[1] WANG L,DELGADO-BAQUERIZO M,WANG D L,et al.Diversifying livestock promotes multidiversity and multifunctionality in managed grasslands[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2019,116(13):6187-6192.
[2] 侯扶江,杨中艺.放牧对草地的作用[J].生态学报,2006,26(1):244-264.
[3] 侯扶江,南志标,任继周.作物-家畜综合生产系统[J].草业学报,2009,18(5):211-234.
[4] 侯扶江,王春梅,娄珊宁,等.我国草原生产力[J].中国工程科学,2016,18(1):80-93.
[5] ERIZIAN E.A new method for estimation of the quantity of pasture eaten by cattle[J].Zeitschrift Fur ZuchtungReihe B,1932(5):12-13.
[6] SMITH A M,REID J T.Use of chromic oxide as an indicator of fecal output for the purpose of determining the intake of pasture herbage by grazing cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1955,38(5):515-524.
[7] 任继周,金巨和.牦牛群放牧习性的观察研究[J].中国兽医杂志,1956(2):58-62.
[8] TILLEY J M A,TERRY R A.A two-stage technique for the
in vitro digestion of forage crops[J].Grass and Forage Science,2006,18(2):104-111.
[9] MAYES R W,LAMB C S,COLGROVE P M.The use of dosed and herbage n-alkanes as markers for the determination of herbage intake[J].The Journal of Agricultural Science,1986,107(1):161-170.
[10] NORRIS K H,BARNES R F R,MOORE J E,et al.Predicting forage quality by infrared replectance spectroscopy[J].Journal of Animal Science,1976,43(4):889-897.
[11] GREENWOOD P L,PAULL D R,MCNALLY J,et al.Use of sensor-determined behaviours to develop algorithms for pasture intake by individual grazing cattle[J].Crop and Pasture Science,2017,68(12):1091.
[12] 张玉,齐景伟,金晓,等.信息技术在放牧绵羊福利中应用的研究进展[J].家畜生态学报,2018,39(3):8-11.
[13] 张晓庆,侯向阳,张英俊.放牧家畜采食量和采食成分测定技术评述[J].草业科学,2012(2):291-300.
[14] MIN B R,SOLAIMAN S.Prediction of feed intake and its relationships with chemical composition of diets in goats consuming concentrate,bahiagrass pasture and mimosa browse[J].Open Journal of Animal Sciences,2015,5(3):283-293.
[15] GIBB M J,HUCKLE C A,NUTHALL R.Effect of time of day on grazing behaviour by lactating dairy cows[J].Grass and Forage Science,2008,53(1):41-46.
[16] ROOK A J,HARVEY A,PARSONS A J,et al.Bite dimensions and grazing movements by sheep and cattle grazing homogeneous perennial ryegrass swards[J].Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2004,88(3/4):227-242.
[17] BOVAL M,FANCHONE A,ARCHIMÈDE H,et al.Effect of structure of a tropical pasture on ingestive behaviour,digestibility of diet and daily intake by grazing cattle[J].Grass and Forage Science,2007,62(1):44-54.
[18] 张涛.藏羊在高寒草甸的放牧行为与耗能[D].硕士学位论文.兰州:兰州大学,2012.
[19] GREGORINI P,GUNTER S A,MASINO C A,et al.Effects of ruminal fill on short-term herbage intake rate and grazing dynamics of beef heifers[J].Grass and Forage Science,2007,62(3):346-354.
[20] GEREMIA E V,CRESTANI S,MASCHERONI J D C,et al.Sward structure and herbage intake of
Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã in a crop-livestock-forestry integration area[J].Livestock Science,2018,212:83-92.
[21] 侯扶江,李广,杨逢刚.甘肃马鹿夏冬季在祁连山高山草地的放牧行为[J].生态学报,2003,23(9):1807-1815.
[22] 魏鹏,安沙舟,孙宗玖,等.放牧条件下乳用伊犁马采食量的初步研究[J].草业科学,2015,32(1):114-118.
