[1] HUSSEIN H S,BRASEL J M.Toxicity,metabolism,and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals[J].Toxicology,2001,167(2):101-134.
[2] MARESCA M,YAHI N,YOUNÈS-SAKR L,et al.Both direct and indirect effects account for the pro-inflammatory activity of enteropathogenic mycotoxins on the human intestinal epithelium:stimulation of interleukin-8 secretion,potentiation of interleukin-1β effect and increase in the transepithelial passage of commensal bacteria[J].Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,2008,228(1):84-92.
[3] PESTKA J J.Deoxynivalenol:mechanisms of action,human exposure,and toxicological relevance[J].Archives of Toxicology,2010,84(9):663-679.
[4] BAI G H,SHANER G.Management and resistance in wheat and barley to Fusarium head blight[J].Annual Review of Phytopathology,2004,42:135-161.
[5] 雷元培,周建川,王利通,等.2018年中国饲料原料及配合饲料中霉菌毒素污染调查报告[J].饲料工业,2020,41(10):60-64.
[6] MISHRA S,SRIVASTAVA S,DEWANGAN J,et al.Global occurrence of deoxynivalenol in food commodities and exposure risk assessment in humans in the last decade:a survey[J].Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition,2020,60(8):1346-1374.
[7] 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB13078-2017饲料卫生标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2017.
[8] 国家卫生和计划生育委员会,国家食品药品监督管理总局.GB2761-2017食品安全国家标准食品中真菌毒素限量[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2017.
[9] USFDA.Guidance for industry and FDA:Advisory levels for deoxynivalenol (DON) in finished wheat products for human consumption and grains and grain by-products used for animal feed[S].Rockville,MD:USFDA,2010.
[10] European Communities.Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs[S].[s.l.]:[s.n.],2006.
[11] LEE J Y,LIM W,PARK S,et al.Deoxynivalenol induces apoptosis and disrupts cellular homeostasis through MAPK signaling pathways in bovine mammary epithelial cells[J].Environmental Pollution,2019,252:879-887.
[12] WANG X C,FAN M X,CHU X Y,et al.Deoxynivalenol induces toxicity and apoptosis in piglet hippocampal nerve cells via the MAPK signaling pathway[J].Toxicon,2018,155:1-8.
[13] ZHANG H,DENG X W,ZHOU C,et al.Deoxynivalenol induces inflammation in IPEC-J2 cells by activating P38 MAPK and Erk1/2[J].Toxins,2020,12(3):180.
[14] LIU D D,WANG Q,HE W M,et al.Two-way immune effects of deoxynivalenol in weaned piglets and porcine alveolar macrophages:due mainly to its exposure dosage[J].Chemosphere,2020,249:126464.
[15] LI X G,ZHU M,CHEN M X,et al.Acute exposure to deoxynivalenol inhibits porcine enteroid activity via suppression of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway[J].Toxicology Letters,2019,305:19-31.
[16] GRAZIANI F,PINTON P,OLLEIK H,et al.Deoxynivalenol inhibits the expression of trefoil factors (TFF) by intestinal human and porcine goblet cells[J].Archives of Toxicology,2019,93(4):1039-1049.
[17] WANG X C,CHEN X F,CAO L,et al.Mechanism of deoxynivalenol-induced neurotoxicity in weaned piglets is linked to lipid peroxidation,dampened neurotransmitter levels,and interference with calcium signaling[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2020,194:110382.
[18] SALAHIPOUR M H,HASANZADEH S,MALEKINEJAD H,et al.Deoxynivalenol reduces quality parameters and increases DNA damage in mice spermatozoa[J].Andrologia,2019,51(5):e13238.
[19] WACHÉ Y J,HBABI-HADDIOUI L,GUZYLACK-PIRIOU L,et al.The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol inhibits the cell surface expression of activation markers in human macrophages[J].Toxicology,2009,262(3):239-244.
[20] YOUNG L G,MCGIRR L,VALLI V E,et al.Vomitoxin in corn fed to young pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,1983,57(3):655-664.
[21] SAVI G D,CARDOSO W A,FURTADO B G,et al.Antifungal activities against toxigenic Fusarium specie and deoxynivalenol adsorption capacity of ion-exchanged zeolites[J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health,2018,53(3):184-190.
[22] LI M M,GUAN E Q,BIAN K.Detoxification of deoxynivalenol by
60Co γ-ray irradiation and toxicity analyses of radiolysis products[J].Journal of AOAC International,2019,102(6):1749-1755.
[23] BAI X J,SUN C P,LIU D,et al.Photocatalytic degradation of deoxynivalenol using graphene/ZnO hybrids in aqueous suspension[J].Applied Catalysis B-Environmental,2017,204:11-20.
