[1] KAMADA N,SEO S U,CHEN G Y,et al.Role of the gut microbiota in immunity and inflammatory disease[J].Nature Reviews Immunology,2013,13(5):321-335.

[2] ROOKS M G,GARRETT W S.Gut microbiota,metabolites and host immunity[J].Nature Reviews Immunology,2016,16(6):341-352.

[3] 杨利娜,边高瑞,朱伟云.单胃动物肠道微生物菌群与肠道免疫功能的相互作用[J].微生物学报,2014,54(5):480-486. YANG L N,BIAN G R,ZHU W Y.Interactions between the monogastric animal gut microbiota and the intestinal immune function-a review[J].Acta Microbiologica Sinica,2014,54(5):480-486.(in Chinese)
[4] LIANG G X,MALMUTHUGE N,BAO H,et al.Transcriptome analysis reveals regional and temporal differences in mucosal immune system development in the small intestine of neonatal calves[J].BMC Genomics,2016,17:602.
[5] MA T,VILLOT C,RENAUD D,et al.Linking perturbations to temporal changes in diversity,stability,and compositions of neonatal calf gut microbiota:prediction of diarrhea[J].The ISME Journal,2020,14(9):2223-2235.

[6] MA C,SUN Z,ZENG B H,et al.Cow-to-mouse fecal transplantations suggest intestinal microbiome as one cause of mastitis[J].Microbiome,2018,6:200.
[7] 袁续,葛盼,侯力月,等.牛副结核病诊断技术的研究进展[J].中国奶牛,2018(9):38-41. YUAN X,GE P,HOU L Y,et al.Research progression of diagnosis for bovine paratuberculosis[J].China Dairy Cattle,2018(9):38-41. (in Chinese)
[8] RODRIGUES R,GUERRA G,SOARES J,et al.
Lactobacillus rhamnosus EM1107 in goat milk matrix modulates intestinal inflammation involving NF-κB p65 and SOCs-1 in an acid-induced colitis model[J].Journal of Functional Foods,2018,50:78-92.
[9] MAO S Y,ZHANG M L,LIU J H,et al.Characterising the bacterial microbiota across the gastrointestinal tracts of dairy cattle:membership and potential function[J].Scientific Reports,2015,5:16116.
[10] WANG J,FAN H,HAN Y,et al.Characterization of the microbial communities along the gastrointestinal tract of sheep by 454 pyroseqencing analysis[J].Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2017,30(1):100-110.
[11] THOETKIATTIKUL H,MHUANTONG W,LAOTHANACHAREON T,et al.Comparative analysis of microbial profiles in cow rumen fed with different dietary fiber by tagged 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing[J].Current Microbiology,2013,67(2):130-137.

[12] SPENCE C,WELLS W G,SMITH C J.Characterization of the primary starch utilization operon in the obligate anaerobe
Bacteroides fragilis:regulation by carbon source and oxygen[J].Journal of Bacteriology,2006,188(13):4663-4672.

[13] DONALDSON G P,LEE S M,MAZMANIAN S K.Gut biogeography of the bacterial microbiota[J].Nature Reviews Microbiology,2015,14(1):20-32.
[14] RAABIS S,LI W L,CERSOSIMO L.Effects and immune responses of probiotic treatment in ruminants[J].Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology,2019,208:58-66.
[15] INGLIS G D,KALISCHUK L D,BUSZ H W,et al.Colonization of cattle intestines by
Campylobacter jejuni and
Campylobacter lanienae[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2005,71(9):5145-5153.

[16] JIAO J Z,ZHOU C S,GUAN L L,et al.Shifts in host mucosal innate immune function are associated with ruminal microbial succession in supplemental feeding and grazing goats at different ages[J].Frontiers in Microbiology,2017,8:1655.
[17] STANLEY K N,JONES K.Cattle and sheep farms as reservoirs of
Campylobacter[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology,2010,94(Suppl.1):104S-113S.
[18] GARCIA J P,ADAMS V,BEINGESSER J,et al.Epsilon toxin is essential for the virulence of
Clostridium perfringens type D infection in sheep,goats,and mice[J].Infection & Immunity,2013,81(7):2405-2414.