[23] DALE A J,MAYNE C S,LAIDLAW A S,et al.Effect of altering the grazing interval on growth and utilization of grass herbage and performance of dairy cows under rotational grazing[J].Grass and Forage Science,2008,63(2):257-269.
[24] RUGOHO I,EDWARDS G R.Dry matter intake,body condition score,and grazing behavior of nonlactating,pregnant dairy cows fed kale or grass once versus twice daily during winter[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2017,101(1):257-267.
[25] AHARONI Y,HENKIN Z,EZRA A,et al.Grazing behavior and energy costs of activity:a comparison between two types of cattle[J].Journal of Animal Science,2009,87(8):2719-2731.
[26] PÉREZ-PRIETO L A,PEYRAUD J L,DELAGARDE R.Does pre-grazing herbage mass really affect herbage intake and milk production of strip-grazing dairy cows?[J].Grass and Forage Science,2013,68(1):93-109.
[27] TAWEEL H Z,TAS B M,DIJKSTRA J,et al.Intake regulation and grazing behavior of dairy cows under continuous stocking[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2004,87(10):3417-3427.
[28] DOVE H,MAYES R W.The use of plant wax alkanes as marker substances in studies of the nutrition of herbivores:a review[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,1991,42(6):913-952.
[29] DOVE H,MAYES R W,LAMB C S,et al.Factors influencing the release rate of alkanes from an intra-ruminal,controlled-release device,and the resultant accuracy of intake estimation in sheep[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,2002,53(6):681-696.
[30] DOVE H,FREER M,FOOT J Z.The nutrition of grazing ewes during pregnancy and lactation:a comparison of alkane-based and chromium/
in vitro-based estimates of herbage intake[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,2000,51(6):765-777.
[31] ELWERT C,DOVE H.Estimation of roughage intake in sheep using a known daily intake of a labelled supplement[J].Animal Science,2005,81(1):47-56.
[32] AGUIAR A D S,FORBES T D A,ROUQUETTE F M,et al.Evaluating the statistical variation in estimating forage dry matter intake of grazing Brahman bulls using
n-alkanes[J].The Journal of Agricultural Science,2013,151(1):129-140.
[33] CHARMLEY E,DOVE H.Using plant wax markers to estimate diet composition and intakes of mixed forages in sheep by feeding a known amount of alkane-labelled supplement[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,2007,58(12):1215-1225.
[34] BOLAND H T,SCAGLIA G,NOTTER D R,et al.Diet composition and dry matter intake of beef steers grazing tall fescue and Alfalfa[J].Crop Science,2012,52(6):2817-2825.
[35] VULICH S A,O'RIORDAN E G,HANRAHAN J P.Use of n-alkanes for the estimation of herbage intake in sheep:accuracy and precision of the estimates[J].The Journal of Agricultural Science,1991,116(2):319-323.
[36] NARVAEZ N,BROSH A,PITTROFF W.Use of n-alkanes to estimate seasonal diet composition and intake of sheep and goats grazing in California chaparral[J].Small Ruminant Research,2012,104(1/2/3):129-138.
[37] 谷英,桑丹,孙海洲,等.鄂尔多斯细毛羊后备母羊牧草采食量测定[J].家畜生态学报,2017,38(4):68-70.
[38] SMIT H J,TAWEEL H Z,TAS B M,et al.Comparison of techniques for estimating herbage intake of grazing dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2005,88(5):1827-1836.
[39] MARTÍNEZ J M,MORRIS S T,PARKINSON T J.Estimation of herbage intake of Angus heifers from growth rate and milk production selection lines[J].New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research,2010,53(1):29-35.
[40] LI C Q,ALATENGDALAI,XUE S Y,et al.Estimation of herbage intake and digestibility of grazing sheep in
Zhenglan banner of Inner Mongolia by using n-alkanes[J].Animal Nutrition,2015(4):324-328.
[41] MATTIAUDA D A,GIBB M J,CARRIQUIRY M,et al.Effect of timing of corn silage supplementation to Holstein dairy cows given limited daily access to pasture:intake and performance[J].Animal,2018,13(1):127-135.