[24] WANG L,WANG Y,SHAO H L,et al.
In vivo toxicity assessment of deoxynivalenol-contaminated wheat after ozone degradation[J].Food Additives & Contaminants:Part A,2017,34(1):103-112.
[25] XU Y,JI J,WU H,et al.Untargeted GC-TOFMS-based cellular metabolism analysis to evaluate ozone degradation effect of deoxynivalenol[J].Toxicon,2019,168:49-57.
[26] REMPE I,KERSTEN S,VALENTA H,et al.Hydrothermal treatment of naturally contaminated maize in the presence of sodium metabisulfite,methylamine and calcium hydroxide;effects on the concentration of zearalenone and deoxynivalenol[J].Mycotoxin Research,2013,29(3):169-175.
[27] HE J W,ZHOU T,YOUNG J C,et al.Chemical and biological transformations for detoxification of trichothecene mycotoxins in human and animal food chains:a review[J].Trends in Food Science & Technology,2010,21(2):67-76.
[28] ERIKSEN G S,PETTERSSON H,LUNDH T.Comparative cytotoxicity of deoxynivalenol,nivalenol,their acetylated derivatives and de-epoxy metabolites[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2004,42(4):619-624.
[29] DESJARDINS A E,HOHN T M,MCCORMICK S P.Trichothecene biosynthesis in
Fusarium species:chemistry,genetics,and significance[J].Microbiological Reviews,1993,57(3):595-604.
[30] IKUNAGA Y,SATO I,GROND S,et al.
Nocardioides sp. strain WSN05-2,isolated from a wheat field,degrades deoxynivalenol,producing the novel intermediate 3-
epi-deoxynivalenol[J].Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,2011,89(2):419-427.
[31] SHIMA J,TAKASE S,TAKAHASHI Y,et al.Novel detoxification of the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol by a soil bacterium isolated by enrichment culture[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1997,63(10):3825-3830.
[32] SATO I,ITO M,ISHIZAKA M,et al.Thirteen novel deoxynivalenol-degrading bacteria are classified within two genera with distinct degradation mechanisms[J].FEMS Microbiology Letters,2012,327(2):110-117.
[33] ROTTER B A.Invited review:toxicology of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin)[J].Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health,1996,48(1):1-34.
[34] DÄNICKE S,VALENTA H,DÖLL S.On the toxicokinetics and the metabolism of deoxynivalenol (don) in the pig[J].Archives of Animal Nutrition,2004,58(2):169-180.
[35] SEELING K,DÄNICKE S,VALENTA H,et al.Effects of
Fusarium toxin-contaminated wheat and feed intake level on the biotransformation and carry-over of deoxynivalenol in dairy cows[J].Food Additives & Contaminants,2006,23(10):1008-1020.
[36] PRELUSKY D B,VEIRA D M,TRENHOLM H L,et al.Metabolic fate and elimination in milk,urine and bile of deoxynivalenol following administration to lactating sheep[J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health (Part B),1987,22(2):125-148.
[37] HE P,YOUNG L G,FORSBERG C.Microbially detoxified vomitoxin-contaminated corn for young pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,1993,71(4):963-967.
[38] BINDER J,HORVATH E M,SCHATZMAYR G,et al.Screening for deoxynivalenol-detoxifying anaerobic rumen microorganisms[J].Cereal Research Communications,1997,25(31):343-346.
[39] FUCHS E,BINDER E M,HEIDLER D,et al.Structural characterization of metabolites after the microbial degradation of type A trichothecenes by the bacterial strain BBSH 797[J].Food Additives & Contaminants,2002,19(4):379-386.
[40] GAO X J,MU P Q,WEN J K,et al.Detoxification of trichothecene mycotoxins by a novel bacterium,
Eggerthella sp. DⅡ-9[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2018,112:310-319.
[41] LI X Z,ZHU C,DE LANGE C F M,et al.Efficacy of detoxification of deoxynivalenol-contaminated corn by
Bacillus sp. LS100 in reducing the adverse effects of the mycotoxin on swine growth performance[J].Food Additives & Contaminants,2011,28(7):894-901.
[42] LI F C,WANG J Q,HUANG L B,et al.Effects of adding
Clostridium sp. WJ06 on intestinal morphology and microbial diversity of growing pigs fed with natural deoxynivalenol contaminated wheat[J].Toxins,2017,9(12):383.
[43] GAO X J,MU P Q,ZHU X H,et al.Dual function of a novel bacterium,
Slackia sp. D-G6:detoxifying deoxynivalenol and producing the natural estrogen analogue,equol[J].Toxins,2020,12(2):85.