[19] JIAO J Z,ZHANG X L,WANG M,et al.Linkages between epithelial microbiota and host transcriptome in the ileum during high-grain challenges:implications for gut homeostasis in goats[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2018,67(1):551-561.
[20] CONSTABLE P D.Antimicrobial use in the treatment of calf diarrhea[J].Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine,2010,18(1):8-17.
[21] HUWS S A,CREEVEY C J,OYAMA L B,et al.Addressing global ruminant agricultural challenges through understanding the rumen microbiome:past,present,and future[J].Frontiers in Microbiology,2018,9:2161.
[22] HOLMAN D B,GZYL K E.A meta-analysis of the bovine gastrointestinal tract microbiota[J].FEMS Microbiology Ecology,2019,95(6):fiz072.
[23] HENDERSON G,COX F,GANESH S,et al.Rumen microbial community composition varies with diet and host,but a core microbiome is found across a wide geographical range[J].Scientific Reports,2015,5:14567.
[24] 乐佳清,王佳堃.肠道对共生微生物的免疫耐受机制[J].动物营养学报,2017,29(5):1489-1497. LE J Q,WANG J K.Intestinal immune tolerance mechanism of symbiotic microorganisms[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2017,29(5):1489-1497. (in Chinese)
[25] CHASE C C L.Enteric immunity:happy gut,healthy animal[J].Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice,2018,34(1):1-18.

[26] O'HARA E,NEVES A L A,SONG Y,et al.The role of the gut microbiome in cattle production and health:driver or passenger?[J].Annual Review of Animal Biosciences,2020(8):199-220.
[27] KAWAI T,AKIRA S.The roles of TLRs,RLRs and NLRs in pathogen recognition[J].International Immunology,2009,21(4):317-337.

[28] MALMUTHUGE N,GUAN L L.Understanding the gut microbiome of dairy calves:opportunities to improve early-life gut health[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2017,100(7):5996-6005.

[29] LITTMAN D,PAMER E.Role of the commensal microbiota in normal and pathogenic host immune responses[J].Cell Host & Microbe,2011,10(4):311-323.

[30] MUNIZ L R,KNOSP C,YERETSSIAN G.Intestinal antimicrobial peptides during homeostasis,infection,and disease[J].Frontiers in Immunology,2012,3:310.
[31] 李咏兰,邵艳红,王秀梅,等.绵羊β-防御素的发育表达和分布[J].中国兽医杂志,2008,44(1):3-4. LI Y L,SHAO Y H,WANG X M,et al.Developmental expression and distribution of sheep β-defensin[J].Chinese Journal of Veterinary Medicine,2008,44(1):3-4. (in Chinese)
[32] 刘传发,张良志,付海波,等.野牦牛和家牦牛粪便菌群与短链脂肪酸关系的研究[J].兽类学报,2019,39(1):1-7. LIU C F,ZHANG L Z,FU H B,et al.Relationship research between fecal microbes and short chain fatty acid between wild yak and domestic yak[J].Acta Theriologica Sinica,2019,39(1):1-7. (in Chinese)
[33] HAO Z,SHAO M X,HE H,et al.The dynamic distribution of small-tail han sheep microbiota across different intestinal segments[J].Frontiers in Microbiology,2018,9:32.
[34] BURGER-VAN PAASSEN N,VINCENT A,PUIMAN P J,et al.The regulation of intestinal mucin
MUC2 expression by short-chain fatty acids:implications for epithelial protection[J].Biochemical Journal,2009,420(2):211-219.

[35] SUNKARA L T,JIANG W Y,ZHANG G L.Modulation of antimicrobial host defense peptide gene expression by free fatty acids[J].PLoS One,2012,7(11):e49558.
[36] WANG H B,WANG P Y,XIN W,et al.Butyrate enhances intestinal epithelial barrier function via up-regulation of tight junction protein claudin-1 transcription[J].Digestive Diseases and Sciences,2012,57(12):3126-3135.