[42] RUGOHO I,GIBBS S J,EDWARDS G R.Dry matter intake and body condition score gain of dairy cows offered kale and grass[J].New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research,2014,57(2):110-121.
[43] MIRAGLIA N,BERGERO D,BASSANO B,et al.Studies of apparent digestibility in horses and the use of internal markers[J].Livestock Production Science,1999,60(1):21-25.
[44] BERGERO D,MIRAGLIA N,ABBA C,et al.Apparent digestibility of mediterranean forages determined by total collection of faeces and acid-insoluble ash as internal marker[J].Livestock Production Science,2004,85(2):235-238.
[45] JURJANZ S,FEIDT C,PÉREZ-PRIETO L A,et al.Soil intake of lactating dairy cows in intensive strip grazing systems[J].Animal,2012,6(8):1350-1359.
[46] 欧阳熙,王茜飞,王杰,等.藏山羊放牧采食量及牧草干物质消化率测定方法的比较研究[J].西南民族大学学报(自然科学版),2000,26(2):188-191.
[47] 张晓庆,那日苏,赵青山,等.营养补添对草原放牧育肥期羔羊采食量及增重的影响[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2008(6):27-29.
[48] CHEMMAM M,MOUJAHED N,OUZROUT R,et al.Seasonal variations of chemical composition,intake and digestibility by ewes of natural pasture in the south-eastern regions of Algeria[C]//Options Méditerranéennes Series A:Mediterranean Seminars.Zaragoza,Spain:IAMZ-CIHEAM Mediterranean Agronomic Institute,2009.
[49] LEE C,HRISTOV A N.Short communication:evaluation of acid-insoluble ash and indigestible neutral detergent fiber as total-tract digestibility markers in dairy cows fed corn silage-based diets[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2013,96(8):5295-5299.
[50] MIN B R,SOLAIMAN S.Prediction of feed intake and its relationships with chemical composition of diets in goats consuming concentrate,bahiagrass pasture and mimosa browse[J].Open Journal of Animal Sciences,2015,5(3):283-293.
[51] BERGERO D,PRÉFONTAINE C,MIRAGLIA N,et al.A comparison between the 2N and 4N HCl acid-insoluble ash methods for digestibility trials in horses[J].Animal,2009,3(12):1728-1732.
[52] KANGA J S,KANENGONI A T,MAKGOTHI O G,et al.Estimating pasture intake and nutrient digestibility of growing pigs fed a concentrate-forage diet by n-alkane and acid-insoluble ash markers[J].Tropical Animal Health and Production,2012,44(7):1797-1802.
[53] 孙东峰.三江平原小叶章草甸放牧肉牛四季补饲的研究[D].硕士学位论文.哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2013.
[54] FERREIRA L M,OLIVÁN M,RODRIGUES M A M,et al.Estimation of feed intake by cattle using controlled-release capsules containing n-alkanes or chromium sesquioxide[J].The Journal of Agricultural Science,2004,142(2):225-234.
[55] KOTB A R,LUCKEY T D.Markers in nutrition[J].Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews,1972,42(3):813-845.
[56] MAEDA E M,ZEOULA L M,GOMES H C C,et al.Evaluation of markers used in the studies of intake and digestibility in cattle and buffalo[J].Archivos De Zootecnia,2011,60(229):123-131.
[57] DE SOUZA J,BATISTEL F,WELTER K C,et al.Evaluation of external markers to estimate fecal excretion,intake,and digestibility in dairy cows[J].Tropical Animal Health and Production,2015,47(1):265-268.
[58] AZEVEDO E B,POLI C H E C,DAVID D B,et al.Use of faecal components as markers to estimate intake and digestibility of grazing sheep[J].Livestock Science,2014,165:42-50.
[59] CASASÚS I,ALBANELL E.Prediction of faecal output and hay intake by cattle from NIRS estimates of faecal concentrations of orally-dosed polyethyleneglycol[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2014,192:48-61.