[44] HE W J,YUAN Q S,ZHANG Y B,et al.Aerobic de-epoxydation of trichothecene mycotoxins by a soil bacterial consortium isolated using
in situ soil enrichment[J].Toxins,2016,8(10):277.
[45] HE W J,SHI M M,YANG P,et al.Novel soil bacterium strain
Desulfitobacterium sp. PGC-3-9 detoxifies trichothecene mycotoxins in wheat via de-epoxidation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions[J].Toxins,2020,12(6):363.
[46] MAYER E,NOVAK B,SPRINGLER A,et al.Effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) and its microbial biotransformation product deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1) on a trout,pig,mouse,and human cell line[J].Mycotoxin Research,2017,33(4):297-308.
[47] BRACARENSE A P F L,PIERRON A,PINTON P,et al.Reduced toxicity of 3-epi-deoxynivalenol and de-epoxy-deoxynivalenol through deoxynivalenol bacterial biotransformation:in vivo analysis in piglets[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2020,140:111241.
[48] WANG G,WANG Y X,JI F,et al.Biodegradation of deoxynivalenol and its derivatives by
Devosia insulae A16[J].Food Chemistry,2019,276:436-442.
[49] 李笑樱.降解呕吐毒素德沃斯氏菌的饲用安全性和有效性评价[D].博士学位论文.北京:中国农业大学,2015:39-44.
[50] ZHANG J,QIN X J,GUO Y P,et al.Enzymatic degradation of deoxynivalenol by a novel bacterium,
Pelagibacterium halotolerans ANSP101[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2020,140:111276.
[51] HE W J,ZHANG L M,Yi S Y,et al.An aldo-keto reductase is responsible for Fusarium toxin-degrading activity in a soil
Sphingomonas strain[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7:9549.
[52] CARERE J,HASSAN Y I,LEPP D,et al.The enzymatic detoxification of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol:identification of DepA from the DON epimerization pathway[J].Microbial Biotechnology,2018,11(6):1106-1111.
[53] HE W J,SHI M M,YANG P,et al.A quinone-dependent dehydrogenase and two NADPH-dependent aldo/keto reductases detoxify deoxynivalenol in wheat via epimerization in a
Devosia strain[J].Food Chemistry,2020,321:126703.
[54] HE J W,BONDY G S,ZHOU T,et al.Toxicology of 3-epi-deoxynivalenol,a deoxynivalenol-transformation product by
Devosia mutans 17-2-E-8[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2015,84:250-259.
[55] WANG Y,ZHANG H H,ZHAO C,et al.Isolation and characterization of a novel deoxynivalenol-transforming strain
Paradevosia shaoguanensis DDB001 from wheat field soil[J].Letters in Applied Microbiology,2017,65(5):414-422.
[56] QU R,JIANG C M,WU W Q,et al.Conversion of DON to 3-epi-DON
in vitro and toxicity reduction of DON in vivo by
Lactobacillus rhamnosus[J].Food & Function,2019,10(5):2785-2796.
[57] HASSAN Y I,HE J W,PERILLA N,et al.The enzymatic epimerization of deoxynivalenol by
Devosia mutans proceeds through the formation of 3-keto-DON intermediate[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7:6929.
[58] CARERE J,HASSAN Y I,LEPP D,et al.The identification of DepB:an enzyme responsible for the final detoxification step in the deoxynivalenol epimerization pathway in
Devosia mutans 17-2-E-8[J].Frontiers in Microbiology,2018,9:1573.
[59] PIERRON A,MIMOUN S,MURATE L S,et al.Microbial biotransformation of DON:molecular basis for reduced toxicity[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6:29105.
[60] ITO M,SATO I,ISHIZAKA M,et al.Bacterial cytochrome P450 system catabolizing the
Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2013,79(5):1619-1628.
[61] POPPENBERGER B,BERTHILLER F,LUCYSHYN D,et al.Detoxification of the
Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol by a UDP-glucosyltransferase from
Arabidopsis thaliana[J].The Journal of Biological Chemistry,2003,278(48):47905-47914.
[62] TIAN Y,TAN Y L,LIU N,et al.Detoxification of deoxynivalenol via glycosylation represents novel insights on antagonistic activities of
Trichoderma when confronted with
Fusarium graminearum[J].Toxins,2016,8(11):335.
[63] SCHWEIGER W,BODDU J,SHIN S,et al.Validation of a candidate deoxynivalenol-inactivating UDP-glucosyltransferase from barley by heterologous expression in yeast[J].Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions,2010,23(7):977-986.
[64] MICHLMAYR H,MALACHOVÁ A,VARGA E,et al.Biochemical characterization of a recombinant UDP-glucosyltransferase from rice and enzymatic production of deoxynivalenol-3-O-β-
D-glucoside[J].Toxins,2015,7(7):2685-2700.
