[1] MEISINGER D J.National swine nutrition guide[M].Des Moines:U.S.Pork Center of Excellence,2010.
[2] 武振龙,伍国耀.猪蛋白质营养与代谢研究的新发现和展望[J].中国畜牧杂志,2018,54(7):1-5. WU Z L,WU G Y.New findings and prospects of protein nutrition and metabolism in pigs[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2018,54(7):1-5.(in Chinese)
[3] WELLOCK I J,FORTOMARIS P D,HOUDIJK J G M,et al.Effects of dietary protein supply,weaning age and experimental enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli infection on newly weaned pigs:health[J].Animal,2008,2(6):834-842.

[4] PLUSKE J R,PETHICK D W,HOPWOOD D E,et al.Nutritional influences on some major enteric bacterial diseases of pig[J].Nutrition Research Reviews,2002,15(2):333-371.

[5] HILL G M,CROMWELL G L,CRENSHAW T D,et al.Growth promotion effects and plasma changes from feeding high dietary concentrations of zinc and copper to weanling pigs (regional study)[J].Journal of Animal Science,2000,78(4):1010-1016.

[6] KLOUBERT V,BLAABJERG K,DALGAARD T S,et al.Influence of zinc supplementation on immune parameters in weaned pigs[J].Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology,2018,49:231-240.
[7] CROMWELL G L.Why and how antibiotics are used in swine production[J].Animal Biotechnology,2002,13(1):7-27.

[8] NHUNG N T,CUONG N V,THWAITES G,et al.Antimicrobial usage and antimicrobial resistance in animal production in southeast Asia:a review[J].Antibiotics,2016,5(4):37.
[9] MOREHEAD M S,SCARBROUGH C.Emergence of global antibiotic resistance[J].Primary Care:Clinics in Office Practice,2018,45(3):467-484.

[10] EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed.Scientific opinion on the potential reduction of the currently authorised maximum zinc content in complete feed[J].EFSA Journal,2014,12(5):3668.
[11] EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed.Revision of the currently authorised maximum copper content in complete feed[J].EFSA Journal,2016,14(8):e04563.
[12] HODGE R W.Efficiency of food conversion and body composition of the preruminant lamb and the young pig[J].British Journal of Nutrition,1974,32(1):113-126.

[13] NYACHOTI C M,OMOGBENIGUN F O,RADEMACHER M,et al.Performance responses and indicators of gastrointestinal health in early-weaned pigs fed low-protein amino acid-supplemented diets[J].Journal of Animal Science,2006,84(1):125-134.

[14] WELLOCK I J,FORTOMARIS P D,HOUDIJK J G M,et al.The effect of dietary protein supply on the performance and risk of post-weaning enteric disorders in newly weaned pigs[J].Animal Science,2006,82(3):327-335.

[15] TOLEDO J B,FURLAN A C,POZZA P C,et al.Effect of the reduction of the crude protein content of diets supplemented with essential amino acids on the performance of piglets weighing 6-15 kg[J].Livestock Science,2014,168:94-101.
[16] LIU H N,WU L,HAN H,et al.Reduced dietary nitrogen with a high lys:CP ratio restricted dietary N excretion without negatively affecting weaned piglets[J].Animal Nutrition,2019,5(2):115-123.

[17] ZHANG S H,QIAO S Y,REN M,et al.Supplementation with branched-chain amino acids to a low-protein diet regulates intestinal expression of amino acid and peptide transporters in weanling pigs[J].Amino Acids,2013,45(5):1191-1205.

[18] YUE L Y,QIAO S Y.Effects of low-protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids performance and intestinal development in piglets over the first 2 weeks after weaning[J].Livestock Science,2008,115(2/3):144-152.
[19] VAN MILGEN J,DOURMAD J Y.Concept and application of ideal protein for pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology,2015,6(1):15.
[20] TUITOEK K,YOUNG L G,DE LANGE C F,et al.The effect of reducing excess dietary amino acids on growing-finishing pig performance:an elevation of the ideal protein concept[J].Journal of Animal Science,1997,75(6):1575-1583.

[21] SHI Q,ZHU Y,WANG J,et al.Protein restriction and succedent realimentation affecting ileal morphology,ileal microbial composition and metabolites in weaned piglets[J].Animal,2019,13(11):2463-2472.

[22] ZHAO X,FU H Y,QIU S N,et al.Effects of early protein restriction on the growth performance and gut development of pigs fed diets with or without antibiotic[J].Animal,2020,14(7):1392-1401.

