dietary epicatechin promotes survival of obese diabetic mice and
Drosophila melanogaster[J].The Journal of Nutrition,2011,141(6):1095-1100.

[10] YAMASHITA Y,OKABE M,NATSUME M,et al.Prevention mechanisms of glucose intolerance and obesity by cacao liquor procyanidin extract in high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6 mice[J].Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics,2012,527(2):95-104.

[11] DORENKOTT M R,GRIFFIN L E,GOODRICH K M,et al.Oligomeric cocoa procyanidins possess enhanced bioactivity compared to monomeric and polymeric cocoa procyanidins for preventing the development of obesity,insulin resistance,and impaired glucose tolerance during high-fat feeding[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2014,62(10):2216-2227.

[12] YAMASHITA Y,OKABE M,NATSUME M,et al.Cinnamtannin A2,a tetrameric procyanidin,increases GLP-1 and insulin secretion in mice[J].Bioscience,Biotechnology,and Biochemistry,2013,77(4):888-891.

[13] FERNÁNDEZ-MILLÁN E,CORDERO-HERRERA I,RAMOS S,et al.Cocoa-rich diet attenuates beta cell mass loss and function in young zucker diabetic fatty rats by preventing oxidative stress and beta cell apoptosis[J].Molecular Nutrition & Food Research,2015,59(4):820-824.

[14] BARRETT A,NDOU T,HUGHEY C A,et al.Inhibition of α-amylase and glucoamylase by tannins extracted from cocoa,pomegranates,cranberries,and grapes[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2013,61(7):1477-1486.

[15] HOSSAIN S J,KATO H,AOSHIMA H,et al.Polyphenol-induced inhibition of the response of Na
+/glucose cotransporter expressed in
Xenopus oocytes[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2002,50(18):5215-5219.

[16] ROOPCHAND D E,CARMODY R N,KUHN P,et al.Dietary polyphenols promote growth of the gut bacterium
Akkermansia muciniphila and attenuate high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome[J].Diabetes,2015,64(8):2847-2858.

[17] D'ALESSIO D A,KAHN S E,LEUSNER C R,et al.Glucagon-like peptide 1 enhances glucose tolerance both by stimulation of insulin release and by increasing insulin-independent glucose disposal[J].The Journal of Clinical Investigation,1994,93(5):2263-2266.

[18] GONZÁLEZ-ABUÍN N,MARTÍNEZ-MICAELO N,BLAY M,et al.Grape-seed procyanidins prevent the cafeteria-diet-induced decrease of glucagon-like peptide-1 production[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2014,62(5):1066-1072.

[19] GONZÁLEZ-ABUÍN N,MARTÍNEZ-MICAELO N,BLAY M,et al.Grape seed-derived procyanidins decrease dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 activity and expression[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2012,60(36):9055-9061.

[20] FU Z,YUSKAVAGE J,LIU D M.Dietary flavonol epicatechin prevents the onset of type 1 diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2013,61(18):4303-4309.

[21] FURLAN A L,JOBIN M L,PIANET I,et al.Flavanol/lipid interaction:a novel molecular perspective in the description of wine astringency & bitterness and antioxidant action[J].Tetrahedron,2015,71(20):3143-3147.

[22] HUANG C F,CHEN Y W,YANG C Y,et al.Extract of lotus leaf (
Nelumbo nucifera) and its active constituent catechin with insulin secretagogue activity[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2011,59(4):1087-1094.

[23] CASTELL-AUVÍ A,CEDÓ L,PALLARÈS V,et al.Procyanidins modify insulinemia by affecting insulin production and degradation[J].The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry,2012,23(12):1565-1572.

[24] KLOVER P J,MOONEY R A.Hepatocytes:critical for glucose homeostasis[J].The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology,2004,36(5):753-758.

[25] CORDERO-HERRERA I,MARTÍN M Á,GOYA L,et al.Cocoa flavonoids attenuate high glucose-induced insulin signalling blockade and modulate glucose uptake and production in human HepG2 cells[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2014,64:10-19.
[26] CORDERO-HERRERA I,MARTÍN M Á,BRAVO L,et al.Cocoa flavonoids improve insulin signalling and modulate glucose production via AKT and AMPK in HepG2 cells[J].Molecular Nutrition & Food Research,2013,57(6):974-985.

[27] HUANG P L,CHI C W,LIU T Y.Areca nut procyanidins ameliorate streptozocin-induced hyperglycemia by regulating gluconeogenesis[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2013,55:137-143.
[28] GU Y,YU S,PARK J Y,et al.Dietary cocoa reduces metabolic endotoxemia and adipose tissue inflammation in high-fat fed mice[J].The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry,2014,25(4):439-445.

[29] TZOUNIS X,VULEVIC J,KUHNLE G G,et al.Flavanol monomer-induced changes to the human faecal microflora[J].The British Journal of Nutrition,2008,99(4):782-792.

[30] MASSOT-CLADERA M,PÉREZ-BEREZO T,FRANCH A,et al.Cocoa modulatory effect on rat faecal microbiota and colonic crosstalk[J].Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics,2012,527(2):105-112.

[31] EVERARD A,BELZER C,GEURTS L,et al.Cross-talk between
Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2013,110(22):9066-9071.

[32] GOODRICH K M,FUNDARO G,GRIFFIN L E,et al.Chronic administration of dietary grape seed extract increases colonic expression of gut tight junction protein occludin and reduces fecal calprotectin:a secondary analysis of healthy Wistar Furth rats[J].Nutrition Research,2012,32(10):787-794.

[33] SONG P X,ZHANG R J,WANG X X,et al.Dietary grape-seed procyanidins decreased postweaning diarrhea by modulating intestinal permeability and suppressing oxidative stress in rats[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2011,59(11):6227-6232.

[34] YANG H X,XIAO L,YUAN Y,et al.Procyanidin B2 inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation in human vascular endothelial cells[J].Biochemical pharmacology,2014,92(4):599-606.

[35] LIU H W,WEI C C,CHEN Y J,et al.Flavanol-rich lychee fruit extract alleviates diet-induced insulin resistance via suppressing mTOR/SREBP-1 mediated lipogenesis in liver and restoring insulin signaling in skeletal muscle[J].Molecular Nutrition & Food Research,2016,60(10):2288-2296.

[36] CREMONINI E,BETTAIEB A,HAJ F G,et al.(-)-epicatechin improves insulin sensitivity in high fat diet-fed mice[J].Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics,2016,599:13-21.
[37] MARTÍN M A,RAMOS S,CORDERO-HERRERO I,et al.Cocoa phenolic extract protects pancreatic beta cells against oxidative stress[J].Nutrients,2013,5(8)