[60] VELÁSQUEZ A V,DA SILVA G G,SOUSA D O,et al.Evaluating internal and external markers versus fecal sampling procedure interactions when estimating intake in dairy cows consuming a corn silage-based diet[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2018,101(7):5890-5901.
[61] 吴伟生,郑群英,刘刚,等.应用粪氮指数法检测青藏高原草甸区成年母牦牛青草期放牧采食量[J].家畜生态学报,2015,36(7):33-38.
[62] BÖSING B M,SUSENBETH A,HAO J,et al.Effect of concentrate supplementation on herbage intake and live weight gain of sheep grazing a semi-arid grassland steppe of North-Eastern Asia in response to different grazing management systems and intensities[J].Livestock Science,2014,165:157-166.
[63] 焦婷,吴铁成,吴建平,等.不同类型藏羊消化率与采食量的比较研究[J].草业学报,2019,28(5):100-108.
[64] BARBIERI C W,QUADROS F L F D,JOCHIMS F,et al.Beef heifers grazing behavior and herbage intake in natural grassland under rotational grazing[J].Ciência Rural,2015,45(11):2056-2062.
[65] DICKHOEFER U,HAO J,BÖSING B M,et al.Feed intake and performance of sheep grazing semiarid grassland in response to different grazing systems[J].Rangeland Ecology & Management,2014,67(2):145-153.
[66] DAVID D B,POLI C H E C,SAVIAN J V,et al.Faecal index to estimate intake and digestibility in grazing sheep[J].Journal of Agricultural Science,2013,9(4):1-8.
[67] FANCHONE A,BOVAL M,LECOMTE P.Faecal indices based on near infrared spectroscopy to assess intake,
in vivo digestibility and chemical composition of the herbage ingested by sheep (crude protein,fibres and lignin content)[J].Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy,2007,15(2):107-113.
[68] KENNEDY W K,CARTER A H,LANCASTER R J.Comparison of faecal pigments and faecal nitrogen as digestibility indicators in grazing cattle studies[J].New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research,2011,2(3):627-638.
[69] FERRET A,PLAIXATS J,CAJA G,et al.Using markers to estimate apparent dry matter digestibility,faecal output and dry matter intake in dairy ewes fed Italian ryegrass hay or alfalfa hay[J].Small Ruminant Research,1999,33(2):145-152.
[70] BEECHER M,BAUMONT R,O'DONOVAN M,et al.Effects of harvesting perennial ryegrass at different levels of herbage mass on voluntary intake and
in vivo digestibility in sheep[J].Grass and Forage Science,2018,73(2):553-561.
[71] SAVIAN J V,GENRO T C M,NETO A B,et al.Comparison of faecal crude protein and n-alkanes techniques to estimate herbage intake by grazing sheep[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2018,242:144-149.
[72] PERIPOLLI V,PRATES Ê R,BARCELLOS J O J,et al.Fecal nitrogen to estimate intake and digestibility in grazing ruminants[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2011,163(2/3/4):170-176.
[73] WANG C J,TAS B M,GLINDEMANN T,et al.Fecal crude protein content as an estimate for the digestibility of forage in grazing sheep[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2009,149(3/4):199-208.
[74] PÉREZ-RAMÍREZ E,PEYRAUD J L,DELAGARDE R.N-alkanes vytterbium/faecal index as two methods for estimating herbage intake of dairy cows fed on diets differing in the herbage:maize silage ratio and feeding level[J].Animal,2012,6(2):232-244.
[75] KOZLOSKI G V,OLIVEIRA L,POLI C H E C,et al.Faecal nitrogen excretion as an approach to estimate forage intake of wethers[J].Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition,2014,98(4):659-666.
[76] VAN BARNEVELD R J,GRAHAM H,DIFFEY S M.Predicting the nutritional quality of feed ingredients for pigs using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and chemical analysis[J].Animal Production Science,2018,58(4):709-718.
[77] DECRUYENAERE V,FROIDMONT E,BARTIAUX-THILL N,et al.Faecal near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) compared with other techniques for estimating the
in vivo digestibility and dry matter intake of lactating grazing dairy cows[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2012,173(3/4):220-234.