[23] FAIRBROTHER J M,NADEAU E,GYLES C L.
Escherichia coli in postweaning diarrhea in pigs:an update on bacterial types,pathogenesis,and prevention strategies[J].Animal Health Research Reviews,2005,6(1):17-39.

[24] NAGY B,FEKETE P Z.Enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli in veterinary medicine[J].International Journal of Medical Microbiology,2005,295(6/7):443-454.
[25] HEO J M,OPAPEJU F O,PLUSKE J R,et al.Gastrointestinal health and function in weaned pigs:a review of feeding strategies to control post-weaning diarrhoea without using in-feed antimicrobial compounds[J].Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition,2013,97(2):207-237.

[26] KIL D Y,STEIN H H.Invited review:management and feeding strategies to ameliorate the impact of removing antibiotic growth promoters from diets fed to weanling pigs[J].Canadian Journal of Animal Science,2010,90(4):447-460.

[27] 辛小召,邓祖丽颖,石秋锋,等.不同蛋白水平日粮对断奶仔猪的影响[J].江西农业学报,2014,26(2):124-128. XIN X Z,DENGZU L Y,SHI Q F,et al.Effects of diets with different levels of protein on weaned piglets[J].Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi,2014,26(2):124-128.(in Chinese)
[28] HTOO J K,ARAIZA B,SAUER W C,et al.Effect of dietary protein content on ileal amino acid digestibility,growth performance,and formation of microbial metabolites in ileal and cecal digesta of early-weaned pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,2007,85(12):3303-3312.

[29] YE G,QIU Y,HE X L,et al.Effect of two macrocephala flavored powder supplementation on intestinal morphology and intestinal microbiota in weaning pigs[J].International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine,2015,8(1):1504-1514.
[30] GROSCHWITZ K R,HOGAN S P.Intestinal barrier function:molecular regulation and disease pathogenesis[J].The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology,2009,124(1):3-20.

[31] MENG Q W,SUN S S,LUO Z,et al.Maternal dietary resveratrol alleviates weaning-associated diarrhea and intestinal inflammation in pig offspring by changing intestinal gene expression and microbiota[J].Food & Function,2019,10(9):5626-5643.

[32] PLUSKE J R,HAMPSON D J,WILLIAMS I H.Factors influencing the structure and function of the small intestine in the weaned pig:a review[J].Livestock Production Science,1997,51(1/3):215-236.
[33] 范沛昕.低蛋白日粮对断奶仔猪和育肥猪肠道微生物区系的影响[D].硕士学位论文.北京:中国农业大学,2016. FAN P X.Effects of low protein diets on the intestinal microbiota of weaned piglets and finishing pigs[D].Master’s Thesis.Beijing:China Agricultural University,2016.(in Chinese)
[34] 刘雅婷,孔祥峰.低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对猪肠道健康影响的研究进展[J].动物营养学报,2021,33(2):679-685. LIU Y T,KONG X F.Advance:effects of low protein diets with balanced amino acids on intestinal health of pigs[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2021,33(2):679-685.(in Chinese)
[35] YU D F,ZHU W Y,HANG S Q.Effects of low-protein diet on the intestinal morphology,digestive enzyme activity,blood urea nitrogen,and gut microbiota and metabolites in weaned pigs[J].Archives of Animal Nutrition,2019,73(4):287-305.

[36] BIKKER P,DIRKZWAGER A,FLEDDERUS J,et al.The effect of dietary protein and fermentable carbohydrates levels on growth performance and intestinal characteristics in newly weaned piglets[J].Journal of Animal Science,2006,84(12):3337-3345.

[37] FANG L H,JIN Y H,DO S H,et al.Effects of dietary energy and crude protein levels on growth performance,blood profiles,and nutrient digestibility in weaning pigs[J].Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2019,32(4):556-563.
[38] MILLET S,ALUWÉ M,DE BOEVER J,et al.The effect of crude protein reduction on performance and nitrogen metabolism in piglets (four to nine weeks of age) fed two dietary lysine levels[J].Journal of Animal Science,2018,96(9):3824-3836.

[39] HE L Q,YANG H S,HOU Y Q,et al.Effects of dietary
L-lysine intake on the intestinal mucosa and expression of
CAT genes in weaned piglets[J].Amino Acids,2013,45(2):383-391.

[40] CHEN G,ZHANG J,ZHANG Y Z,et al.Oral MSG administration alters hepatic expression of genes for lipid and nitrogen metabolism in suckling piglets[J].Amino Acids,2014,46(1):245-250.