[37] RAKOFF-NAHOUM S,PAGLINO J,ESLAMI-VARZANEH F,et al.Recognition of commensal microflora by toll-like receptors is required for intestinal homeostasis[J].Cell,2004,118(2):229-241.

[38] CHANG Z L.Important aspects of Toll-like receptors,ligands and their signaling pathways[J].Inflammation Research,2010,59(10):791-808.

[39] MALMUTHUGE N,LI M J,FRIES P,et al.Regional and age dependent changes in gene expression of Toll-like receptors and key antimicrobial defence molecules throughout the gastrointestinal tract of dairy calves[J].Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology,2012,146(1):18-26.

[40] LI C,WANG W M,LIU T,et al.Effect of early weaning on the intestinal microbiota and expression of genes related to barrier function in lambs[J].Frontiers in Microbiology,2018,9:1431.
[41] MALMUTHUGE N,LI M J,GOONEWARDENE L A,et al.Effect of calf starter feeding on gut microbial diversity and expression of genes involved in host immune responses and tight junctions in dairy calves during weaning transition[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2013,96(5):3189-3200.

[42] ZHAN K,LIN M,LIU M M,et al.Establishment of primary bovine intestinal epithelial cell culture and clone method[J].
In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Animal,2017,53(1):54-57.

[43] CHIBA E,VILLENA J,HOSOYA S,et al.A newly established bovine intestinal epithelial cell line is effective for
in vitro screening of potential antiviral immunobiotic microorganisms for cattle[J].Research in Veterinary Science,2012,93(2):688-694.

[44] TAKANASHI N,TOMOSADA Y,VILLENA J,et al.Advanced application of bovine intestinal epithelial cell line for evaluating regulatory effect of lactobacilli against heat-killed enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli-mediated inflammation[J].BMC Microbiology,2013,13:54.
[45] CHARAVARYAMATH C,FRIES P,GOMIS S,et al.Mucosal changes in a long-term bovine intestinal segment model following removal of ingesta and microflora[J].Gut Microbes,2011,2(3):134-144.

[46] JIAO J,LU Q,FORSTER R J,et al.Age and feeding system (supplemental feeding versus grazing) modulates colonic bacterial succession and host mucosal immune maturation in goats[J].Journal of Animal Science,2016,94(6):2506-2518.

[47] LIU J H,BIAN G R,SUN D M,et al.Starter feeding supplementation alters colonic mucosal bacterial communities and modulates mucosal immune homeostasis in newborn lambs[J].Frontiers in Microbiology,2017,8:429.
[48] SOKOL H,PIGNEUR B,WATTERLOT L,et al.
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2008,105(43):16731-16736.

[49] OIKONOMOU G,TEIXEIRA A G V,FODITSCH C,et al.Fecal microbial diversity in pre-weaned dairy calves as described by pyrosequencing of metagenomic 16S rDNA.Associations of
Faecalibacterium species with health and growth[J].PLoS One,2013,8(4):e63157.
[50] MALMUTHUGE N,LAING G X,GRIEBEL P J,et al.Taxonomic and functional compositions of the small intestinal microbiome in neonatal calves provide a framework for understanding early life gut health[J].Applied & Environmental Microbiology,2019,85(6):e02534.
[51] CHASE C,KAUSHIK C C R S.Mucosal immune system of cattle:all immune responses begin here[J].Veterinary Clinics of North America:Food Animal Practice,2019,35(3):431-451.

[52] HARRIS T.Immunological effects of yeast products on pre-weaned dairy calves[D].Master's Thesis.Lubbock:Texas Tech University,2016.
[53] SOTO L P,ASTESANA D M,ZBRUN M V,et al.Probiotic effect on calves infected with salmonella dublin:haematological parameters and serum biochemical profile[J].Beneficial Microbes,2015,7(1):23-33.
[54] IRIANTO A,AUSTIN B.Probiotics in aquaculture[J].Journal of Fish Diseases,2002,25(11):633-642.