[65] PIERRON A,MIMOUN S,MURATE L S,et al.Intestinal toxicity of the masked mycotoxin deoxynivalenol-3-β-D-glucoside[J].Archives of Toxicology,2016,90(8):2037-2046.
[66] NAGL V,WOECHTL B,SCHWARTZ-ZIMMERMANN H E,et al.Metabolism of the masked mycotoxin deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in pigs[J].Toxicology Letters,2014,229(1):190-197.
[67] KIMURA M,KANEKO I,KOMIYAMA M,et al.Trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase protects both the producing organism and transformed yeast from related mycotoxins:cloning and characterization of
Tri101[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry,1998,273(3):1654-1661.
[68] KIMURA M,TOKAI T,MATSUMOTO G,et al.Trichothecene nonproducer
Gibberella species have both functional and nonfunctional 3-O-acetyltransferase genes[J].Genetics,2003,163(2):677-684.
[69] KHATIBI P A,NEWMISTER S A,RAYMENT I,et al.Bioprospecting for Trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferases in the fungal genus
Fusarium yields functional enzymes with different abilities to modify the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2011,77(4):1162-1170.
[70] BROEKAERT N,DEVREESE M,DEMEYERE K,et al.Comparative
in vitro cytotoxicity of modified deoxynivalenol on porcine intestinal epithelial cells[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2016,95:103-109.
[71] BROEKAERT N,DEVREESE M,DE MIL T,et al.Oral bioavailability,hydrolysis,and comparative toxicokinetics of 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol in broiler chickens and pigs[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2015,63(39):8734-8742.
[72] PINTON P,TSYBULSKYY D,LUCIOLI J,et al.Toxicity of deoxynivalenol and its acetylated derivatives on the intestine:differential effects on morphology,barrier function,tight junction proteins,and mitogen-activated protein kinases[J].Toxicological Sciences,2012,130(1):180-190.
[73] KADOTA T,FURUSAWA H,HIRANO S,et al.Comparative study of deoxynivalenol,3-acetyldeoxynivalenol,and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol on intestinal transport and IL-8 secretion in the human cell line Caco-2[J].Toxicology in Vitro,2013,27(6):1888-1895.
[74] KLUGER B,BUESCHL C,LEMMENS M,et al.Biotransformation of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in
Fusarium resistant and susceptible near isogenic wheat lines[J].PLoS One,2015,10(3):e0119656.
[75] GARDINER S A,BODDU J,BERTHILLER F,et al.Transcriptome analysis of the barley-deoxynivalenol interaction:evidence for a role of glutathione in deoxynivalenol detoxification[J].Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions,2010,23(7):962-976.
[76] WANG H W,SUN S L,GE W Y,et al.Horizontal gene transfer of
Fhb7 from fungus underlies
Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat[J].Science,2020,368(6493):eaba5435.
[77] WARTH B,FRUHMANN P,WIESENBERGER G,et al.Deoxynivalenol-sulfates:identification and quantification of novel conjugated (masked) mycotoxins in wheat[J].Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry,2015,407(4):1033-1039.
[78] GUAN S,HE J W,YOUNG J C,et al.Transformation of trichothecene mycotoxins by microorganisms from fish digesta[J].Aquaculture,2009,290(3/4):290-295.
[79] ISLAM R,ZHOU T,YOUNG J C,et al.Aerobic and anaerobic de-epoxydation of mycotoxin deoxynivalenol by bacteria originating from agricultural soil[J].World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology,2012,28(1):7-13.
[80] ZHAO L H,LI X Y,JI C,et al.Protective effect of
Devosia sp. ANSB714 on growth performance,serum chemistry,immunity function and residues in kidneys of mice exposed to deoxynivalenol[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2016,92:143-149.
[81] LI X Y,GUO Y P,ZHAO L H,et al.Protective effects of
Devosia sp. ANSB714 on growth performance,immunity function,antioxidant capacity and tissue residues in growing-finishing pigs fed with deoxynivalenol contaminated diets[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2018,121:246-251.
[82] SHI D H,ZHOU J C,ZHAO L H,et al.Alleviation of mycotoxin biodegradation agent on zearalenone and deoxynivalenol toxicosis in immature gilts[J].Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology,2018,9:42.
[83] GUO Y P,HUO X T,ZHAO L H,et al.Protective effects of
Bacillus subtilis ANSB060,
Bacillus subtilis ANSB01G,and
Devosia sp. ANSB714-based mycotoxin biodegradation agent on mice fed with naturally moldy diets[J].Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins,2019,12(3):994-1001.