[41] HE Q H,REN P P,KONG X F,et al.Comparison of serum metabolite compositions between obese and lean growing pigs using an NMR-based metabonomic approach[J].The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry,2012,23(2):133-139.

[42] ZHANG J,YIN Y L,HE Q H,et al.Effects of MSG supplementation on free amino acids in plasma of growing-finishing pigs[J].Journal of Food Agriculture & Environment,2012,10(3/4):600-605.
[43] LI Y Y,YIN J,HAN H,et al.Metabolic and proteomic responses to long-term protein restriction in a pig model[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2018,66(47):12571-12579.

[44] SKALLI A,ZAMBONINO-INFANTE J L,KOTZAMANIS Y,et al.Peptide molecular weight distribution of soluble protein fraction affects growth performance and quality in European sea bass (
Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2014,20(2):118-131.

[45] WU L,HE L Q,CUI Z J,et al.Effects of reducing dietary protein on the expression of nutrition sensing genes (amino acid transporters) in weaned piglets[J].Journal of Zhejiang University:Science B,2015,16(6):496-502.

[46] HEO J M,KIM J C,HANSEN C F,et al.Effects of feeding low protein diets to piglets on plasma urea nitrogen,faecal ammonia nitrogen,the incidence of diarrhoea and performance after weaning[J].Archives of Animal Nutrition,2008,62(5):343-358.

[47] PEDERSEN C,BOISEN S.Studies on the response time for plasma urea nitrogen as a rapid measure for dietary protein quality in pigs[J].Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A:Animal Science,2001,51(4):209-216.
[48] JONES C K,GABLER N K,MAIN R G,et al.Characterizing growth and carcass composition differences in pigs with varying weaning weights and postweaning performance[J].Journal of Animal Science,2012,90(11):4072-4080.

[49] ORESANYA T F,BEAULIEU A D,PATIENCE J F.Investigations of energy metabolism in weanling barrows:the interaction of dietary energy concentration and daily feed (energy) intake[J].Journal of Animal Science,2008,86(2):348-363.

[50] SILVA K E,HUBER L A,MANSILLA W D,et al.The effect of reduced dietary glycine and serine and supplemental threonine on growth performance,protein deposition in carcass and viscera,and skin collagen abundance of nursery pigs fed low crude protein diets[J].Journal of Animal Science,2020,98(5):skaa157.
[51] NRC.Nutrient requirements of swine[M].11th ed.Washington,District of Columbia:National Academies Press,2012.
[52] 李德发.中国猪营养需要[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2020. LI D F.Nutrient requirements of swine in China[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2020.(in Chinese)
[53] COLINA J J,MILLER P S,LEWIS A J,et al.Body composition,tissue deposition,and lysine utilization for protein deposition of barrows and gilts fed crystalline or protein-bound lysine[J].Journal of Animal Science,2016,94(5):1972-1981.

[54] DE GREEF K H.Prediction of production:nutritional induced tissue partitioning in growing pigs[D].Ph.D.Thesis.Wageningen:Wageningen University & Research,1992.
[55] CONDE-AGUILERA J A,AGUINAGA M A,LARA L,et al.Carcass traits and organ weights of 10-25 kg body weight Iberian pigs fed diets with different protein-to-energy ratio[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2011,164(1/2):116-124.
[56] WYLLIE D,SPEER V C,EWAN R C,et al.Effects of starter protein level on performance and body composition of pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,1969,29(3):433-438.

[57] BATTERHAM E S,ANDERSEN L M,BAIGENT D R,et al.Utilization of ileal digestible amino acids by growing pigs:effect of dietary lysine concentration on efficiency of lysine retention[J].British Journal of Nutrition,1990,64(1):81-94.

[58] Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.The nutrient requirements of pigs[M].Slough:Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux,1981.
[59] NRC.Nutrient requirements of swine[M].10th ed.Washington,D.C.:National Academies Press,1998.
[60] TYBIRK P,SLOTH N M,KJELDSEN N,et al.Danish nutrient standards[S].Copenhagen:SEGES Danish Pig Research Centre,2020.
[61] 中华人民共和国农业部.猪饲养标准:NY/T 65—2004[S].北京:中国农业出版社,2004. Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China.Feeding standard of swine:NY/T 65—2004[S].Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2004.(in Chinese)
[62] 贾荣玲,李生涛,王新炎.不同粗蛋白质和消化能比日粮对仔猪生长性能、组织器官重量及屠体成分的影响[J].中国饲料,2018(18):63-66. JIA R L,LI S T,WANG X Y.Dietary crude protein and digestible energy levels on growth performance,organ relative weight and carcass composition of piglets[J].China Feed,2018(18):63-66.(in Chinese)
[63] RUIZ-ASCACIBAR I,STOLL P,KREUZER M,et al.Dietary CP and amino acid restriction has a different impact on the dynamics of protein,amino acid and fat deposition in entire male, astrated and female pigs[J].Animal,2019,13(1):74-82.