[55] HARZALLAH D,BELHADJ H.Lactic acid bacteria as probiotics:characteristics,selection criteria and role in immunomodulation of human GI muccosal barrier[C]//KONGO M.Lactic acid bacteria-R & D for food,health and livestock purposes.[s.l.]:[s.n.],2013:197-216.
[56] UYENO Y,SHIGEMORI S,SHIMOSATO T.Effect of probiotics/prebiotics on cattle health and productivity[J].Microbes and Environments,2015,30(2):126-132.

[57] CHUANG L,WU K G,PAI C,et al.Heat-killed cells of lactobacilli skew the immune response toward T helper 1 polarization in mouse splenocytes and dendritic cell-treated T cells[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2007,55(26):11080-11086.

[58] BERMÚDEZ-HUMARÁN L G.
Lactococcus lactis as a live vector for mucosal delivery of therapeutic proteins[J].Human Vaccines,2009,5(4):264-267.

[59] ISOLAURI E,SÜTAS Y,KANKAANPÄÄ P,et al.Probiotics:effects on immunity[J].The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,2001,73(Suppl.2):444s-450s.
[60] 丑有财.复方女贞子和益生菌对犊牛生长性能和免疫功能的影响[D].硕士学位论文.哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2012. CHOU Y C.Study on the effect of compound nvzhenzi preparation and probiotics on growth performance and immunologic function in dairy calves[D].Master's Thesis.Harbin:Northeast Agriculture University,2012. (in Chinese)
[61] 刁其玉.微生物制剂在幼龄反刍动物营养与饲料中的应用[J].动物营养学报,2014,26(10):3159-3167. DIAO Q Y.Probiotics:application in nutrition and feed of young ruminants[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2014,26(10):3159-3167. (in Chinese)
[62] IZUDDIN W I,LOH T C,FOO H L,et al.Postbiotic
L. plantarum RG14 improves ruminal epithelium growth,immune status and upregulates the intestinal barrier function in post-weaning lambs[J].Scientific Reports,2019,9:9938.
[63] RHAYAT L,MARESCA M,NICOLETTI C,et al.Effect of
Bacillus subtilis strains on intestinal barrier function and inflammatory response[J].Other,2019,10:564.
[64] 程连平,贺濛初,夏晓冬,等.富硒酵母和枯草芽孢杆菌对湖羊羔羊生长性能、血清指标和消化功能的影响[J].动物营养学报,2018,30(8):3189-3198. CHENG L,HE M,XIA X,et al.Effects of selenium-enriched yeast and bacillus subtilis on growth performance,serum indices,digestive function of
Hu lambs[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2018,30(8):3189-3198. (in Chinese)
[65] 范利霞.复合微生态制剂的研制及其对反刍动物免疫机能的影响[D].硕士学位论文.呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2010. FAN L X.The development of composite probiotics on ruminant animals and immunity function[D].Master's Thesis.Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agriculture University,2010. (in Chinese)
[66] 赵晓静.全营养保健代乳粉及甘露寡糖对犊牛代谢及生长发育影响的研究[D].硕士学位论文.保定:河北农业大学,2005. ZHAO X J.Effects of feeding early weaned calf with milk replacer and BIO-MOS on calf metabolism and growth[D].Master's Thesis.Baoding:Agricultural University of Hebei,2005. (in Chinese)
[67] SPRING P.Effects of mannanoligosaccharide on different cecal parameters and on cecal concentrations of enteric pathogens in poultry[D].Master's Thesis.Switzerland:ETH Zurich,1996.
[68] SAMANTA A K,SENANI S,KOLTE A P,et al.Effect of prebiotic on digestibility of total mixed ration[J].The Indian Veterinary Journal,2012,89(1):41-42.
[69] 杨立娜,吴凯为,朱力杰,等.益生元、多酚、蛋白质和多不饱和脂肪酸对肠道健康的影响[J].食品工业科技,2017,38(22):336-340. YANG L N,WU K W,ZHU L J,et al.Effect of prebiotics,phytochemicals,protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids on intestinal health[J].Science and Technology of Food Industry,2017,38(22):343-347. (in Chinese)
[70] DENMAN S E,TOMKINS N W,MCSWEENEY C S.Quantitation and diversity analysis of ruminal methanogenic populations in response to the antimethanogenic compound bromochloromethane[J].FEMS Microbiology Ecology,2007,62(3):313-322.