[78] HASSOUN P,BASTIANELLI D,FOULQUIÉ D,et al.Polyethylene glycol marker measured with NIRS gives a reliable estimate of the rangeland intake of grazing sheep[J].Animal,2016,10(5):771-778.
[79] STARKS P J,BROWN M A.Estimation of dry-matter intake in lambs via field-based NIR proximal sensing[J].Grass and Forage Science,2018,73(4):841-851.
[80] GLASSER T,LANDAU S,UNGAR E D,et al.A fecal near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy-aided methodology to determine goat dietary composition in a Mediterranean shrubland[J].Journal of Animal Science,2008,86(6):1345-1356.
[81] BOVAL M,COATES D B,LECOMTE P,et al.Faecal near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to assess chemical composition,
in vivo digestibility and intake of tropical grass by Creole cattle[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,114(1/2/3/4):19-29.
[82] 陈友慷.放牧家畜采食量和消化率的测定方法[J].中国牦牛,1994(2):42-49.
[83] COATES D B,DIXON R M.Faecal near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (F.NIRS) measurements of non-grass proportions in the diet of cattle grazing tropical rangelands[J].The Rangeland Journal,2007,29(1):51-63.
[84] 孟玉萍,李坤,张林源,等.北京麋鹿苑麋鹿采食量测定分析[J].特产研究,2010(4):43-46.
[85] DU W C,YAN T,CHANG S H,et al.Seasonal hogget grazing as a potential alternative grazing system for the
Qinghai-
Tibetan plateau:weight gain and animal behaviour under continuous or rotational grazing at high or low stocking rates[J].The Rangeland Journal,2017,39(4):329-339.
[86] 周静静,马红彬,周瑶,等.轮牧方式对荒漠草原滩羊牧食特征、体重及繁殖性能的影响[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(8):1525-1534.
[87] AMARAL M F,MEZZALIRA J C,BREMM C,et al.Sward structure management for a maximum short-term intake rate in annual ryegrass[J].Grass and Forage Science,2013,68(2):271-277.
[88] UNDI M,WILSON C,OMINSKI K H,et al.Comparison of techniques for estimation offorage dry matter intake by grazing beef cattle[J].Canadian Journal of Animal Science,2008,88(4):693-701.
[89] LEAVER J D.Herbage intake handbook[M].Hurley:British Grassland Society,1982.
[90] ALLEN M S,BRADFORD B J,HARVATINE K J.The cow as a model to study food intake regulation[J].Annual Review of Nutrition,2005,25(1):523-547.
[91] FORBES J M.A model of the short-term control of feeding in the ruminant:effects of changing animal or feed characteristics[J].Appetite,1980,1(1):21-41.
[92] MERTENS D R.Predicting intake and digestibility using mathematical models of ruminal function[J].Journal of Animal Science,1987,64(5):1548-1558.
[93] HUHTANEN P,RINNE M,MÄNTYSAARI P,et al.Integration of the effects of animal and dietary factors on total dry matter intake of dairy cows fed silage-based diets[J].Animal,2011,5(5):691-702.
[94] ZOM R L G,ANDRÉ G,VAN VUUREN A M.Development of a model for the prediction of feed intake by dairy cows:1.Prediction of feed intake[J].Livestock Science,2012,143(1):43-57.
[95] HAYIRLI A,GRUMMER R R,NORDHEIM E V,et al.Models for predicting dry matter intake of Holsteins during the prefresh transition period[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2003,86(5):1771-1779.
[96] NRC.Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle[S].Washington,D.C.:National Academy Press,2001.
[97] YANG C T,GAO P,HOU F J,et al.Relationship between chemical composition of native forage and nutrient digestibility by Tibetan sheep on the
Qinghai-Tibetan plateau[J].Journal of Animal Science,2018,96(4):1140-1149.
[98] WENSVOORT J.Energy and protein requirements of ruminants[J].British Veterinary Journal,1995,151(4):465-466.