[64] SCHINCKEL A P,MAHAN D C,WISEMAN T G,et al.Growth of protein,moisture,lipid, and ash of two genetic lines of barrows and gilts from twenty to one hundred twenty-five kilograms of body weight[J].Journal of Animal Science,2008,86(2):460-471.

[65] 林映才,蒋宗勇,吴世林,等.3.4-9.5 kg超早期断奶仔猪粗蛋白质需求参数研究[J].中国畜牧杂志,2001,37(3):5-7. LIN Y C,JIANG Z Y,WU S L,et al.Study on the crude protein requirement of 3.4 to 9.5 kg early-weaned piglets[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2001,37(3):5-7.(in Chinese)
[66] 罗洪明,陈代文.不同蛋白水平对早期断奶仔猪生产性能、血液生化指标的影响[J].饲料研究,2005(8):3-8. LUO H M,CHEN D W.Influences of various dietary protein levels on growth performance and blood biochemical parameters in early weaned piglets[J].Feed Research,2005(8):3-8.(in Chinese)
[67] JONES C K,TOKACH M D,USRY J L,et al.Evaluating lysine requirements of nursery pigs fed low protein diets with different sources of nonessential amino acids[J].Journal of Animal Science,2014,92(8):3460-3470.

[68] 张维,龚月生,曹雨莉,等.日粮蛋白质水平对早期断奶仔猪生产性能、粪便微生物及血液生化指标的影响[J].西北农业学报,2007,16(6):57-62. ZHANG W,GONG Y S,CAO Y L,et al.Effect of dietary protein level on performance,feces micro-flora and blood biochemical parameters in early-weaned piglets[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica,2007,16(6):57-62.(in Chinese)
[69] GLOAGUEN M,LE FLOC’H N,CORRENT E,et al.The use of free amino acids allows formulating very low crude protein diets for piglets[J].Journal of Animal Science,2014,92(2):637-644.

[70] WARNANTS N,VAN OECKEL M J,DE PAEPE M.Study of the optimum ideal protein level for weaned piglets[J].Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition,2001,85(11/12):356-368.
[71] 林映才,蒋宗勇,余德谦,等.10-20 kg仔猪粗蛋白需求参数研究[J].饲料博览,2001(1):5-7. LIN Y C,JIANG Z Y,YU D Q,et al.Study on the crude protein requirements of 10 to 20 kg piglets[J].Feed Review,2001(1):5-7.(in Chinese)
[72] 薛强,张鹤亮,李秀花,等.低粗蛋白质氨基酸平衡日粮对仔猪生长性能、血液指标、营养物质表观消化率和腹泻率的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,2019,46(8):2307-2314. XUE Q,ZHANG H L,LI X H,et al.Effects of low crude protein diet supplemented with amino acids on the growth performance,blood indexes,nutrient apparent digestibility and diarrhea rate of weaned piglets[J].China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine,2019,46(8):2307-2314.(in Chinese)
[73] TOLEDO J B,FURLAN A C,POZZA P C,et al.Reduction of the crude protein content of diets supplemented with essential amino acids for piglets weighing 15 to 30 kilograms[J].Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia,2014,43(6):301-309.

[74] PENG X,HU L,LIU Y,et al.Effects of low-protein diets supplemented with indispensable amino acids on growth performance,intestinal morphology and immunological parameters in 13 to 35 kg pigs[J].Animal,2016,10(11):1812-1820.

[75] LÓPEZ-GÁLVEZ G,LÓPEZ-ALONSO M,PECHOVA A,et al.Alternatives to antibiotics and trace elements (copper and zinc) to improve gut health and zootechnical parameters in piglets:a review[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2021,271:114727.
[76] BRVSSOW H.Growth promotion and gut microbiota:insights from antibiotic use[J].Environmental Microbiology,2015,17(7):2216-2227.