[71] CASTRO M J.Calf intestinal health:assessment and dietary interventions for its improvement[J].Dissertations & Theses-Gradworks,2014,117(27):61-70.
[72] BORODY T J,KHORUTS A.Fecal microbiota transplantation and emerging applications[J].Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology,2012,9(2):88-96.

[73] MALMUTHUGE N,CHEN Y H,LIANG G X,et al.Heat-treated colostrum feeding promotes beneficial bacteria colonization in the small intestine of neonatal calves[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2015,98(11):8044-8053.

[74] 王燕,滕晓晓,杨柠芝,等.粪菌移植法治疗非特异病原性羔羊腹泻的效果初报[J].畜牧兽医学报,2020,51(8):1878-1885. WANG Y,TENG X X,YANGN Z,et al.Preliminary report of the therapeutic effect of microbiota transplantation on non-specific pathogenic diarrhea in suckling lambs[J].Chinese Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences,2020,51(8):1878-1885. (in Chinese)
[75] 纪守坤.菌群移植调控奶牛瘤胃和肠道菌群及其生态学机理研究[D].博士学位论文.北京:中国农业大学,2018. SHOU K J.Reshaping gastrointestinal microbiota of cows with microbiota transplantation and it's ecological mechanism[D].Ph.D.Thesis.Beijing:China Agricultural University.2018. (in Chinese)
[76] 吴兆海.粪菌移植对被动免疫失败犊牛肠道屏障功能及肠道菌群构建的影响[D].博士学位论文.北京:中国农业大学,2018. WU Z H.Effects of fecal microbiota transplantation on intestinal barrier function and microbiota establishment in calves with failure of passive immune transfer[D].Ph.D.Thesis.Beijing:China Agricultural University.2018. (in Chinese)
[77] FISCHER A J,SONG Y,HE Z,et al.Effect of delaying colostrum feeding on passive transfer and intestinal bacterial colonization in neonatal male Holstein calves[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2018,101(4):3099-3109.

[78] MALDONADO-GOMEZ M X,LEE H,BARILE D,et al.Adherence inhibition of enteric pathogens to epithelial cells by bovine colostrum fractions[J].International Dairy Journal,2015,40:24-32
[79] 姚军虎,申静.瘤胃可降解淀粉:决定反刍动物消化道健康与养分利用的关键日粮因子[J].饲料工业,2020,41(8):1-7. YAO J H,S J.Rumen degradable starch regulate the gut health and nutrient utilization in ruminants[J].Siliao Gongye,2020,41(8):1-7. (in Chinese)
[80] TAO S Y,DUANMU Y,DONG H B,et al.High concentrate diet induced mucosal injuries by enhancing epithelial apoptosis and inflammatory response in the hindgut of goats[J].PLoS One,2014,9(10):e111596.
[81] JIAO J Z,WU J,WANG M,et al.Rhubarb supplementation promotes intestinal mucosal innate immune homeostasis through modulating intestinal epithelial microbiota in goat kids[J].Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry,2018,66(4):1047-1057.

[82] BONELLI F,TURINI L,SARRI G,et al.Oral administration of chestnut tannins to reduce the duration of neonatal calf diarrhea[J].BMC Veterinary Research,2018,14:227.
[83] 李俊才.黄芪多糖对犊牛健康和血液抗氧化指标的影响[D].硕士学位论文.洛阳:河南科技大学,2019. LI J C.Effects of astragalus polysaccharides on health and antioxidant capacity of calves[D].Master's Thesis.Luoyang:Henan University of Science and Technology,2019. (in Chinese)