[77] 易宏波,唐青松,侯磊,等.断奶仔猪肠道健康分级及其无抗营养策略[J].动物营养学报,2020,32(10):4501-4517. YI H B,TANG Q S,HOU L,et al.Antibiotic-free nutritional strategies based on intestinal health grade classification of weaned piglets[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2020,32(10):4501-4517.(in Chinese)
[78] WU Y P,JIANG Z Y,ZHENG C T,et al.Effects of protein sources and levels in antibiotic-free diets on diarrhea,intestinal morphology,and expression of tight junctions in weaned piglets[J].Animal Nutrition,2015,1(3):170-176.

[79] MU C L,YANG Y X,YU K F,et al.Alteration of metabolomic markers of amino-acid metabolism in piglets with in-feed antibiotics[J].Amino Acids,2017,49(4):771-781.

[80] PI Y,GAO K,PENG Y,et al.Antibiotic-induced alterations of the gut microbiota and microbial fermentation in protein parallel the changes in host nitrogen metabolism of growing pigs[J].Animal,2019,13(2):262-272.

[81] CHOI J Y,KIM J S,INGALE S L,et al.Effect of potential multimicrobe probiotic product processed by high drying temperature and antibiotic on performance of weanling pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,2011,89(6):1795-1804.

[82] YU M,ZHANG C J,YANG Y X,et al.Long-term effects of early antibiotic intervention on blood parameters,apparent nutrient digestibility,and fecal microbial fermentation profile in pigs with different dietary protein levels[J].Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology,2018,9(1):175-186.
[83] HEO J M,KIM J C,HANSEN C F,et al.Effects of dietary protein level and zinc oxide supplementation on the incidence of post-weaning diarrhoea in weaner pigs challenged with an enterotoxigenic strain of
Escherichia coli[J].Livestock Science,2010,133(1/3):210-213.
[84] MITCHELL H.Comparative nutrition of man and domestic animals[M].New York:Academic Press,1962.
[85] GÓMEZ R S,LEWIS A J,MILLER P S,et al.Body composition and tissue accretion rates of barrows fed corn-soybean meal diets or low-protein,amino acid-supplemented diets at different feeding levels[J].Journal of Animal Science,2002,80(3):654-662.

[86] CONDE-AGUILERA J A,BAREA R,LE FLOC’H N,et al.A sulfur amino acid deficiency changes the amino acid composition of body protein in piglets[J].Animal,2010,4(8):1349-1358.

[87] SALTER D N,MONTGOMERY A I,HUDSON A,et al.Lysine requirements and whole-body protein turnover in growing pigs[J].British Journal of Nutrition,1990,63(3):503-513.

[88] CVB.Nutrient requirements and feed ingredient composition for pigs[R].CVB-series no.64,Wageningen:Wageningen Livestock Research,2020.
[89] 蒋宗勇,林映才,郑春田.仔猪营养需要研究进展[C]//动物营养研究进展论文集.北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2004:111-123. JIANG Z Y,LIN Y C,ZHENG C T.Advance in nutrient requirement for piglets[C]//Proceedings on Research Progress of Animal Nutrition.Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2004:111-123.(in Chinese)
[90] 林映才,蒋宗勇,杨晓建,等.4.1-8.7 kg早期断奶仔猪消化能需求参数研究[J].动物营养学报,2002,14(4):24-31. LIN Y C,JIANG Z Y,YANG X J,et al.Digestibl energy requirement of 4.1 to 8.7 kg early-weaned piglets[J].Chinese Journal Of Animal Nutrition,2002,14(4):24-31.(in Chinese)
[91] 杨薇,龙定彪,王浩,等.高温高湿环境下饲粮能量水平对生长肥育猪生长性能、血清生化指标和肉品质的影响[J].动物营养学报,2020,32(4):1605-1615. YANG W,LONG D B,WANG H,et al.Effects of dietary energy levels on growth performance,serum biochemical indices and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs in high temperature and high humidity environment[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2020,32(4):1605-1615.(in Chinese)
[92] 王丽,叶翔杨,温晓鹿,等.猪营养调控技术研究进展[J].广东农业科学,2020,47(11):114-124. WANG L,YE X Y,WEN X L,et al.Research progress of swine nutrition regulation technology[J].Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,2020,47(11):114-124.(in Chinese)
[93] CLINE P M,TSAI T C,STELZLENI A M,et al.Interaction of dietary energy and protein on growth performance,carcass characteristics and digestibility in finishing barrows when fed at a constant digestible lysine to metabolizable energy ratio[J].Livestock Science,2016,184:1-6.